Golgi Substance Research Articles

Morphological, histochemical, autoradiographic and topographical evidences of the origin of the Langerhans’ cell from the melanocyte in the skin of the guinea pig

The microscopic anatomy of the nucleus, Golgi substance, mitochondria, etc. of type 1, 2, 3 and 4 albino melanocytes, type 01 and 011 albino intermediate cells of Billingham and Medawar and type I, II, III and IV albino Langerhans' cells of the albino guinea pig, is presented in detail. The study has demonstrated that the albino melanocytes degenerate through sequential stages of intermediate cells of Billingham and Medawar, type I, II and III Langerhans' cells to ultimately from type IV Langerhans' cells. It has been shown that all the dendritic cells of the epidermis belonged to one class of cells. Autoradiographic techniques have shown that type 3 and type 4 melanocytes, respectively, bearing 6 and 5 round-tipped dendritic processes, divide by mitosis to form two daughter cells. One of these two daughter forms the intermediate cell of Billingham and Medawar. This cell, while transforming sequentially into type I, II, III and IV Langerhans' cells, moves up through the Malpighian and granular layers of cells, to the stratum corneum. This type IV Langerhans' cell is ultimately extruded out of the stratum corneum by exfoliation. The other daughter melanocyte remains at its place in the sub-basal zone to function as a mature melanocyte. The time for the passage of the daughter melanocyte to travel from the sub-basal zone to the stratum corneum layer was found to be 15 days.

Some morphological and ultrastructural changes in the ependyma of the amputation stump during early regeneration of the tail in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis

Light and electron microscope studies indicate that the old ependyma just proximal to the plane of amputation in early lizard tail regenerates shows a sequence of morphological changes which suggests that it as well as the new ependyma growing into the regenerate may play an active role in the initiation and maintenance of early tail regeneration. The old ependyma close to the plane of amputation undergoes hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia causing a partial closure of the central canal and pseudostratification. Its nuclei shift from an original apical position to a basal one. The ependymal processes become more prominent and extend to the pia, a condition not found more rostrally. There is also a significant increase in the amount of Golgi substance and a moderate increase in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. These observations lead to the thought that these cellular changes may be an expression of enhanced secretion and other activities in the old and new ependyma just proximal or distal to the plane of amputation.

The fine structure of the fibrous membrane forming region of the isthmus of the oviduct of Gallus domesticus.

The fibrous membrane forming region of the isthmus of the oviduct of Gallus Domesticus forms the upper two thirds of the anatomical isthmus. The secreting surface of the isthmus is arranged in a series of longitudinal ridges. The mucous membrane consists of a surface epithelium of columnar cells beneath which is a layer of tubular glands. In the membrane forming part of the isthmus the tubular gland cells are filled with prominent secretory granules, hence the name granular isthmus. The tubular glands of the lower third of the isthmus have few prominent granules and the region has a characteristic reddish tinge; hence the name red region of the isthmus is appropriate.In the granular isthmus there are three types of surface epithelial cell. About half are ciliated cells. These have nuclei situated towards the apex of the cell and contain scattered electron dense granules, particularly towards the apex. Lysosome‐like bodies are also present. Alternating with the ciliated cells are secretory cells termed granular cells which tend to bulge out of the surface to form blebs which are filled with aggregations of granules which are usually electron dense. This material is PAS positive and alcian blue negative in histological preparations. The nuclei are situated basally and they are usually associated with granular endoplasmic reticular (GER) profiles and cisternae filled with homogeneous material. Golgi substance is not prominent. Some cells contain masses of small granules morphologically resembling glycogen particles. A third type of cell constitutes about 8% of the surface epithelium. It contains columns of mitochondria running from the base to the apex of the cell. There are no cilia or secreting granules present, yet the apex bulges above the mucosal surface. The function of these mitochondrial cells is obscure; there is no movement of water, Na+ or K+ into the granular isthmus lumen. The tubular gland cells are filled with secretory granules ranging from 0·2 µm to 3 µm. Most of the granules are of uniform electron density but granules with a wide variety of density pattere are seen. Microvilli are prominent as are mitochondria often associated with GER profiles. The GER profiles can be prominent and they have a remarkable beaded appearance due to an altemation of dense and pale areas. Golgi material is prominent and complex when it is visible in cells depleted of secretory material. The granules are not secreted as such. Amorphous material condenses into a membrane fibre in the lumen of a tubular gland and by the time these fibres reach the luminal surface of the oviduct they have the characteristic core and mantle structure of the basic fibre of the shell membrane.

Fate of the granulosa cells in the hen's follicle.

In an early growing follicle the single row of granulosa cells are in apposition — they have abundant Golgi substance and granular endoplasmic reticulum. During growth the granulosa cells become separated by wide intercellular spaces filled with perivitelline substance. The granulosa cells of the mature follicle immediately preceding ovulation have an agranular reticulum and numerous lipid droplets. Granulosa cells can be identified up to 72 h after ovulation. During the 72 h the cytoplasm becomes progressively replaced by lipid. The initial change in intracellular structure may indicate a shift in function towards production of progesterone followed by fatty degeneration preceding their final disintegration.

Fine structure of the developing down feather

Developing down feathers of the chick embryo were examined with special reference to the dermoepidermal boundary and the formative area of barb ridges. Numerous granules, 10–20 mμ in diameter, were seen in the cytoplasm of all cells. Similar granules were found in the matrix of the mitochondria. The latter were most abundant in the basal cytoplasm of the epidermal cells. Cells of the barb ridge contained many intracytoplasmic clusters of granules of similar size. Such clusters occurred in the light zone of the dermoepidermal boundary, and in the basal cytoplasm both apart from the surrounding the mitochondria. The dermal cells appeared to have more Golgi substance than those in the epidermis. The basement membrane was identified as a granular layer 15 mμ in width, separated from the epidermal cell membrane by a light zone 35 mμ wide. It showed no breaks or poses.

THE FINE STRUCTURE OF TISSUE MAST CELLS IN TRITURUS PYRRHOGASTER (BOIE).

The iris of adult Triturus pyrrhogaster (BOIE) was fixed with either phosphate buffer with sucrose added, or chrom osmium fixative of DALTON and embedded in methacrylate. One part was electron stained. As a control, thick sections embedded in methacrylate were stained for light microscopy, or regular light microscopic sections fixed in CARNOY's fluid were stained with thionine or metyl-green pyronin.The cell body is filled with specific granules which have a cross section that is round, oval, or spindle shape. The nuclear substance, which generally is of high electron density, frequently is compressed and demonstrate an irregular contour corresponding to the location of the specific granules so that a characteristic appearance is presented.There are specific granules that have a limiting membrane, in others the limiting membrane is partially absent while in some the limiting membrane is competely absent. The specific granules consist of a matrix and a middle disk. The matrix has varying electron density and is composed of ill defined particles that are distributed in various density and a pale homogenous substance. The ‘middle disk’ is of high electron density and usually appears to be an irregular shape disk. There are cells that appear dark electron microscopically in which most of the granules have a matrix of high electron density (tentatively termed dark cells) and cells that appear light under the electron microscope in which most of the granules have matrix of low electron density (termed light cells) as well as cells that are intermediate between these two types. The cells may also be classified into large granule type cells in which the matrix of the granule usually measures less than 2.5μ in long diameter with a middle disk which is less than 2μ in long diameter, and small granule type cells in which the long diameter of the matrix is less than about 1.5μ with a middle disk that is less than about 1.2μ in long diameter.On the surface of the middle disks is a linear lamellar structure consisting of alternate layers of electron dense zones 40-50A in width and slightly wider zones of low electron density. In the latter layer are seen vacuoles. The separation of the middle disk, which was seen, is thought to be the result of expansion of these vacuoles and pictures which were felt to represent the course of this process were seen. This process of separation of the middle disk was illustrated in the diagram. There also are cells in which the granules have a middle disk which is very thin or even absent while in other cells granules may be seen in which the middle disk have a much decreased electron density with disappearance of the lamellar structure so that the middle disk appears as a swollen homogenous solid. The author feels that the dark and light cells represent different phases of the functional cycle of a single type of cell and that the morphological variability of the fine structure of the granules is due to the many different substances that are produced by the granules.The intergranular substance generally is scanty and contain a small number of mitochondria, GOLGI's substance and endoplasmic reticulum. Occasionally seen within the matrix of specific granules are small bodies with a vesicular or canalicular structure which resemble swollen mitochondria and the close relation between the specific granules and mitochondria was suggested.

Restitution of pancreatic acinar cells following ethionine.

The regeneration of the pancreatic acinar cell was studied at four time periods after ethionine had destroyed most of the acinar cells. Within 2 days of the last ethionine injection, small basophilic cells (pre-acinar cells) with whorls of ergastoplasm or nebenkern were present. These cells also contained a decreased amount of Golgi substance, small zymogen granules, and a fine granularity of the nuclear matrix. They showed persistence of the characteristic ergastoplasm lesion produced by ethionine. Eight days after the last ethionine injection, the nebenkern was replaced by approximately normal appearing ergastoplasm and the nucleoli and Golgi bodies were enlarged. Zymogen granules were less dense but more abundant. Mitochondria were considerably enlarged. Most cells showed no ethionine lesions or only small foci of damage. Eighteen days after the cessation of ethionine, a good approximation of the normal acinar cell was present. The whorls of ergastoplasm appeared at a time (day 12) when basophilia was pronounced. Other studies showed that nucleic acid and protein precursors began to show an increased concentration in acinar cells at this time. The appearance of nebenkern during a phase of cellular recovery and its absence during a phase of replication when mitotic indices were high suggest that its presence is more indicative of ergastoplasmic synthesis than of cell multiplication as such. Possibly the increased density of zymogen granules was a reflection of this increased protein synthesis. The increase in size of Golgi apparatus occurred prior to the replenishment of zymogen granules and thus satisfied a precursor relationship for a possible role in the formation of these secretory structures. Evidence suggests that some injured acinar cells recover from the ethionine and protein-free regimen and give rise to most of the new acinar cells formed. It is possible that, under the severe conditions which prevailed, the centroacinar ductule cells may also have given rise to some acinar cells.

A rapid silver impregnation technic for demonstrating the Golgi substance.

A rapid silver impregnation technic for demonstrating the Golgi substance.

The Golgi apparatus and secretion of enzymes in peptic cells of rabbit.

In rabbits starved for 48 hr. with free access to water, the Golgi apparatus as shown by the Aoyama technique, as modified by me, is in the form of a compact reticulum lying close to the luminal pole of the nucleus (Fig. 1.1). After feeding, the Golgi reticulum expands and increases gradually in volume until it occupies the luminal part of the cytoplasm (Fig. 1.2–4). During increased secretory activity, the power of the Golgi substance to reduce silver nitrate or osmium tetroxide gradually increases; this suggests that besides the morphological changes, chemical changes occur in the Golgi substance. In the fed rabbits, argentophile secretory granules appear in the field of the Golgi apparatus, and as the latter hypertrophies the secretory granules increase in number (Fig. 1.2–3).

Some Observations upon the Cytology of the Pars Distalis of the Surgically-removed Human Pituitary

ABSTRACT Human anterior pituitary tissue that had been removed at operation and immediately fixed was examined by a number of cytological and histochemical methods and by phase contrast and electron microscopy, and compared with similar material obtained post mortem. The general histological picture of good post-mortem material (not more than 4 hours post mortem) compared well with the surgically-removed tissue. For the study of silver impregnations of the Golgi substance, however, material removed at operation was found to be greatly superior. Evidence was obtained showing that the intracellular lipid inclusions seen post mortem were not artifacts resulting from cytolytic changes. There appeared to be no relationship between these lipid bodies and the Golgi material as revealed by the Aoyama method. No unequivocal dimorphism of the Golgi bodies, correlated with α-and α-celIs, such as has been reported to occur in certain other mammals, was observed. Phospholipid was present in the granules of a substantial proportion of the α-cells. It was found that most of the cells which had been designated as β-cells after the application of certain routine staining methods, and most of the Gram-positive cells, reacted positively to the Periodic acid Schiff test: these cells could therefore be regarded as true β-or mucoid cells. A method for the demonstration in frozen sections of the cell-types, together with the lipid inclusions, is described.

Alkaline phosphatase in the Golgi substance of intestinal epithelium

To exclude the possibility that the histochemical picture of alkaline phosphatase in the Golgi region of intestinal epithelium is due to a diffusion artifact an experiment was performed. By microdissection the cuticular border of the epithelial cells was removed. Subsequent demonstration of alkaline phosphatase showed a reaction in the Golgi region only. The genuineness of the reaction in this localization is thus established.

ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY ON THE BLOOD PLATELETS OF THE RABBIT

It is an established fact that blood platelets are of the following shapes : round, oval, spindle-shaped and star-shaped, and that their nature is quite changeable. M. Schultze (1865), J. Bizzozero (1882), and many other researchers have concentrated their efforts in the study of the form and the function of these tiny platelets through the use of various methods. The following conclusions were reached: the blood platelets are from two to three μ in size and have changeable forms ; in their fresh state they are generally constructed in hyaline homogeneity but in their Giemsa coloration two elements of structure are recognized, one being of the ground substance and colored light blue, while the other is granular. That of the ground substance is homogeneous and the granular substance is the group of basic or azure granule and mitochondria. Moreover the inner-granular part is distinguished as chromomere and the surrounding homogeneous part as hyalomere. In recent years remarkable progress has been made in the application of the electron microscope, which has a high resolving power, to any living being. Formerly, with only the use of the light microscope, the platelet forms could not be observed so closely and in such detail as now with the electronmicroscope with which the most minute forms can be observed. For instance, one can read the reports of Wolpers and Ruska (1939), Bessis (1948), Braunsteiner (1949, 1951, 1953, 1954), De Robertis (1953), Bloom (1955), et al. However, they have observed mainly the normal shapes, the disintegrated shapes or clotting process of the blood platelets on the f ormvar membrane or parlodion film. Accordingly, in studying the structure of the blood platelets, it has been difficult to observe in detail the ultra-structure of the compact barely-electronpermeable chromomere (but not the ultrastructure of the electronpermeable hyalomere), particularly has it seemed almost impossible to observe the innerstructure of them in their original form. But since there has been remarkable progress in the technique of ultrathin sectioning the specimen for observation the shape of the blood platelets can be studied in precise detail as can be the inner-structure of this small body. In 1955 and 1956 Bernhard, Rinehart and Watanabe announced the results of their research on the azure granula, mitochondria and Golgi substance. Those authors have also studied the blood platelets in minute detail and here reports the findings.

The Dermal-Epidermal Junction

The silver ion can be used to demonstrate a wide variety of structures and substances. These range from spirochetes and intracellular organelles as the Golgi substance to glycogen, ascorbic acid, and urates. All the various methods employ one of two basic principles in producing the histologic result, namely the argentaffin reaction and the argyrophilic reaction. These two principles have been well defined by Gomori.¹In the argentaffin reaction the silver ion is fixed in place by the ability of the specific structure or substance to reduce it. In argyrophilia an extrinsic reducing agent such as hydroquinone must be used, and impregnation and reduction of the silver ion in the appropriate location depend on the specific conditions under which the procedure is performed. It has been only within recent years that steps have been taken to control the ion strength, pH, temperature, and oxidation-reduction

On the isolation and some biochemical properties of the Golgi substance.

American Journal of AnatomyVolume 94, Issue 2 p. 209-224 Article On the isolation and some biochemical properties of the Golgi substance Walter C. Schneider, Walter C. Schneider National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service, Bethesda, MarylandSearch for more papers by this authorEdward L. Kuff, Edward L. Kuff National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service, Bethesda, MarylandSearch for more papers by this author Walter C. Schneider, Walter C. Schneider National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service, Bethesda, MarylandSearch for more papers by this authorEdward L. Kuff, Edward L. Kuff National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service, Bethesda, MarylandSearch for more papers by this author First published: March 1954 https://doi.org/10.1002/aja.1000940203Citations: 53AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume94, Issue2March 1954Pages 209-224 RelatedInformation

Cytologic and cytochemical characteristics of the Golgi substance of epithelial cells of the epididymis in situ, in homogenates and after isolation.

Cytologic and cytochemical characteristics of the Golgi substance of epithelial cells of the epididymis in situ, in homogenates and after isolation.

Isolation and biochemical function of the Golgi substance.

RECENT studies have demonstrated the positive image of the Golgi substance in epithelial cells of the mouse epididymis with the phase-contrast microscope1. In situ, the Golgi substance was found to possess characteristic optical properties with phase-contrast and dark-field illumination, and to be completely refractory to staining with methylene blue and neutral red. Examination of cells of the head of the epididymis of the rat and the mouse immediately after or during crushing clearly indicated that the Golgi substance retained its general form and its specific optical properties upon release from its intra-cellular environment. Experiments to determine the most suitable medium for the maintenance of the Golgi substance extracellularly indicated that the presence of 0.34 M sodium chloride was essential and that the addition of sucrose in concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 1.25 M to the saline medium had no appreciable effect on the morphology, optical properties or stability of the Golgi substance.

Studies on the Golgi substance of the epithelial cells of the epididymis and duodenum of the mouse.

Studies on the Golgi substance of the epithelial cells of the epididymis and duodenum of the mouse.

Vital Staining of the Golgi Apparatus

1. With alkaline solution of Weber for the extraction of actomyosin, the Golgi apparatus of the classical network in nerve cell of rats and hepatic cells of newts have been stained with Nile blue sulphate in living condition. These figures exactly correspond to those fixed and impregnated by Kolatchev's method, i.e. the duplex nature in the nerve cells of rat and the homogeneous bands in the hepatic cells of the newts.2. The outer substance of the Golgi apparatus, in the nerve cells of the rat, is the ground substance which contains the fluidal substance within. This ground is made up of the same substance from which is constructed the band of the apparatus in the hepatic cells of the newts. This supposition is supported by their vague stainability when Nile blue sulphate is used and by the osmiophilic property after impregnation with osmic acid. It is further supported by the fact that they both lose their vital staining of Nile blue sulphate in a short time.3. The lipochondria which stain deeply with Nile blue sulphate continue to stain after the strands of the genuine Golgi apparatus lose their blue colour. From this fact lipochondria which also stain red with Neutral red, are supposed to be rich in lipoid.4. The architecture of the Golgi apparatus is discussed according to the findings of the present work. The nature of the substances which infiltrate the Golgi substance will build up the structure of the apparatus in different ways. Thus, the bands of the apparatus of the newts' hepatic cells are impregnated with bile pigment revealing a homogeneous yellow colour. The apparatus of nerve cells of rats show the typical duplex nature, the inner part being more fluid than the outer part.5. The necessity of verification whether the cells are living or dead is discussed in the light of vital satining.

A study of the golgi material of hepatic and intestinal epithelial cells with the electron microscope.

The Golgi substance of hepatic cells and cells of the intestinal epithelium of the mouse has been studied with the electron microscope. Both hepatic cells and intestinal epithelial cells were fixed by perfusion with modified Champy's fluid followed by treatment with osmic acid. Myelin figures were not found to develop in this material during fixation; nevertheless, the classical picture of the Golgi substance was revealed after treatment with osmic acid.

Alkaline phosphatase activity in the Golgi substance of intestinal mucosa

Alkaline phosphatase activity in the Golgi substance of intestinal mucosa