Golf Ball Research Articles

Worsening Pain After a Snakebite.

A 47-y-old man presented to the emergency department 3 h after being bitten by a snake. The patient had been searching in bushes for a golf ball when he was bitten on the left hand by a pit viper (likely Gloydius spp). He received the appropriate antivenom (6000 units intravenously) at a local hospital 90 min before being transferred to our referral hospital for further management. On arrival in the emergency department, he reported worsening pain in the left hand. Physical examination revealed 2 fang marks, with swelling and tenderness, over the left second metacarpophalangeal joint (Figure 1).

Forensic Engineering Analysis Of Golf Course Cart Club And Ball Accidents

With Over 27.8 Million Golfers And More Than 16,000 Golf Facilities In The United States, Golf Is A Non-Contact Sport With Statistically Low Risk For Injury. However, Research Has Documented Golf Related Injuries Can Be Disproportionally Serious Or Even Fatal. Federal Regulations And Countermeasures To Improve Golf Safety Are Outlined. A Spectrum Of Forensic Engineering Analysis Of Golf-Related Incidents Illustrates The Broad Range Of Resulting Trauma. Categories Of Golf Incidents Include: Cart Collisions With Other Vehicles Resulting From Mixed Use On Automotive Roadways, Cart Solo Incidents Including Ejection With And Without Rollover, Errant Golf Ball Impacts, Inadvertent Golf Club Impacts, Trip And Fall Incidents As Well As Golf Cart Fires.

Human-Mimetic Estimation of Food Volume from a Single-View RGB Image Using an AI System.

It is well known that many chronic diseases are associated with unhealthy diet. Although improving diet is critical, adopting a healthy diet is difficult despite its benefits being well understood. Technology is needed to allow an assessment of dietary intake accurately and easily in real-world settings so that effective intervention to manage being overweight, obesity, and related chronic diseases can be developed. In recent years, new wearable imaging and computational technologies have emerged. These technologies are capable of performing objective and passive dietary assessments with a much simplified procedure than traditional questionnaires. However, a critical task is required to estimate the portion size (in this case, the food volume) from a digital image. Currently, this task is very challenging because the volumetric information in the two-dimensional images is incomplete, and the estimation involves a great deal of imagination, beyond the capacity of the traditional image processing algorithms. In this work, we present a novel Artificial Intelligent (AI) system to mimic the thinking of dietitians who use a set of common objects as gauges (e.g., a teaspoon, a golf ball, a cup, and so on) to estimate the portion size. Specifically, our human-mimetic system “mentally” gauges the volume of food using a set of internal reference volumes that have been learned previously. At the output, our system produces a vector of probabilities of the food with respect to the internal reference volumes. The estimation is then completed by an “intelligent guess”, implemented by an inner product between the probability vector and the reference volume vector. Our experiments using both virtual and real food datasets have shown accurate volume estimation results.

Effects of aiming lines and visual function on the golf putting alignment

Background: In golf, a player hits a ball with a club, aiming to transfer the ball successively into a series of hole cups in a course consisting of 18 (or fewer) holes. This study aimed to compare the impact of visual function and the presence and number of aiming lines on golf putting alignment between beginner and expert golfers.
 Methods: In this prospective comparative study, 43 participants with a mean ± standard deviation (SD) of corrected distance binocular visual acuity of –0.07 ± 0.74 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution, who knew their average golf scores, were divided into beginner and expert golfers. Six visual function tests were conducted to assess heterotropia, dominant eye, verification of current spectacles, static visual acuity, stereopsis, and fixation disparity. At the putting distances of 1.5 m and 3 m, alignment errors were measured five times each, using golf balls with 1 and 3 aiming line(s) and putters with 1 and 3 aiming line(s).
 Results: The mean ± SD of age was 48.33 ± 10.07 years for study participants overall. The accuracy of ball alignment was not affected by the career or number of aiming lines, but the putter alignment was higher for the 3-lines putter than for the 1-line putter (P < 0.05). When the number and shape of the aiming line were the same for both the ball and putter, the aiming accuracy was found to be higher. In both stereopsis and fixation disparity, the combination of putting distance and a 3-lines ball showed negative values; all other combinations showed positive values, but no statistically significant correlation was detected (all P > 0.05). 
 Conclusions: The accuracy of golf ball alignment did not depend on the number of aiming lines and the golfer’s career. However, the predicted putting success rate and subjective satisfaction were increased when three-line golf balls and putters were used, as compared to when one-line golf balls and putters were used.
 
 How to cite this article: Kim YJ, Jin YG, Koo BY, Jang JU, Mah KC. Effects of aiming lines and visual function on the golf putting alignment. Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Optom.2021 Spring; 2(1): 41-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51329/mehdioptometry124

Is this product easy to control? Liabilities of using difficult-to-pronounce product names

This research studied difficult-to-pronounce product names which are prevalent in certain product categories. In study 1, consumers tried golf balls that varied in name pronounceability but were otherwise identical and, despite direct experience, concluded balls with difficult versus easy-to-pronounce names were less controllable and less preferable. In study 2, consumers were asked to look for a dog that was highly (less highly) controllable for an urban (rural) setting, and the dog with the difficult-to-pronounce name was viewed as less controllable because it seemed less familiar and was less preferred for the urban setting. Study 3 verified the effects of difficult-to-pronounce names on familiarity and controllability perceptions and found preference effects among those with high trait desire for control. Study 4 documented the prevalence of difficult-to-pronounce names on a popular ecommerce site for tires. Overall, our findings indicate managers should avoid using difficult-to-pronounce product names when consumers strongly desire product controllability.

Is This Product Easy to Control? Liabilities of Using Difficult-To-Pronounce Product Names

This research studied difficult-to-pronounce product names which are prevalent in certain product categories. In study 1, consumers tried golf balls that varied in name pronounceability but were otherwise identical and, despite direct experience, concluded balls with difficult versus easy-to-pronounce names were less controllable and less preferable. In study 2, consumers were asked to look for a dog that was highly (less highly) controllable for an urban (rural) setting, and the dog with the difficult-to-pronounce name was viewed as less controllable because it seemed less familiar and was less preferred for the urban setting. Study 3 verified the effects of difficult-to-pronounce names on familiarity and controllability perceptions and found preference effects among those with high trait desire for control. Study 4 documented the prevalence of difficult-to-pronounce names on a popular ecommerce site for tires. Overall, our findings indicate managers should avoid using difficult-to-pronounce product names when consumers strongly desire product controllability.

Transition from sliding to rolling in billiards and golf

An experiment is described where a billiard ball and a golf ball were projected with backspin on a horizontal surface to measure the transition from sliding to rolling. During both phases, the torque on the ball is affected by an offset in the line of action of the normal reaction force.

Interaction of a golf ball with the flagstick and hole

Changes to the Rules of Golf for 2019 allow a golfer to make a stroke from the putting green with the flagstick unattended in the hole. Such an action would previously incur a penalty. This work provides a model framework for the interaction among the ball, hole, and flagstick. The model is based in part on earlier work by Holmes, who examined the ball without the flagstick as allowed under the former rules. The interaction of the ball with the hole/flagstick area is evaluated for whether the ball is holed and for the final distance from the hole in the case of a miss. The flagstick is found to be of mixed benefit, performing more as a backstop as the impact with the flagstick becomes more central (head-on). Glancing blows at higher input angles are found to cause missed shots at lower velocities. Putts that are too fast to be made whether the flagstick is in or out of the hole are found to rest closer to the hole with the flagstick present. The implications are that shots for which the line of putt is better known (increasing the odds of central impact) and where speed may not be well controlled (e.g., greenside pitch shots) benefit from having the flagstick in the hole.

CFD Analysis of Golf Ball with Various Turbulence Models.

In this research work we investigate the performance of golf ball with 256 circular arc dimples on golf ball. The turbulence characteristics and flow pattern over golf with various velocities investigated by computational fluid dynamics in suitable turbulence model, in addition that the distance covered by a ball and rotational motion characteristics also investigated with same turbulence model

Oblique bounce of a double sphere on a horizontal surface

The normal coefficient of restitution (COR) for a sphere that bounces obliquely or at right angles on a horizontal surface usually has an approximately constant value between 0 and 1, which are the limits for a completely inelastic or a perfectly elastic collision respectively. Different results are obtained for the bounce of a non-spherical object. Measurements are presented for a double sphere consisting of two golf balls joined together, incident obliquely on a smooth horizontal surface. The COR varied from 0.15 to 1.0 depending on the alignment of the two balls and the incident spin. The results are explained in terms of a simple bounce model where the lower ball slides on the horizontal surface, and in terms of three different values of the COR defined in terms of (a) the bounce height, (b) the vertical speed of the contact point and (c) the ratio of the final to the initial kinetic energy.

Strengthening the PSO algorithm with a new technique inspired by the golf game and solving the complex engineering problem

This study has been inspired by golf ball movements during the game to improve particle swarm optimization. Because, all movements from the first to the last move of the golf ball are the moves made by the player to win the game. Winning this game is also a result of successful implementation of the desired moves. Therefore, the movements of the golf ball are also an optimization, and this has a meaning in the scientific world. In this sense, the movements of the particles in the PSO algorithm have been associated with the movements of the golf ball in the game. Thus, the velocities of the particles have converted to parabolically descending structure as they approach the target. Based on this feature, this meta-heuristic technique is called RDV (random descending velocity) IW PSO. In this way, the result obtained is improved thousands of times with very small movements. For the application of the proposed new technique, the inverse kinematics calculation of the 7-joint robot arm has been performed and the obtained results have been compared with the traditional PSO, some IW techniques, artificial bee colony, firefly algorithm and quantum PSO.

Impact of a double sphere dropped vertically onto a horizontal surface

A simple experiment is described concerning the vertical bounce of a nonspherical object. The object consisted of two golf balls joined together. The balls were dropped onto a heavy, rigid horizontal surface and were filmed with a video camera to measure the coefficient of restitution (COR). For spherical objects, the COR is usually defined in terms of the vertical speed of the centre of mass and can vary between zero and unity depending on the elastic properties of the object and the surface on which it bounces. For nonspherical objects, the COR is best defined in terms of the vertical speed of the contact point. For the two golf balls, the centre of mass COR was found to vary between −4 and +2 depending on the incident spin and the angle of inclination of the long axis. The contact point COR was found to be 0.8 ± 0.2, regardless of the incident spin and angle of inclination.

FOD Detection Method Based on Iterative Adaptive Approach for Millimeter-Wave Radar

Using millimeter-wave radar to scan and detect small foreign object debris (FOD) on an airport runway surface is a popular solution in civil aviation safety. Since it is impossible to completely eliminate the interference reflections arising from strongly scattering targets or non-homogeneous clutter after clutter cancellation processing, the consequent high false alarm probability has become a key problem to be solved. In this article, we propose a new FOD detection method for interference suppression and false alarm reduction based on an iterative adaptive approach (IAA) algorithm, which is a non-parametric, weighted least squares-based iterative adaptive processing approach that can provide super-resolution capability. Specifically, we first obtain coarse FOD target information by data preprocessing in a conventional detection method. Then, a refined data processing step is conducted based on the IAA algorithm in the azimuth direction. Finally, multiple pieces of information from the two steps above are used to comprehensively distinguish false alarms by fusion processing; thus, we can acquire accurate FOD target information. Real airport data measured by a 93 GHz radar are used to validate the proposed method. Experimental results of the test scene, which include golf balls with a diameter of 43 mm, were placed about 300 m away from radar, which show that the proposed method can effectively reduce the number of false alarms when compared with a traditional FOD detection method. Although metal balls with a diameter of 50 mm were placed about 660 m away from radar, they also can obtain up to 2.2 times azimuth super-resolution capability.

Flow Visualization of Golf Ball in Subsonic Incompressible Flow Regime

Golf ball ideal plan has been considered for over a century. Generally, golf balls move at long-distance and high speed. Dimples golf ball have a fundamental impact by streamlined flow properties and also the flight heading. Streamlined highlights the golf ball where it was still incomplete in the appearance of an essential interior information. In the present paper we designed a golf ball and subsonic in-compressible flow analysis is conducted at a speed of 210 m/s, Now, the golf ball drag coefficient is changed because of change in geometry(dimple). In this paper, the results specify depth ratio of dimple increasing or golf ball roughness of surface can move the change to a lesser Reynold’s number and drag coefficient valve regime increases and also it gives an optimistic linear process between relative roughness and drag coefficient.

Predicting golf ball launch characteristics using iron clubhead presentation variables and the influence of mishits

In golf, it is well understood that the interaction between the clubhead and ball determines the initial ball launch conditions. Specific knowledge regarding these relationships for iron clubs, particularly when clubhead and turf interactions are considered, would be both novel and of benefit to practitioners. Linear regression analysis was used to determine relationships between selected clubhead presentation and shot outcome variables for a sample of 1127 ‘5-iron’ shots hit from natural turf by 96 golfers. As expected, clubhead speed was the most significant predictor of ball speed, with obliquity of impact and eccentricity of the impact location making smaller, yet statistically significant contributions. Marginally ‘fat’ strikes, whereby the leading edge of the clubhead was only slightly beneath the ground at impact, appeared to have a lesser effect than expected in terms of ball speed. Effective loft was found to be the strongest predictor of vertical launch angle, whilst clubhead speed and spin loft had the greatest influence in the model for predicting total spin; inclusion of ‘thin’ strikes (i.e. those struck with the leading edge) appeared to create a non-linear element to these models and consequently overestimated the influence of vertical impact location in both cases. These findings suggest that determination of impact location, particularly for instances whereby ball contact is not wholly on the club face, is critical in research concerning irons. Overall, this study makes an original contribution to the understanding of 5-iron shot outcomes based on clubhead presentation characteristics.

Suitability of the Openly Accessible 3D Printed Prosthetic Hands for War-Wounded Children.

The field of rehabilitation and assistive devices is being disrupted by innovations in desktop 3D printers and open-source designs. For upper limb prosthetics, those technologies have demonstrated a strong potential to aid those with missing hands. However, there are basic interfacing issues that need to be addressed for long term usage. The functionality, durability, and the price need to be considered especially for those in difficult living conditions. We evaluated the most popular designs of body-powered, 3D printed prosthetic hands. We selected a representative sample and evaluated its suitability for its grasping postures, durability, and cost. The prosthetic hand can perform three grasping postures out of the 33 grasps that a human hand can do. This corresponds to grasping objects similar to a coin, a golf ball, and a credit card. Results showed that the material used in the hand and the cables can withstand a 22 N normal grasping force, which is acceptable based on standards for accessibility design. The cost model showed that a 3D printed hand could be produced for as low as $19. For the benefit of children with congenital missing limbs and for the war-wounded, the results can serve as a baseline study to advance the development of prosthetic hands that are functional yet low-cost.

Analysis of the Effect of the Size and Grade of Soft Tissue Sarcoma on Rates of Unplanned Resection, Metastatic Disease, Mortality, and Morbid Re-Resection Over 20 Years.

Soft tissue sarcomas are rare malignancies that are often presumed to be benign and are resected without the typical preoperative workup, such as imaging or biopsy. These unplanned resections occur in approximately 30% of all cases and frequently require further morbid treatments, resulting in worse oncologic outcomes. A retrospective review was performed of all patients who presented to a tertiary sarcoma center with a diagnosis of sarcoma between 1996 and 2017. In-depth chart reviews were performed for the 2600 patients who were identified, with 836 having a primary diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma in an upper or lower extremity. Data collected included histologic features, grade, size, resection status, demographic features, referral information, metastatic disease, morbid procedures, and mortality rate. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on whether the tumor size was greater or less than 5 cm. This classification was in keeping with the guideline of referring patients to a tertiary sarcoma center for workup for tumors "larger than a golf ball." The difference in the rate of unplanned resection for tumors measuring less than 5 cm (41.6%) and those measuring 5 cm or greater (18.8%) was statistically significant (P<.001), with smaller tumors more likely to undergo unplanned resection, in keeping with the success of the "golf ball rule." The rate of metastatic disease for unplanned resection for tumors measuring 5 cm or greater (50.7%) was significantly greater than that for tumors measuring less than 5 cm (19.7%) (P<.001). The authors found a great deal of morbidity associated with unplanned resection, regardless of tumor size. Before resection is planned, delineation is required beyond tumor size. [Orthopedics. 2021;44(3):166-171.].

Effect of dimple surface occupancy and dimple volume ratio on aerodynamic characteristics of a rotating golf ball

Effect of dimple surface occupancy and dimple volume ratio on aerodynamic characteristics of a rotating golf ball

Effects of golf ball dimple surface occupancy, volume ratio and depth on aerodynamic characteristics during rotation

Effects of golf ball dimple surface occupancy, volume ratio and depth on aerodynamic characteristics during rotation

Performance and playability of experimental low-input coarse-textured zoysiagrass in multiple climates

A 3-year experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance and playability of 24 coarse-textured zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp. Willd.) experimental genotypes in comparison to five commercially available cultivars maintained as a low-maintenance turf across multiple climates (Indiana, North Carolina, Georgia, Arizona, and California). Following establishment in 2018, plots were maintained under low-maintenance regimes and evaluated for quality, density, uniformity, color, winterkill damage, drought resistance, and golf ball lie in 2019 and 2020. A turf performance index (TPI) was calculated for each treatment at each site, which represented the number of times the treatment occurred in the top statistical group. The unique climate for each site led to differences in TPI scores. For instance, the arid climates of Arizona and California resulted in distinct differences in performance among treatments compared to the other sites. However, consistencies in performance across sites were also observed. For example, the 2018−2019 winter resulted in winterkill differences among entries in both Indiana and North Carolina, which led to some similarities in TPI. Furthermore, the southern humid climates of North Carolina and Georgia produced consistencies in overall TPI. Under the minimal inputs and the hot-humid or arid climates evaluated in this study, all of the check cultivars were some of the poorest performing treatments, which clearly illustrates there is a need for breeding programs to develop zoysiagrass genotypes for these climates. However, experimental lines that exhibited excellent persistence under these conditions were identified indicating the genetic potential for wider adaptation to lower input environments exists within the species.