Golestan Province Iran Research Articles

Multiple Mechanisms Increase Levels of Resistance in Rapistrum rugosum to ALS Herbicides.

Rapistrum rugosum (turnip weed) is a common weed of wheat fields in Iran, which is most often controlled by tribenuron-methyl (TM), a sulfonylurea (SU) belonging to the acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides group. Several cases of unexplained control failure of R. rugosum by TM have been seen, especially in Golestan province-Iran. Hence, there is lack of research in evaluation of the level of resistance of the R. rugosum populations to TM, using whole plant dose-response and enzyme assays, then investigating some potential resistance mechanisms Results revealed that the resistance factor (RF) for resistant (R) populations was 2.5–6.6 fold higher than susceptible (S) plant. Neither foliar retention, nor 14C-TM absorption and translocation were the mechanisms responsible for resistance in turnip weed. Metabolism of TM was the second resistant mechanism in two populations (Ag-R5 and G-1), in which three metabolites were found. The concentration of TM for 50% inhibition of ALS enzyme activity in vitro showed a high level of resistance to the herbicide (RFs were from 28 to 38) and cross-resistance to sulfonyl-aminocarbonyl-triazolinone (SCT), pyrimidinyl-thiobenzoate (PTB) and triazolopyrimidine (TP), with no cross-resistance to imidazolinone (IMI). Substitution Pro 197 to Ser 197 provided resistance to four of five ALS-inhibiting herbicides including SU, TP, PTB, and SCT with no resistance to IMI. These results documented the first case of R. rugosum resistant population worldwide and demonstrated that both RST and NRST mechanisms are involved to the resistance level to TM.

Study of Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes and Mutation in 1762 & 1764 Nucleotides of X Gene in Chronic HBV Patients from Golestan Province—Iran

Introduction: More than 350 million people are chronic carriers of HBV and many of them develop progressive diseases, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Many of those infected develop persistent disease and a proportion goes on to develop liver failure and cancer. Researchers showed that double mutations of the x gene at position 1762 and 1764, have been found in chronic hepatitis B. These mutations were proposed to be associated with fulminant hepatitis B increasing risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. This project aimed to investigate mutation in the x gene region of HBV infected patients in Golestan province, Iran. Method: 100 patients were entered in this study. Hepatitis B viral DNA was extracted from plasma and PCR was performed using specific primers. Direct sequencing and alignment of x gene were applied using reference sequence from Gene Bank database (Okamoto, 1988; Accession number AB033559). Results: Among the chronic HBV patients 51% were male. The results showed that 49% of patients had A1762T, G1764A mutations changing AGG to stop codon TGA. 27% and 24% of cases were showed mutation only in A1762T and G1764A positions respectively. Conclusion: This study was shown presence of X gene mutation in HBV infected people in Golestan province, Iran. The rate of mutation in two positions 1762 and 1764 of HBV genotype D X gene was higher than the average rate of the world (34%).

The Relationship between Quality of Life with Demographic Variables of Elderly in Golestan Province-Iran

Quality of life subscales was influenced by different factors including age, gender, and financial status and more importantly by health, education, financial and marital status. The main goal of this study was relationship between (QOL) with demographic variables of elderly in Golestan province-Iran. This research was an analytical cross study that conducted on 193 individuals going to Jahandidegan geriatric charity institution of Golestan-Iran. The data were collected from questionnaire SF-36 for QOL the elderly indicators through interviews and observation and then analyzed using SPSS V.17 Software. Among QOL dimensions, only general health status showed a significant association with supporting organizations covering status (P = 0.01). The relationship between QOL with current employment status in both genders was observed.

Assignment of Concentration of Heavy Metals (Cr, Zn, Cd, Pb) In Sediments of Gorgan Bay and South East the Caspian Sea (Golestan Province-Iran)2010-2011

Heavy metals have been studied after their entry into water and absorption and accumulation in sediments in the Gorgan Bay and South East the Caspian Sea four season during 1 year from 2010-2011. The aim of this study is the comparison and analysis of heavy metals in sediment in eastern coast of the Caspian Sea and Gorgan Bay. For achievement to this goal had been measured concentrations of some heavy metals Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn) and Chrome (Cr) from sea bed layers were measured. Atomic absorption apparatus was used and then analyzed all of data with analysis of variance (ANOVA) Technique in software. The results show that the highest level of metals Maximum concentrations of these elements in sediments were observed in station 1(Zn)(1213±13) , in station 4(Pb)(1021±11), in station 4(Cd)(302±8), in station 4(Cr)(315±8) µg/kg in that order.

Evaluating the Relationship between Job Burnout and Organizational Citizenship Behavior : A Study of Industry , Mine and Trade Organization Employees

One of the most important challenges facing organizations is the increasing levels of job burnout among their employees. In the meantime, it poses the question as what the relationship between this factor and organizational citizenship behavior is. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between burnout and organizational citizenship behavior to provide an appropriate model. The population of this study consisted of all employees of industry, mine and trade organization of Golestan province-Iran, the number of whom is 154, out of which, 120 employees were selected as a sample by the simple random sampling method. For collecting the data, two questionnaires of job burnout and organizational citizenship behavior were applied, and the obtained data was analyzed using the statistical methods of Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Spearman’s correlation test, Pearson's correlation test, Regression analysis, F-test and T-test. From the results, it was found that the variable of job burnout had a significant negative relationship with organizational citizenship behavior. The results demonstrated that among job burnout components, emotional exhaustion and reduced personal accomplishment can predict job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior in a negative direction.

Assessing Land Cover/ Land Use Change and its Impacts on Surface Water Quality in the Ziarat Catchment, Golestan Province-Iran

This paper outlines a study aimed to assess the long-term association between land cover/land use change and water quality changes occurred in the Ziarat Catchment, upstream of the Gharasoo River basin, Golestan Province northeast, of Iran. To assess the significance of trends in the time series of water quality variables, non-parametric trend tests (the Mann-Kendall and the seasonal Kendall) or parametric trend tests (linear regression and ANCOVA) were performed after removing variance due to discharge. The water quality and quantity data available for the analysis in this study belong to the observed period from 1974 to 2012 in a river gauge station located at the outlet of the catchment. The analysis revealed that with the exception of pH (no trend) and sulfate (negative trend), all other water quality variables including electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sodium adsorption ratio and bicarbonate demonstrate statistically significant positive trends (P-value<0.05). Using the seasonal Kendall test, the negative trends have been detected for rainfall and mean discharge time series. To determine the likely responsible factor(s) for water quality changes, an investigation has been conducted on land cover/land use changes. A series of significant land cover/land use change were identified from 1967 to 2012, within five time intervals, referring to satellite images and also aerial photographic interpretation and based on RS and GIS standard techniques. The spatial analysis shows that within four decades about 980 ha of forests in the catchment have been converted to other classes of land cover/land use (about 67% to croplands and/ or rangelands, 8.5% to residential 38 areas, 13% to bare lands, and 11.5 % to roads). The results of this research suggest that land cover/land use change is one of the key factors causing water quality changes in the study area. The findings of this research assists policy makers and catchment managers in developing catchment management plans to protect and restore water quality conditions more effectively.

Mutations in the S gene region of hepatitis B virus genotype D in Golestan Province-Iran

Mutations of HBsAg especially within the "a" determinant could alter the antigenicity of the protein causing failure of HBsAg neutralization and escaping from the host's immune system, resulting in active viral replication and liver disease. This project aimed to investigate mutation in the S gene region of HBV infected patients in Golestan Province-Iran. HBV-DNA extractions from plasma and PCR of 100 patients were performed. Direct sequencing and alignment of S gene were applied using reference sequence from Gene Bank database. All isolates were belonged to genotype D, subgenotype D1, subtype ayw2. Overall 92 point mutations occurred. Of them, 40 (43.47%) were missense and 52 (56.52%) were silent. Mutations were detected in 95 cases (95%). Five of 40 mutations (12.5%) occurred in "a" determinant and 13 (32.5%), 17 (42.5%), and 2 (5%) were seen in antigenic epitope regions of B cell, CD(4)(+) and CTL, respectively. Frame shift mutations were seen in 22 cases (22%). 14% of mutations occurred at Major Hydrophilic Region(MHR) area which P120T/S and R122K/T substitutions were the most frequent ones (4%). Mutation in G145R of the S gene was observed in one case. A large number of MHR mutants are in association with failure of HBsAg detection, vaccine, and immunotherapy escape. This study showed "a" determinant S gene mutations in HBV infected people with HBsAg positivity in Golestan Province-Iran. The rate of mutation in our study was 95%. Collectively, the results of this project exhibited that most of mutations were clustered in CD(4)(+) antigenic epitopes.

The Effect of Information Technology in the Entrepreneurship (A Case Study in Golestan Province IRAN)

The advent of information technology has changed all the aspects of the world in the third millennium to a great extent and the entrepreneurship in particular. IT contributes to the entrepreneurship in different ways. This study aims to investigate the effect of information technology in Entrepreneurship in Golestan province. The data are obtained both through the entrepreneurs, the industry and the employees. The data were then analyzed using the exact percentage and the 5-point Likert scale to determine the impact of Information technology in Entrepreneurship in Golestan province. The findings then indicate that Information technology plays three conspicuously vital roles as follows: IT facilitates job access greatly, IT provides the unique opportunity for work place information easily and IT increases the employment rate dramatically through virtual work place particularly electronic marketing.