Abstract
Rapistrum rugosum (turnip weed) is a common weed of wheat fields in Iran, which is most often controlled by tribenuron-methyl (TM), a sulfonylurea (SU) belonging to the acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides group. Several cases of unexplained control failure of R. rugosum by TM have been seen, especially in Golestan province-Iran. Hence, there is lack of research in evaluation of the level of resistance of the R. rugosum populations to TM, using whole plant dose-response and enzyme assays, then investigating some potential resistance mechanisms Results revealed that the resistance factor (RF) for resistant (R) populations was 2.5–6.6 fold higher than susceptible (S) plant. Neither foliar retention, nor 14C-TM absorption and translocation were the mechanisms responsible for resistance in turnip weed. Metabolism of TM was the second resistant mechanism in two populations (Ag-R5 and G-1), in which three metabolites were found. The concentration of TM for 50% inhibition of ALS enzyme activity in vitro showed a high level of resistance to the herbicide (RFs were from 28 to 38) and cross-resistance to sulfonyl-aminocarbonyl-triazolinone (SCT), pyrimidinyl-thiobenzoate (PTB) and triazolopyrimidine (TP), with no cross-resistance to imidazolinone (IMI). Substitution Pro 197 to Ser 197 provided resistance to four of five ALS-inhibiting herbicides including SU, TP, PTB, and SCT with no resistance to IMI. These results documented the first case of R. rugosum resistant population worldwide and demonstrated that both RST and NRST mechanisms are involved to the resistance level to TM.
Highlights
Extended use of herbicideapplications will inevitably result in a rapid evolution of weeds with herbicide resistance
R plants suffered from a little damage but they were able to recover over time
Increased sensitivity to TM was observed in 20 populations that could not survive after the application of the herbicide, whose losses of dry weight varied from between 100 and 68% compared to the control population
Summary
Extended use of herbicideapplications will inevitably result in a rapid evolution of weeds with herbicide resistance. This has meant that weed researchers challenges and those interested in inventory control techniques have faced many challenges. The application of most of the known herbicides causes enzyme inhibition, and just a few of them disrupt other processes such auxin response or cell division. This limits the herbicide targets to a few groups of the plant genes. In the near future, there will be inadequate chemical control methods for several weed species of the major row crops (Stewart, 2009)
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