Sardinella Gibbosa Research Articles

Quality assessment of fishes caught by single-day and multi-day gillnet fishing off Satpati Coast, Maharashtra, India

The present investigation was aimed at elucidating the importance of freshness and quality for the consumer and its relationship to sensory and non-sensory properties of fish caught by single-day and multi-day gillnet fishing off Satpati Coast, Palghar District, Maharashtra, India. Selected species of marine fishes viz., Pampus argenteus, Ilisha filigera, Osteogeneiosus militaris, Thryssa mystax and Sardinella gibbosa from single-day and multi-day gillnet fishing trips were collected and assessed based on freshness score, microbiological and biochemical parameters. The average values of sensory score, total plate count (TPC) and pH for fish samples from single-day fishing were 25 to 26; 1.9×104 cfu g-1 to 7.3×104 cfu g-1 and 6.8 respectively, whereas for multi-day fishing, it was 12 to 17; 7.1×104 cfu g-1 to 1.8×105 cfu g-1 and 7.07 respectively. Significant difference (p<0.05) was observed for the values of pH, trimethyl amine (TMA), total volatile base-nitrogen (TVB-N) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) between the fish samples from single-day and multi-day fishing for two species viz. T. mystax and I. filigera. The study indicated that fishes caught from both single-day and multi-day units were acceptable for human consumption. Results of the study provides insight into the quality aspects of fish landed by commercial fishing crafts by comparing single-day and multi-day fishing.

Maximum sustainable potential and utilization rates of Goldstripe sardinella (Sardinella gibbosa) in Belawan Oceanic Fishing Port

Belawan Oceanic Fishing Port is one of the bases of capture fisheries activities in North Sumatera which has considerable fishery potential. The most dominant fish caught in Belawan is Goldstripe sardinella (Sardinella gibbosa). Large-scale fishing activities are considered to be able to reduce the population of S. gibbosa in Belawan, mainly if fishing is carried out at any time. This study aims to analyse the utilization rates and sustainable potential of S. gibbosa at Belawan. This research was conducted by using surplus method production from May to June 2019. The annual catch, effort data, and fishing gear of S. gibbosa were analysed to estimate the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY). The main fisheries operating in catching S. gibbosa include trawl, fishing line, and gillnet. The Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) based on the Schaefer model obtained a value of 1821.92 and 1030.87 for on the fox model; the optimum effort based on the Schaefer model obtained a value 22.76 and 23.24 on the fox model. Based on these results, we concluded that the production of S. gibbosa at Belawan PPS has overfishing in 2014 with a production of 2085 tons and total 47 fishing trip.

Microplastics in fishes from the Northern Bay of Bengal.

Microplastics were determined in pink Bombay-duck (Harpadon nehereus), white Bombay-duck (H. translucens) and gold-stripe sardine (Sardinella gibbosa) collected from the Northern Bay of Bengal at Bangladesh. Gastrointestinal tracts of fishes (n = 25 per species) were examined for microplastics following alkali digestion protocol, microscopic observations and chemical analysis by micro-Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscope (μ-FTIR). A total of 443 microplastic items were found in the intestines of H. nehereus, H. translucens and S. gibbosa, averaging in the range of 3.20-8.72 items per species. Among various shapes, colours and types of microplastics, irregular (37-43%), white/transparent (26-68%) and fiber (50-55%) were dominant. The size fraction of microplastics ranging between 1 μm and 5 mm was 68-84 items/kg biomass, and μ-FTIR analysis identified 13 particles of polyethylene terephthalate and 66 particles of polyamide. The study findings raised concern that microplastics in marine fish could be a threat to public health via the food chain.

IDENTIFIKASI JENIS IKAN (PENAMAAN LOKAL, NASIONAL DAN ILMIAH) HASIL TANGKAPAN UTAMA (HTU) NELAYAN DAN KLASIFIKASI ALAT PENANGKAP IKAN DI PULAU BANGKA PROVINSI KEPULAUAN BANGKA BELITUNG

Identification of fish species has an important meaning when viewed from a scientific angle because the entire sequence of subsequent work depends on the results of the correct identification of a species. The purpose of this research is to analyze the types (local, national, scientific name) and types of fishing equipment operating in the Bangka Island. This research was conducted in October 2018 to April 2019 at the Bangka Island. The method was used purposive sampling. The analysis was carried out by descriptive analysis and PSR (Pressure, State, Response). The result show that there were 30 types of fishing gear that were included in seven classes that are surrounding nets, trawls, seine nets, lift nets, gillnets, traps, hooks and lines. The main fish caught from 30 types of fishing gear used are 73 species which are included in small pelagic fish, large pelagic fish and demersal fish consisting of 38 families. More than 50% of the local names of fish on Bangka Island are different from the names of national fish including Yellow Stalk Fish, in the Bangka area called the Ciu Fish (Selaroides leptolepis), local name Selar Como Fish called Hapau Fish (Atule mate), local name Tetengkek Fish is called Singkur Fish (Megalaspis cordyla), local name Kuwe Onion Trevally Fish is called Sweet Beautiful Fish (Carangoides caeruleopinnatus), Tembang Fish is the local name Tamban Fish (Sardinella gibbosa), Bloso Fish is the local name Buto Cin Fish (Saurida tumbil). Recommendations given are that stakeholders should pay attention to local name so there is no error in data collection and use of enviromentally friendly fishing gear by taking into account the selectivity of fishing gear.

Analysis of opportunity loss of lift net operation in Makassar Water

Lift net was a Makassar traditional fishing gear that attached into the seabed, used paraffin lamps as fishing devices and used net with mesh size 0.5 cm. Lift net had low selectivity whereas in order to obtain sustainable fisheries, the catches should be mature fish phase (gonad ripe). This study aimed to determine the value of opportunity loss due to the low selectivity in operation of lift net. This research was held in June - July 2018 in Makassar Waters. This study used secondary data of South Sulawesi Fisheries Statistics 2010 - 2016, primary data such length and weight of lift net catches and some literature studies. There were five species caught by lift net such as mullet (Valamugil seheli), shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis), peperek (Leiognathus equulus), sardine (Sardinella gibbosa), and anchovy (Stolephorus commersonii). Based on the results, the percentage of mature fish of lift net catches was 60% of mullet, 20% of shrimp, 39% of peperek, 5% of sardine and 5% of anchovy. The average value of the opportunity loss of lift net operation during 2010-2016 in Makassar waters was Rp. 437,090,000.

The complete mitochondrial genome of blacktip sardinella, Sardinella melanura (Clupeiformes: Clupeidae)

The mitochondrial genome of a blacktip sardinella, Sardinella melanura was determined by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technique. The mitogenome of S. melanura (16,646 bp), encoded the canonical 37 mitochondrial structural genes (13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes). The gene arrangement of S. melanura was identical to its relative species including Sardinella lemuru, Sardinella longiceps and Sardinella gibbosa. Except for COX1 (GTG), all the other PCGs showed the typical ATG as start codon. Incomplete stop codons were identified in ND2, COX2, COX3, ND3, ND4, and Cytb. The phylogenetic tree result showed that S. melanura was most closely related to S. jussieu, S. lemuru, and Sardinella maderansis with 83% identity, respectively.

CHRONOLOGY AND CAUSE OF MASS MORTALITY EVENT ON FISH IN THE LOWER PART OF YAMAIMA RIVER, MIMIKA REGENCY, PAPUA

Mass mortality events (MMEs) on fish tend to increase recently both for cultured and wild fish both in coastal and inland waters. The MMEs on wild fish are mostly unknown. Mass mortality events on wild fishes of Mimika estuary, Papua have been recorded since long time ago and limited information was provided due to its remote area. A rapid appraisal study of mass mortality event (MME) of wild fishes chronology and cause was conducted in Yamaima river to Tifuka Estuary, Papua Province a week after the MME in April 2016. Seven sampling sites were selected. Two activities were conducted during the field survey: interview with the local people to get information on the chronology of the MME and collecting primary data on aquatic environment quality and fish samples. The occurance of goldstripe sardine inYamaima river and Tifuka estuary were triggered by the present of strong El Nino with ONI value more than 0.5oC in the ocean and atmosphere above Equator Pasific. Water quality at MME site was similar with remaining schooling fish and Tifuka estuary sites. Concentration of heavy metals in the sediment tend to decreased along with the distance from the MME site. Mass mortality of goldstripe sardinella could relate to oxygen suffocation as a result of disorentation movement of the fish shoals inaccordance with low tide and new moon phase. The number of the death goldstripe sardinella was estimated 200,000 fish with the weight of 18 tons. To mitigate MMEs in the future, efforts should be done such as: routine early detection of El Nino pattern and its effect on salinity and water temperature raising by placing key water quality parameter buoy in the mouth river of Papua and to set net or stack of logs in the cape area of west tailing levee Yamaima river to prevent the entrapment of migrating small pelagic fish specialy in the closed water area.

Nutritional Composition and Thermal Properties of Goldstripe Sardinella (Sardinella gibbosa) Fillets and By-Products

ABSTRACTFish is a nutritious food for the whole family and a good source of protein and n-3 fatty acids. The fish-processing industry produces tonnes of fish-processing waste and by-products annually. Disposal of untreated by-products of the fish-processing industry may cause environmental pollution. Sardinella gibbosa or goldstripe sardinella is commonly used in surimi and fish cracker productions in Malaysia. However, data on the nutritional composition of goldstripe sardinella fillets (GSF) and by-products (GSB) remain limited. The objectives of this study are to determine the nutritional composition and thermal properties of fillets and by-products of S. gibbosa. Results showed that the protein and moisture contents of GSF were higher than GSB. Conversely, the ash and fat levels of GSF were lower than GSB. Levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA) in GSF and GSB were higher than monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Palmitic acid and oleic acid were the major SFA and MUFA found in GSF and GSB. Both GSF and GSB contain higher percentages of DHA and EPA. Melting and crystallization profiles of the oil from S. gibbosa fillets were similar to by-product oil, which was related to their fatty acid content.

The complete mitochondrial genome and phylogeny of Indian oil sardine, Sardinella longiceps and Goldstripe Sardinella, Sardinella gibbosa from the Indian Ocean

The Indian oil Sardine, Sardinella longiceps and Goldstripe Sardinella, Sardinella gibbosa are the two commercially important, small pelagic fishes from Indian waters belonging to the family Clupeidae. Characterization of the complete mitogenome is very helpful in resolving taxonomic ambiguities and hence we characterized the complete mitogenome of S. longiceps and S. gibbosa from Indian waters. The assembled mitogenomes of S. longiceps and S. gibbosa are 16,613 and 16658 bp circles respectively, contained the 37 mitochondrial structural genes (2 rRNA, 22 tRNA, 13 protein-coding genes) with the gene order identical to that of typical vertebrates. In the phylogenetic tree, S. longiceps and S. gibbosa clustered with species belonging to the family Clupeidae. This study is the first report of the complete mitogenome of two commercially important clupeids from Indian waters which form the baseline for further studies on molecular systematics, population genetics, historic demography, adaptive variation and conservation of these species.

Identification of Mercury in Tembang Fish (Sardinella gibbosa) and Shellfish (Marcia hiantina) in Losari Coastal Beach, Makassar

Mercury was one of heavy metals that became pollutant. High level of mercury in aquatic environment could cause adverse effects on living organisms in that environment, even endanger human health in using the water and consuming the organism. This reasearch was a descriptive survey that was supported by laboratory test result in order to know mercury (Hg) level in Tembang fish (Sardinella gibbosa) and Shellfish (Marcia hiantina) in Losari coastal beach, Makassar. The result of mercury examination at Center Health Laboratory Makasar was obtained that mercury levels in Tembang Fish were 0.0150 mg/kg, 0.0133 mg/kg and 0.0126 mg/kg. Thus, the average of mercury level in Tembang fish was 0.0409 mg/kg. Meanwhile, based on examination results of mercury level in Shellfish at Center Health Laboratory, Makasar, were obtained 0.0228 mg/kg, 0.0266 mg/kg, and 0.1105 mg/kg. Thus, the average of mercury level in Shellfish was 0.1599 mg/kg. Moreover, mercury level in either Tembang fish or Shellfish in Losari coastal beach Makassar had fulfilled the requirement based on SNI 7387/2009 regarding Maximum Limit of Heavy Metal of Mercury. Keywords: Mercury, Shellfish, Tembang Fish

Characterisation of Biogenic Amines in Fish Collected from Sarawak Using Gas Chromatography

Determination of five biogenic amines (heptylamine, histamine, tyramine, cadaverine and spermidine) in fish was optimised and validated using gas chromatography – flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) followed by confirmation using mass spectrometry (MS). The biogenic amines were derivatised using BSA (N, O-bis (trimethylsilyl) acetamide) + TMCS (trimethylchlorosilane) as a derivatisation agent. The linear working range was between 0.9995 – 0.9999. The limit of detection (LODs) were in the range of 1.20 – 2.90 μg/mL. The efficiency of recovery for every biogenic amines, which ranged between 98.41 – 116.39%, indicated that analytical procedure can be used to extract biogenic amines in fish. Using GC-FID, the concentration of five biogenic amines were simultaneously determined in fresh and salted fish samples such as mackerel (Scomberomorus guttatus), sardine (Sardinella gibbosa), whiptail (Himantura walga), gourami (Trichogaster pectoralis) and toli shad (Tenualosa toli). Histamine is found in fresh mackerel (S. guttatus) and sardine (S. gibbosa) at concentration of 5.96 and 2.69 mg/kg, respectively. Salted sardine (S. gibbosa) has histamine concentration of 8.95 mg/kg. All histamine concentrations detected were below 50 mg/kg (FDA regulation) which is below the permissible threshold associated with scombroid poisoning. Cadaverine was detected in fresh sardine (S. gibbosa), whiptail stingray (H. walga) and salted gourami (T. pectoralis) with concentration of 4.96, 146.39 and 18.80 mg/kg, respectively. None of them has biogenic amines, and histamine within FDA regulation levels (below 50 mg/kg).

Integrative approach revises the frequently misidentified species of Sardinella (Clupeidae) of the Indo-West Pacific Ocean.

To deal with the difficulties of species differentiation and delimitation among the commercially important sardines from the genus Sardinella, an integrative approach was adopted, incorporating traditional taxonomy with four DNA markers (coI, cytb, 16s and nuclear rag2). Combining these methodologies has enabled a thorough re-description of three of the most common species of Sardinella of the Indo-west Pacific Ocean: white sardinella Sardinella albella, fringescale sardinella Sardinella fimbriata and the goldstripe sardinella Sardinella gibbosa, as well as a description of a new species, Gon's sardinella Sardinella goni, from the island of Boracay, Philippines. In addition, extensive widespread sampling of S. gibbosa reveals a significant genetic separation between the populations from the western Indian Ocean and the west Pacific Ocean, despite no supporting morphological differentiation. An updated morphological key of the species of Sardinella of the Indo-west Pacific Ocean is also provided in order to minimize future misidentifications within these economically important taxa. Finally, the genetic and morphological variabilities within and between the investigated species are used to discuss their biogeographical distribution and possible processes of speciation.

Influence of blanching treatment and drying methods on the drying characteristics and quality changes of dried sardine (Sardinella gibbosa) during storage

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to examine the drying characteristics of blanched and unblanched sardine during indoor and open sun drying processes. Changes in temperature and relative humidity of the air during drying were recorded. The color, peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), free fatty acid (FFA) content, fatty acid composition, and sensory attributes of dried samples were also evaluated once a month for 5 months of storage. High drying rates were obtained in all samples at the start of drying and then decreased with increasing drying time. The highest drying rate and effective water diffusivity (Deff) were observed in blanched sardine during open sun drying. Blanching treatment slowed down the FFA progression during product storage but adversely affected the color, PV, and TBARS content as well as sensory properties. Although sardine dried for a longer time under indoor drying conditions, it attained a stable moisture ratio that was lower than in open sun-dried samples. Indoor drying produced a quality stable product with less lipid oxidation and the desired moisture content, higher polyunsaturated fatty acids and sensory properties. Blanching treatment negatively affected the fish quality and is therefore not recommended for commercial sardine drying.

Comparative Study on Organoleptic, Microbiological and Chemical Qualities of Dried Fish, Goldstripe Sardinella(Sardinella Gibbosa) with Low Salt Levels and Spices

Dried fish is very important component in Sri Lankan fishery productswhile current domestic production is estimated at around 40,000 tons per year. Generally, dried fish production in Sri Lanka is based on traditional methodology where 30% of salt is used averagely. Use of excess amount of salt can have negative health effects. Therefore production of dried fish with low salt is very important.Accordingly, partial substitution of salt with alternative substances can be done. Current study aimed at evaluating the effect of low levels of salt and combined effect of low salt and spices on quality of dried fish. The study was carried out using eviscerated and cleaned up GoldstripeSardinella with 0% (T1), 5% (T2), 10% (T3) salt levels and two different combinations of salt and spices (1%salt with 0.2%turmeric, 0.5%chlli, 0.5%pepper (T4) and 2%salt with 0.2%turmeric, 0.2%chlli, 0.2%pepper (T5)). Hot air dehydrator (65-70°C) was used for fish drying. Chemical (moisture, water activity (aw), Total volatile nitrogen (TVN), and sodium chloride), physical (texture and rehydration), microbiological (APC, mould and yeast count and coliform count) properties and sensory attributes of experimentally prepared dried fish were investigated. The chemical parameters for all treatments were significantly different (p<0.05) while physical parameters were not (p>0.05). T2 indicated the best chemical quality. The values for moisture, aw, sodium chloride, TVN, texture and rehydration for T2, were 11.6584±0.03, 0.591±0.002, 12.43±0.15, 59.43mg/100g±12.86, 1.54kg±0.14 and 12.70±3.54 respectively. T2 and T3 had least microbial counts while T1 and T5 had highest microbial count. But T5 had highest scores for all sensory attributes indicating consumer preference for low salt and spicy taste regardless of high TVN content and poor microbial quality.Therefore it is essential to improve the methodology to enhance the quality of low salt and spices added dried fish.

Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker, 1849) from the Coast of Balochistan, Pakistan.

The concentrations of cadmium, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, and zinc in muscle tissue samples taken from Goldstripe sardinella (Sardinella gibbosa Bleeker, 1849) caught off the coast of Balochistan, Pakistan, in 2009 were determined. The samples were analyzed using a Perkin Elmer AAnalyst 700 flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The mean Cd, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the muscle samples were 0.65±0.05 µg g(-1), 23.39±1.97 µg g(-1), 4.35±0.22 µg g(-1), 0.61±0.07 µg g(-1), 0.39±0.04 µg g(-1), and 6.59±0.33 µg g(-1), respectively. The Cd, Fe, Pb, and Zn concentrations did not exceed the regulatory limits, but the Mn concentrations were high enough to potentially pose health risks to humans consuming S. gibbosa. Therefore, the Mn concentrations in S. gibbosa from the Balochistan coast should be monitored regularly.

Optimazion Different Feeding on Growth and Survival Rate of Tiger Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)

This research aim to find out about the growth and survival rate of tiger grouper ( Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ) that in feed with artificial feed, goldband goatfish ( Upeneus moluccensis ), silverbelly ( Leiognathus sp.), and goldstripe sardinella ( Sardinella gibbosa ). Tiger grouper reared in ponds for 63 days. Tiger grouper seed used size 30 g and feed twice a day by 10% of the weight of the fish biomass. The results showed that the highest survival rate in fish feed goldband goatfish and goldstripe sardinella (100%±0.00) and the lowest in fish fed pellets and silverbelly (98.89%±1.92). The highest growth in absolute weight of fish meal which sardinella goldstripe 49.05g ± 0.20 and the lowest in fish fed pellets 42.25 g±0.20. Based on the analysis of variance showed that the meal was not significantly different (P> 0.05) on the survival rate of tiger grouper and significantly (P <0.05) on the growth of the absolute weight of absolute tiger grouper.

First record of the Goldstripe sardinella - Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker, 1849) in the Mediterranean Sea and confirmation for its presence in the Red Sea

This report updates the geographical distribution of Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker, 1849): confirming its presence in the Red Sea and documenting its introduction into the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Both updates are based on overlooked museum voucher specimens, some of which were collected 86 years ago. In addition, a simplified morphological key is provided for identifying the clupeids currently found in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin.

Hidden Diversity in Sardines: Genetic and Morphological Evidence for Cryptic Species in the Goldstripe Sardinella, Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker, 1849)

Cryptic species continue to be uncovered in many fish taxa, posing challenges for fisheries conservation and management. In Sardinella gibbosa, previous investigations revealed subtle intra-species variations, resulting in numerous synonyms and a controversial taxonomy for this sardine. Here, we tested for cryptic diversity within S. gibbosa using genetic data from two mitochondrial and one nuclear gene regions of 248 individuals of S. gibbosa, collected from eight locations across the Philippine archipelago. Deep genetic divergence and subsequent clustering was consistent across both mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Clade distribution is geographically limited: Clade 1 is widely distributed in the central Philippines, while Clade 2 is limited to the northernmost sampling site. In addition, morphometric analyses revealed a unique head shape that characterized each genetic clade. Hence, both genetic and morphological evidence strongly suggests a hidden diversity within this common and commercially-important sardine.

Optimization of goldstripe sardine (Sardinella gibbosa) protein hydrolysate using Alcalase® 2.4L by response surface methodologyOptimización de hidrolisato de proteína de Sardinela dorada (Sardinella gibbosa) usando Alcalase® 2.4L a través de RSM

Protein hydrolysate was prepared from goldstripe sardine (Sardinella gibbosa) by Alcalase® 2.4L. Hydrolysis conditions (time, temperature, and enzyme activity) were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) using a factorial design. The regression coefficient close to 0.999, observed during both experimental and validation runs, indicated the validity of the prediction model. An enzyme activity to substrate ratio (X 1), 0.05 AU/g protein; time (X 2), 85.66 min; temperature (X 3), 45.62 °C were found to be the optimum conditions for a higher degree of hydrolysis (DH) (35.14%) and nitrogen recovery (87.31%) using Alcalase 2.4L. According to the amino acid analysis results and chemical score, methionine and histidine are the limiting amino acids in the hydrolysate in that order. All other amino acids are present in sufficient quantity as required based on the standard references. The protein hydrolysate tends to be a potential source in balanced fish diets, and functional additive in food industries. Se preparó hidrolisato de proteína de sardinela dorada (Sardinella gibbosa) con Alcalase® 2.4L. Las condiciones de hidrólisis (tiempo, temperatura y actividad enzimática) fueron optimizadas a través de la metodología de superficie de respuesta (RMS) usando un diseño factorial. El coeficiente de regresión se acercó a 0.999 durante los ensayos experimentales y los de validación, lo que indica la validez del modelo de predicción. Una actividad enzimática a índice de sustrato (X 1), proteína 0.005 AU/g; tiempo (X 2), 85.66 minutos y temperatura (X 3), 45.62 °C resultaron ser las condiciones óptimas para un grado más alto de hidrólisis (35.14%) y recuperación de nitrógeno (87.31%) usando Alcalase 2.4L. Según los resultados de los análisis de aminoácidos y el resultado químico, metionina y histidina son los aminoácidos restrictivos en el hidrolisato en ese orden. Todos los otros aminoácidos están presentes en la cantidad suficiente requerida basada en las referencias estándar. La proteína hidrolisato tiende a ser un fuente potencial en dietas de pescado equilibradas y un aditivo funcional en la industria alimentaria.

EFFECT OF CHICKEN PLASMA PROTEIN AND SOME PROTEIN ADDITIVES ON PROTEOLYSIS AND GEL-FORMING ABILITY OF SARDINE (SARDINELLA GIBBOSA) SURIMI

The effect of chicken plasma protein (CPP) and various protein additives on autolysis and gel-forming ability of sardine (Sardinella gibbosa) surimi was investigated. CPP and other protein additives showed inhibitory activity toward autolysis of sardine surimi incubated at 70C in a concentration- dependent manner. Porcine plasma protein (PPP) and egg white (EW) were more effective in proteolysis prevention than CPP and other protein additives. Breaking force and deformation of both modori and kamaboko gels increased when CPP and other protein additives were added at levels up to 2% (P 0.05). Proteolysis of sardine surimi can be retarded by the addition of CPP and protein additives, leading to increased gel-forming ability.