Duranta Repens Research Articles

Identification of chemical cues of Camellia sinensis (Ericales: Theaceae) and alternate host plants for preference by tea mosquito bug Helopeltis theivora (Hemiptera: Miridae)

The tea mosquito bug (TMB), Helopeltis theivora (Hemiptera: Miridae) is a polyphagous pest causing serious economic loss in tea plantations of north east India. The push-pull companion cropping system can be used as a component of integrated pest management system to control the pest. We examined the host plant choice of H. theivora for Duranta erecta (Lamiales: Verbenaceae), Senna tora (Fabale: Fabaceae), Lawsonia inermis (Myrtales: Lythraceae), Psidium guajava (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) and Melastoma malabathricum (Myrtales: Melastomataceae) including the primary host, Camellia sinensis (Ericales: Theaceae) using two-choice olfactometric bioassay. The growth index and relative growth index of H. theivora were calculated for different host plants. H. theivora preferred the odor released from the mechanically damaged leaves of C. sinensis and P. guajava. The further study on biochemical constituents of all the host plants reflected the role of soluble sugar, total flavonoids and terpenoids as cues for host preference by H. theivora which indicate a scope for electroantennographic assessment in future. The information generated for P. guajava preference can be utilized in trap cropping or trap formulating approaches for management of H. theivora.

Systematic implication of GC-MS analysis of secondary metabolites in <em>Duranta erecta</em> L. Forms in Nigeria

Duranta erecta L. is one of the most important plants used in landscaping with many medicinal properties though not studied well. Several reports have been previously published on the variations in this species leading to various taxa names. The methanol extracts were analysed by GC-MS in order to identify specific compounds unique to the different forms that exists. Eighty-nine compounds were scored for the eight forms, carboxylic acids and alcohol occupied the most abundant compounds and ketone, aldehyde, alkane, alkene, alkyne, nitrile, ester, amide, epoxide and heterocyclic compounds were also detected. All the eight forms revealed similarity percentage value lower than 50% and the highest value for the compounds was observed between variegated yellow and variegated yellow double (VY X VYD 32.14%) and the lowest between variegated white and thorny green (VW X TG 14.08%). The Cluster Analysis (CA) revealed that all the variegated forms cluster together while the broad green, yellow bush and green bush form another cluster. The thorny green remains in isolation from other forms and standing as the major cluster two. On PC1 highest score was correlated with TG form while others had values with negative scores. In component 2 (PC2), highest score is correlated with YV, VW, VYD and VY which are morphologically similar while others had negative scores. GC-MS was successfully employed in this study to classify the forms therein proposing as hybrids using the multivariate analysis.

Construction and Demolition Waste as Substrate Component Improved the Growth of Container-Grown Duranta repens

Small size construction and demolition waste (CDW) is rarely reused and consequently causes environmental problems. CDW can increase aeration porosity of soil due to the big surface area and water absorption. In order to investigate the feasibility and function of CDW as a component of container substrate, we mixed four small sizes CDW (<10 mm) of 0–3, 3–6, 6–8, and 0–10 mm with clay soil according to the mass ratios of 20%, 35%, and 50% to plant one-year old Duranta repens cuttings, clay soil (CS) and pure CDW (CW) as the controls. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed to screen the most suitable particle size and proportion of CDW for plant growth and physiological function. The substrate containing 50% 3–6 mm CDW (S6) had the higher aeration porosity, lower water loss, better water retention and permeability, and therefore higher PCA score. The total branch length of plants in the S6 was increased by 18% and 71%, leaf area by 116% and 444%, and net photosynthetic rate by 10% and 59% compared to CS and CW, respectively. The suitable CDW has potential to improve substrate properties and can effectively improve plant growth. Meanwhile, the reuse of CDW can partially alleviate the problem of construction waste disposal and environmental pollution, and provide reference for the research on the combination of CDW and landscaping.

Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Investigation of Antibacterial Activity from Leaves of Duranta erecta

Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Investigation of Antibacterial Activity from Leaves of Duranta erecta

Genome dynamics mediated by repetitive and mobile elements in Xanthomonas citri pv. durantae.

Xanthomonas is a highly evolved group of phytopathogenic bacteria infecting nearly 400 host plants having vast genomic resources available with heterogenicity in representation from different species and pathovars. Unfortunately, the wealth of data is extremely biased and restricted to a few Xanthomonas pathogens that infect economically important plants, while those reported to infect the most diverse plants remain neglected. In the present study, we report the first complete genome sequence of Xanthomonas citri pv. durantae that was reported to infect Duranta repens L. or golden dewdrop, a hedge plant of ornamental importance native to the American region. Phylogenomic analysis with its closest relatives placed it amongst X. citri pv. citri A* pathotype strains and further comparative studies revealed various large unique genomic regions of chromosomal origin. The association of integrative and conjugative elements and prophages with unique genomic regions suggests the role of mobilome in genome dynamics. A large number of IS elements and transcription activator-like effectors encoding genes on each of the four plasmids indicate the further scope of diversification in Xanthomonas .

The Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Potential of n-Hexane-Extracted Oils Obtained from Three Egyptian Cultivars of the Golden Dewdrop Duranta erecta Linn. Supported by Their GC-MS Metabolome Analysis and Docking Studies.

Duranta erecta Linn. has a longstanding history for use in folk remedy for several disorders. Its hydroalcoholic extract has been investigated intensely in the treatment of many ailments, but to date very few data are presented to explain the pharmacological use of its oil. In this study, the chemical profiles of the leaf oils extracted from three Egyptian Duranta erecta cultivars, namely ‘Green’, ‘Golden edge’, and ‘Variegata’ are traced using GC-MS analysis. D. erecta ‘Green’ showed predominance of vitamin E (22.7%) and thunbergol (15%) whereas D. erecta ‘Golden edge’ and ‘Variegata’ contained tetratetracontane as a major component in their oils. The highest phenolic and flavonoid contents, displayed as gallic acid and rutin equivalents per gram oil, respectively, were observed in the ‘Golden edge’ and ‘Variegata’ cultivars, which was reflected by their strong DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities as well as the highest reducing power in both CUPRAC and FRAP assays. D. erecta ‘Green’ displayed better metal chelating potential, which may be attributed to its content of vitamin E. All cultivars showed similar enzyme inhibitory profiles. The best inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase was observed by D. erecta ‘Green’. In silico studies of the major constituents docked on the active sites of the target enzymes NADPH oxidase, amylase, glucosidase, butyrylcholinesterase, and tyrosinase revealed high binding scores, which justified the biological activities of the tested oils.

Nutritional Ecology of Carollia perspicillata (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae): Relationship between the Preference and the Nutritional Content of Fruits

We assessed the degree of preference for food resources consumed by Carollia perspicillata from Macaregua cave (Santander, Colombia), and how these preferences were related to nutrient content. Between July and August of 2015, 160 bats were captured with a capture success of 7.04 individuals-night/hours-network. The fecal samples were processed in the laboratory and seeds that were found were identified taxonomically. The supply of fruit and nutritional value of ripe fruit collected from plant species identified in bat fecal samples were determined. The plant species, Myrsine sp., Neosprucea montana, Duranta repens and Maclura tinctoria accounted for over 85% of total food resources consumed, with nine additional species making up the rest of the sample. The diet was dominated by Myrcia popayanensis, M. tinctoria, Vismia glaziovii, Solanum mauritianum and N. montana. The nutrient contents (sugar, water, lipids, fiber, protein and ash) in their fruits varied significantly. Both male and female C. perspicillata preferred M. popayanensis and, to a lesser extent M. tinctoria. Food resource preferences were related (not linearly) to their nutritional content, with the preferred fruit being those showing intermediate nutrient concentrations. Maclura tinctoria and N. montana are new entries on the list of plant species consumed by C. perspicillata.

Mitigating effects of methanolic leaf extract of Duranta erecta against X-ray induced oxidative stress in Wistar albino rats

Carcinogenic effects and other harmful effects associated with low dose-rate and low dose radiation have recently been reported. Therefore, it is important to identify effective and safe radioprotectors or radiation mitigators that can counter the effects of ionizing radiation damage. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the mitigating potential of methanolic leaves extract of Duranta erecta (DE) against acute whole-body X-ray irradiation-induced oxidative stress in Wistar albino rats. Rats in groups B, C and D, were exposed to double X-rays radiation at a source to skin distance (SSD) of 70 cm to deliver a total radiation dose of 18.4mGy at the rate of 9.2mGy/exposure using 100kVp and 30mAs exposure factors and quality factor of the X-ray machine (P) of 15. Rats in group A (control) were neither irradiated nor administered with DE extract. In contrast, group B rats were irradiated but not treated. DE extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight was administered to groups C and D rats for 15 consecutive days. On post-irradiation days 1, 7, 14 and 21, the antioxidant status of the rats was evaluated and compared with control. Parameters assessed were catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Mean serum levels of GSH, SOD, CAT and MDA in the irradiated and treated groups did not vary significantly (P > 0.05) from the un-irradiated control group. In conclusion, methanolic extract of DE mitigated against radiation-induced decline in serum GSH, SOD, CAT, and radiation-induced MDA elevation. Results obtained indicated that methanolic extract of DE can be used potentially as a natural radiation mitigating agent.

Microscopic (LM and SEM) visualization of pollen ultrastructure among honeybee flora from lower Margalla Hills and allied areas.

Microscopic visualization of micro-morphological characters were analyzed using a scanning electron microscopic (SEM) tool, which has proven to be very successful to analyze the pollen surface peculiarities. The significant goal of this research was to perform microscopic examination of pollen of some of the most frequently visited honeybee floral species around apiaries. Micro-morphological characterization of frequented honeybees foraged plants were discussed. A total of 15 species, belonging to 11 different families were identified for the foraging activities of honeybees, namely, Lantana camara, Jatropha integerrima, Helianthus annuus, Tecoma stans, Lagerstroemia indica, Duranta erecta, Cosmos sulphureus, Hymenocollis littoralis, Moringa oleifera, Cestrum nocturnum, Parthenium hysterophorus, Volkameria inermis, Catharanthus roseus, Malvastrum coromandelianum, and Citharexylum spinosum. The microscopic slides were prepared using the acetolysis method, and the qualitative and quantitative features were measured and described using microscopic tools. The pollen type sculpture varies from psilate scabrate to echinate and colpi from tricolpate to tetracolpate. Quantitative parameters such as polar diameter, mesocolpium distance, equatorial dimensions, aperture size, spine diameter, and exine thickness were calculated using IBM SPSS Statistics 20. The exine thickness was measured at its maximum in C. roseus (3.85 μm), whereas it was at its minimum of 0.90 μm in L. indica and D. erecta. Pollen fertility was estimated to be highest in H. annus (88%). The current research validates scanning microscopic features of pollen of the honeybee floral species, which is helpful for the accurate identification and commercializing of honey production to generate revenue for beekeepers through the exploration of bee floral diversity. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Pollen spectrum examination using microscopic imaging techniques. Variations examined through scanning microscopy in pollen ultrastructure. Micro-morphology has taxonomic value for accurate identification of honeybee flora. Authentication of Honeybee floral species for sustainable beekeeping.

Duranta repens L. reverses hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance in fructose-induced hyperinsulinaemic rats – Experimental and computational findings

The present study investigated the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Duranta repens Linn over gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, glycogenesis, leptin, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 regulation in fructose-induced insulin-resistant rats. Initially, hyperinsulinemia was induced by supplementing fructose in drinking water for fifty-four days. Glucose intolerance was confirmed using oral glucose tolerance test and subjected for extract treatment for next thirty days. After thirty days of treatment, animals fasted and an oral glucose tolerance test was performed followed by an insulin tolerance test. After that, animals were overdosed with anesthetic ether, blood was collected to separate plasma and serum. Further, multiple biochemical parameters i.e. lipid profile, hepatic enzymes, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant biomarkers, glycogen content, leptin, and the glucagon-like peptide-1 level were quantified. Additionally, the glucose uptake in rat hemidiaphragm and hepatic histology were performed. Further, molecular docking was performed using AutoDock Vina and the ligand pose with minimum binding energy was chosen to visualize the ligand-protein interaction. After the thirty days of treatment with extract, it was observed to ameliorate the fructose-induced alterations in body weight, food intake, and water intake. Further, it improved glucose tolerance. This was confirmed via the quantification of the total triglycerides and assessing oral glucose and insulin tolerance test. Additionally, it also improved the level of hepatic enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. Also, it upregulated the leptin pathway; however, did not influence the dipeptidyl peptidase-4-glucagon-like peptide-1. Similarly, a docking study predicted scutellarein, pseudo-ginsenoside-RT1, repennoside, and durantanin I as probable lead hits from Duranta repens as prime regulators of gluconeogenesis. Additionally, molecular docking revealed scutellarein, pseudo-ginsenoside-RT1, repennoside, and durantanin I as the probable lead hits in regulating the enzymes involved in hepatic glucose catabolism and anabolism. Treatment with the hydroalcoholic extract of Duranta repens extract ameliorated fructose-induced gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, glycogenesis, and leptin regulation; however, did not influence the dipeptidyl-peptidase 4- glucagon-like peptide-1 pathway.

Safety evaluation of hydroethanolic fruit extracts of Duranta erecta Linn

Background: Duranta erecta is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of myriad of diseases in most developing countries. The potential safety concerns associated with the administration of hydroethanolic fruit extracts of the plants were investigated in rats. Materials and Methods: Extracts were screened for their possible antioxidant activities by the DPPH scavenging activity. Bioactive compounds present in methanolic extracts of ripe and unripe fruits of D. erecta were identified using Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Male and female rats were grouped taking their body weights into consideration to achieve approximately equal conditions among the groups. A freshly prepared solution of DRR or DRU extract was administered orally at 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg b.wt. to different groups while normal group received distilled water daily for 28 days. Toxicity assessment was done using relative organ weight, haematological, and biochemical parameters and histological assessment. Results: The administration of extracts resulted in overall body weight increase, significant change in relative organ weight of the liver, changes in haematological index such as platelet and biochemical parameters namely ALT, AST, ALP, TBil, DBil, IBil, creatinine and urea of the tested group relative to the normal. Histological observations showed normal hepatocytes. Conclusion: The findings suggest that hydroethanolic Duranta erecta fruit extracts is safe but its prolonged use may have some level of adverse effect on the liver.

Safety evaluation of hydroethanolic fruit extracts of Duranta erecta Linn

Safety evaluation of hydroethanolic fruit extracts of Duranta erecta Linn

GLUT-2 mediated glucose uptake analysis of Duranta repens: In-silico and In-vitro approach.

Type-2 diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, a relative impairment in insulin secretion, and a certain degree of genetic predisposition. The rapid rise in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus around the world has assisted in the development of new pharmacologically active compounds. The current study was aimed to investigate and validate the anti-diabetic activity of wild-grown plant Duranta repens L. In-silico molecular docking via AutoDock tools 4.2 and in-vitro glucose uptake assay using yeast cells was performed to investigate the anti-diabetic property of plant Duranta repens. Further, mRNA-based gene ontology enrichment analysis was performed to predict the imitated ontology by the bio-actives from Duranta repens. The in-silico study results reveal that among the 9 active phytoconstituents docked against GLUT-2 protein, α-onocerin possessed the highest binding affinity of -10.23kcal/mol with no predicted adverse effects and also complies with Lipinski's rule of five. Also,in-vitro studies reflected in a 5mM glucose solution, hydro-alcoholic extract of Duranta repens at different concentrations enhanced glucose uptake in yeast cells. Duranta repens extractenhanced theglucose uptake in yeast cells which may be due to the presence of α-onocerin; possessed the better interaction. Also, no adverse effects were predicted for α-onocerin. Thus, it can be speculated that Duranta repens maypossess anti-diabetic activity which may be due to α-onocerin and other related bioactives; needs to be further confirmed vi aexperimental studies.

Removal of Pathogens from Domestic Wastewater Using Small‐Scale Gradual Hydroponics Planted with Duranta erecta, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

This study aimed to evaluate the treatment potential of gradual hydroponics planted with Duranta erecta in the removal of pathogens from domestic wastewater. Two experimental and control units were configured in series. Each unit contains three bioreactors and was arranged in a cascaded configuration. The two experimental units used both plant and media, but the two control units used only media to treat the wastewater. Gravel and polyester sponge were used as media. Experimental unit 1 and control unit 1 used gravel as media; however, experimental unit 2 and control unit 2 used polyester sponges as media. The experiment was operated at hydraulic retention times of 1, 3, 5, and 7 days in a continuous mode. The performance of the hydroponic system was evaluated by characterizing the influent and effluent quality using standard methods. At optimum hydraulic retention time (7 days), the average removal of experimental units 1 and 2 was 98.7% and 89.8% for heterotrophic bacteria, 96.2% and 86.8% for total coliform, and 92.9% and 84.0% for fecal coliform, respectively. Analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the two experimental and control units in removing pathogens, but no significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed between the two experimental units and between the two control units. Heterotrophic bacteria and coliforms were satisfactorily removed from domestic wastewater via a gradual hydroponic system. Hence, the hydroponic treatment system planted with Duranta erecta has a promising potential in the removal of pathogens from domestic wastewater in developing countries including Ethiopia.

Studies on Fluorescent Analysis of Two Ethnomedicinal Plants Duranta erecta L. and Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene

Abstract: The fluorescent studies on two ethnomedicinal plants belongs to family Verbenaceae , Duranta erecta L. and Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene. The present study will assist in standardization for quality, purity and sample identification. The etnomedicinal plants were analysed using standard methods.. The fluorescence analysis for two ethno-medicinal plants were conducted by using the visible light and ultra violet at 254nm and 354 nm, reveals the various colouration ranges from sea weed green to berry blue coloured highlighted compared with the source , Lularoe chart. The present study concludes that the data obtained can be used to authenticate, classify and standardize the above four ethno-medicinal plants. Keywords: Ethnomedicinal plants, fluorescent study, UV wavelength.

Jatropha integerrima, Duranta erecta and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis as Potential Lead Absorbent from Polluted Air in Dense Traffic Area

Lead (Pb) is one of the contaminants found in polluted air, especially in the area with dense traffic. Herbaceous plants are potentially used to reduce the Pb content in the polluted air. This study was designed to evaluate the potential of several plants, such as Jatropha integerrima, Duranta erecta and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, as Pb absorbents from polluted air based on Pb accumulation and chlorophyll levels. The lead content was measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), while the chlorophyll content was tested using spectrophotometers at wavelengths of 649 nm and 665 nm. Results showed that the three plant species had potential as Pb absorbents from the air. The highest lead content was found from J. integerrima at 1.293 mg/kg, followed by H. rosa-sinensis at 1.232 mg/kg and D. erecta at 0.840 mg/kg. On the other hand, the highest level of leaf chlorophyll content was H. rosa-sinensis at 16.116 mg/kg, followed by D. erecta L. at 12.594 mg/kg and J. integerrima Jacq. of 10.297 mg/kg. No correlation was found between the Pb level and chlorophyll content of the three plants. It can be concluded that the three herbaceous plants have potential as Pb absorbents in the polluted air.

Synthesis of low-cost bentonite/Duranta erecta's fruit powder imbedded alginate beads and its application in surfactant removal.

High industrialization and improved medical facilities are deteriorating aquatic bodies through untreated effluents. This study is aimed to design and characterize the bentonite, Duranta erecta, and their hybrid-alginate beads for the removal of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) from its aqueous solution. D. erecta's seed powder was treated by using a sonochemical method and embedded into alginate beads. All designed beads were characterized by using physicochemical methods, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Hybrid beads were found to form an appropriate hydrogel structure with maximum surface area per unit gram (544 cm2 g-1), 0.42 mg dry weight, and 2.70 mm diameter. Kinetics and intraparticle diffusion models were fitted where involvement of both chemisorption and intraparticle diffusion was observed during the initial 30 and post-30-min phase, respectively. Thermodynamic studies corroborated the spontaneity of the CTAB adsorption process. Bentonite alginate beads showed the highest adsorption capacity of 97.06 mg g-1 in 100 mg L-1 CTAB solution at optimized conditions, while hybrid-alginate beads showed excellent efficiency with a wide range of physicochemical conditions frame. Conclusively, designed beads can be used to remove the surfactant, i.e., CTAB, from industrial waste effluents for the betterment of water reservoirs.

Modification Level of Polyethylene Glycol on &lt;i&gt;In Vitro&lt;/i&gt; Gas Production of Feedstuffs

This study aimed to determine the chemical composition and gas production based on fermentation in the rumen of nine types of forage tropical feed commonly used, named mahogany (Swieteniamahagoni L. Jacq.), tayuman (Bauhinia purpurea), bamboo (Bambusa arundinaceae), canary (Canarium) indicum L.), tea (Camellia sinensis), ketapang (Terminalia catapa L.), lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala), tehtehan (Duranta repens), and turi (Sesbania grandiflora). Measurement of gas production in vitro was carried out at 7 observation points of hours (2, 4, 8, 16, 36, 48, 72). Tannin activity was measured using measurements of gas production divided into three groups with modified levels of polyethylene glycol (PEG), i.e., samples without PEG (P1); sample + PEG in the amount of 200 mgDM (P2); and PEG + samples of tannins contained in each forage based on literature studies (P3). The total content of tannin varied between 0.20 - 13.80%. The most optimal measurement of gas production was in the sample given PEG of 200mg/kg with a significant difference (P&lt;0.05). From the result, it was found that the higher the tannin content, the lower of gas produced. The addition of PEG was proven to be able to optimize the digestibility value seen from the higher gas production.

LANDSCAPE USE AND AESTHETICAL VALUE OF SURVEYED WOODY ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN CAIRO FESTIVAL CITY - CAIRO - EGYPT IN LANDSCAPE GARDENING

Sustainability and successful utilize of plants in gardens and landscape will be achieved by using proper plant in the right place. Hence landscape uses and aesthetical values of plants must be determined. Therefore, the present study were conducted to survey woody ornamental plants located in Cairo Festival City gardens, CairoGovernorate, Egypt through 2018 and 2019 as well as to determine their uses and values in terms of landscaping. Form beauty, ornamental foliage, ornamental fruit, ornamental flowers, and fragrance were took as aesthetical values parameters while landscape uses were recorded by the existing uses and potential uses of each plant. As a result of the study, totally 83 woody plant species belong to 33 families were recorded and they follow trees (40%), palms (12%), shrubs (41%), and vines (7%). Moreover, it has been found that Schinus molle, Plumeria alba, and Duranta erecta are attractive for four parameters of aesthetical value and the most of species are attractive for their ornamental foliage (32%). Also, Tecoma capensis, Cupressus sempervirens, Ficus benjamina, Plumbago auriculataare detected to be in nine different landscape uses and the most of species are recommended to be used as a specimen (68 species).

Feed Evaluation Based on in Vitro Gas Production of Tropical Forages with Addition of Different Polyethylene Glycol (Peg) Level

This study aimed to determine the chemical composition and gas production based on fermentation in the rumen of nine types of forage tropical feed commonly used in Indonesia. The forages used in this study were: mahogany leaves (Swietenia mahagoni L. Jacq.), tayuman leaves (Bauhinia purpurea), bamboo leaves (Bambusa arundinaceae), canary leaves (Canarium indicum L.), tea leaves (Camellia sinensis), ketapang leaves (Terminalia catapa L.), lamtoro leaves (Leucaena leucocephala), tehtehan leaves (Duranta repens), and turi leaves (Sesbania grandiflora). Measurements of in vitro gas production were carried out at 10 observation points (2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72 hour). Tannin activity was measured for each sample at observation points using measurements of gas production divided into three groups with modified levels of polyethylene glycol (PEG), ie samples without PEG (P1); sample + PEG in the amount of 200 mgDM (P2); and PEG + samples of tannins contained in each forage based on literature studies (P3). Data were analyzed for a variance by following the factorial completely randomized design (CRD) pattern. Statistical analyzes were performed on all data by following the general linear procedure in PROC GLM from SAS. The data obtained were analyzed for variance at the 5% significance level. The results of gas production calculations showed that crude protein (CP) from each forage ranges from 5.75 - 22.37% where the highest CP was owned by turi leaves (S. grandiflora). The content of crude fiber (CF) ranged from 5.30 - 20.93%. The most optimal measurement of gas production was in the sample given PEG in the amount of 200mg/kg with a significant difference (P&lt;0.05). The higher of the tannin content contained in the forage, the lower of gas produced. Measurement of tannin content showed that condensed tannin content varied from turi leaves by 0.20% to the highest in mahogany leaves by 8.60%. The addition of 200 mg/100mgDM of PEG optimizes the rate of forage gas production, especially for grass plants (gramineae).