Golden Ball Research Articles

Resistance of Durum Wheats Used as Differential Hosts for Stem Rust

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) cultivars (Mindum, Spelmar, Arnautka, Kubanka, Acme, Golden Ball, and Entrelargo de Montijo) used as standard or supplemental differentials for wheat stem rust were studied for resistance to selected pathogen cultures in the seedling stage. The presence of Sr9d in Mindum, Spelmar, and Arnautka was verified by using an avirulent race, Pgt-MCC, to inoculate F 1 , F 2 , and F 3 plants from crosses of these cultivars with the susceptible cultivar Glossy Hugenot. Mindum and Spelmar had an additional incompletely recessive gene for resistance to the race Pgt-QTH, and Arnautka a dominant gene for resistance to Pgt-GMC (...)

Inheritance of Leaf Rust Resistance in Durum Wheat

The inheritance of resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita L. sp. tritici) in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) is poorly understood. Eight leaf rust‐resistant durum cultivars of diverse origin were crossed and backcrossed to a susceptible line, RL6089, to determine the inheritance of resistance and to provide useful information for durum wheat breeders. Seedlings of the F2, F2, and BCF2 generations were tested with Race 15 in the greenhouse. Lines carrying single genes for resistance were developed from the backcrosses and tested with six races of leaf rust: 1, 15, 58, 100, 104, and 161. Diallel crosses among the resistant parents were made and F2 seedlings tested with Race 15 to determine if any of the parents carry genes for resistance in common. The data showed that ‘Stewart 63’ and ‘Medora’ each carry one dominant and one recessive gene, ‘Quilafen’ carries one dominant gene, and ‘Wakooma’, ‘Lloyd’, ‘Pelissier’, and ‘Golden Ball’ each carry a single recessive gene. ‘Vie’ carries a dominant gene and possibly a recessive gene. All of the diallel crosses segregated susceptible plants, indicating that the parents carry different genes for resistance. A comparison of the reaction to the six races of the derived single‐gene lines and near‐isogenic lines of ‘Thatcher’ carrying specific Lr genes revealed that the dominant gene carried by Stewart 63 may be Lr16 and the dominant gene in Quilafen may be Lr17. The seven other genes have probably not been previously identified. Most of the genes should be of value in durum wheat breeding.

Letter from Chicago: Swallowing the golden ball

Letter from Chicago: Swallowing the golden ball

The Tavern and the Tory: The Story of the Golden Ball Tavern

The Tavern and the Tory: The Story of the Golden Ball Tavern

Abnormal growth of tissues infected with Plasmodiophora brassicae.

SUMMARY Clubroot formation on Sinapis alba plants infected with Plasmodiophora brassicae was not prevented by application of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid or α-naphthylphthalamic acid (inhibitors of polar transport of auxins in plants) to the hypocotyls. However, the fresh weight of club tissue produced on treated plants was lower than on untreated plants. This difference in weight was of the same order as the difference in total fresh weights of treated and untreated plants. Explants of tumour tissue from two Brassica species infected with P. brassicae, unlike explants from healthy roots, produced callus on a tissue culture medium without growth substances. Callus growth from infected tissues depended on the presence of active vegetative plasmodia in the cells. Established clones of Brassica rapa (Golden Ball) callus infected with vegetative plasmodia of P. brassicae, unlike healthy callus clones, grew well on a series of media deficient in one or more growth substances. Growth of infected Golden Ball callus on medium without growth substances was prevented by the tryptamine antagonist xylamidine tosylate and by the monoamine oxidase inhibitor iproniazid. Inhibition was annulled by including abnormal growth of Brassica roots infected with P. brassicae is discussed.

The Gallows and the Golden Ball: An Analysis of "The Maid Freed from the Gallows" (Child 95)

The Gallows and the Golden Ball: An Analysis of "The Maid Freed from the Gallows" (Child 95)

Comparison of tissues from solid- and hollow-stemmed spring wheats during growth—IV. Apparent dry matter utilization and nitrogen balance in the two-striped grasshopper, Melanoplus bivittatus (Say)

Diets prepared from lyophilized sprouts of Thatcher wheat and pith from stems of two solid-stemmed wheats were fed for 5 days to fifth-instar larvae of Melanoplus bivitatuss (Say). The chromic oxide procedure was used to determine the amounts of dry matter consumed and the coefficients of apparent dry matter utilization. Larvae fed either sprouts or sprouts and cellulose (1 : 1 w/w) almost doubled their weight; those fed Golden Ball pith gained about 10 per cent; those fed Rescue pith lost weight. The amounts of dry matter consumed by larvae fed sprouts, sprouts and cellulose, Golden Ball pith, and Rescue pith averaged 177, 380, 107, and 46 mg, respectively. The coefficients of apparent dry matter utilization for the respective diets were 0·41, 0·19, 0·32, and 0·19. Nitrogen balance was negative for larvae fed pith diets and positive for those fed sprout diets. Larval growth was more closely related to the quantities of dry matter utilized and to nitrogen intake than to other factors investigated.

The Medieval Dancers of Innsbruck

The Goldenes Dachl, known to millions of tourists who have visited Innsbruck, with its alcove containing the stone figures of dancers reproduced here, was made for Emperor Maximilian I in the year I500. The occasion of its creation was the celebration of his wedding to his second wife, Maria Bianca Sforza of Milan, who is shown holding the golden ball to be awarded to the dancer who wins the contest. The dance, which was of Oriental origin, required the dancers to vie with one another to produce the maddest bodily contortions. The other lady is the first wife of the Emperor, Maria of Burgundy. The damage to the figures was done long ago. The original stone reliefs, which were removed in i953 and replaced by copies, are now preserved in the Museum Ferdinandeum in Innsbruck.

AN UNUSUAL TRANSMISSION RATE OF THE DEFICIENT MALE GAMETE IN A SUBSTITUTION MONOSOMIC OF CHROMOSOME 3D IN WHEAT

An unusual segregation of disomics, monosomics, and nullisomies (11, 38, and 51%, respectively, in summer and 11, 50, and 39%, respectively, in fall) was observed in the offspring of a substitution monosomic of chromosome 3D from Red Bobs into a hybrid of Rescue (Triticum aestivum L. emend Thell.) and Golden Ball (T. durum Desf.).Pollen with 20 and 21 chromosomes occurred in the frequency of 64 and 36%, respectively.The deficient male gametes effected fertilization in a frequency of 61%, that is, about the same frequency in which they occur, with two female parents, and in a frequency of 31% with two others, thereby showing the effect of stylar parent on the transmission of male gametes. The deficient female gametes are transmitted in a frequency of 76%. The 61% transmission of the deficiency on the male side and 76% on the female explain the unusual segregation in the summer crop.Monosomic plants selfed in the summer produced more nullisomics and fewer monosomics in their progeny than monosomics selfed in fall. The lower rate of functioning of the deficient male gamete in fall (about 51%) has been assumed to cause this difference.

COMPARATIVE GROWTH AND FUNCTION OF NORMAL AND DEFICIENT POLLEN IN A SUBSTITUTION MONOSOMIC OF CHROMOSOME 3D IN WHEAT

Normal pollen with chromosome 3D from Red Bobs had little competitive advantage over pollen deficient for chromosome 3D when a substituted monosomic line of wheat derived from the hybrid Rescue × Golden Ball was selfed. Although the initial rate of pollen tube growth of the 21-chromosome pollen was greater than that of the 20-chromosome pollen, ultimately the two kinds of pollen functioned in the proportions in which they were formed. The 21-chromosome pollen of the substitution monosomic had an advantage over 20-chromosome pollen in a cross with monosomic 3D of Red Bobs, but not with three other 3D monosomic varieties. However, normal pollen in all the reciprocal crosses showed a competitive advantage, affecting fertilization in up to approximately 90% of the cases. Thus chromosome 3D in the Rescue – Golden Ball medium gives the normal pollen little competitive advantage.

INHERITANCE OF THE TYPE OF SOLID STEM IN GOLDEN BALL (TRITICUM DURUM). III. THE EFFECT OF SELECTION FOR SOLID STEM BEYOND F5 IN HEXAPLOID SEGREGATES OF THE HYBRID RESCUE (T. AESTIVUM) X GOLDEN BALL

Introduction .An attempt to transfer the extreme solidness of the top c u l ~ n internode of Golden Ball (Triticz~v~11 ~ Z ~ I Z L W I Desf.) to a hexaploid wheat by crossing Golden Ball u,itll Rescue ( T . aestivrnll I,. emend Thell.), \vhich has a less solid top internode, but more solid lo\ver internodes, was onlv partially successful. Apparently, chromosome 3D (XVI) from the D genome of ~ e s c ; e prevented full expression of the Golden Ball gene(s) for a solid top internode (I,arson, 1959a and b). T h e degrce of solidness of the lower internodes nras inherited independently of the number of D-genome chromosomes present. Three 12-chromosome plants were found in the F, test (Larson, 1959b). 'Their top internodes were more solid than those of Rescue but less solid than those of Golden Ball. They differed from one another in degree of solidness of both top and lower internodes. Although it seemed unliltely that further selection could produce a hybrid \I-ith a top internode as solid asvthat of Golden Ball, it was considered possible that accunlulation of nlinor genes could increase the solidness, provided that the I;, hvbrids were still heterozygous at one or more loci for solid stem. T o test this' possibility, selections made for increased and for decreased solidness in the F,, were tested in the F;. Selections for increased solidness only were made in the F7 and tested in the F.. This paper deals \vith the segregat io~~ for stem so,lidness in these lines.

QUANTITATIVE CHANGES OF SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES IN STEMS OF SOLID- AND HOLLOW-STEMMED WHEATS DURING GROWTH

Soluble carbohydrate of stems of wheat grown in the Lethbridge area followed a similar trend in solid- and hollow-stemmed varieties. At the time of heading, most soluble carbohydrate was present as fructose, glucose, and sucrose. After heading, the quantities of reducing sugars declined, while oligosaccharide and fructosan built up. Oligosaccharide formed the dominant carbohydrate stored in stems prior to ripening of the grain. In general, the contents of soluble carbohydrate in stems of Golden Ball were at a higher level than those of Rescue or Thatcher. Rescue and Golden Ball, two solid-stemmed varieties resistant to the wheat stem sawfly, showed no consistent deficiency of soluble carbohydrate in stems at any growth period.

SPLOTCH, A PHYSIOLOGICAL LEAF DISEASE OF WHEAT: I. NUTRITIONAL STUDIES

A leaf disease observed in Golden Ball and other durum wheats for a number of years is described and named splotch. It was reproduced in the greenhouse by growing these varieties in nitrogen-deficient soils and was reduced or prevented by the use of nitrate fertilizers. Chemical analysis of leaves demonstrated that splotch increased as the total nitrogen decreased below 4 per cent. Phosphatic fertilizers were found to influence splotch, sometimes increasing it, especially where yields were increased, and at other times decreasing it. Their effects are considered to be indirect and related to the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus. The addition of the minor elements boron, manganese, magnesium, iron, zinc, molybdenum, and copper to the soil as a mixture increased splotch.

Quantitative Relationship Between Consumption and Excretion of Dry Matter by Larvae of the Pale Western Cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The quantities of excreta produced by aphids (Auclair, 1957) and locusts (Dadd, 1960) have been used to estimate the relative consumption of different food materials. Likewise the quantities of food consumed by some other insects have been conveniently estimated by counting fecal pellets (Thorsteinson, 1953; Ito, 1960). Ito (1960) stated without supporting data “there is a highly significant correlation between the amount of mulberry leaves ingested and numbers of feces produced”. Nevertheless there appear to be no published quantitative measurements made on individual insects that show the relationship between the quantities of food consumed and excreta passed. This note gives the relationship between the quantities of dry matter (D. M.) consumed and excreted for three larval instars of the pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr., fed two varieties of etiolated wheat sprouts, Thatcher (Triticum aestivum L. emend Thell.) and Golden Ball (T. durum Desf.). In addition the relationship between D. M. consumed and numbers of fecal pellets produced or D. M. excreted by fifth-instar larvae were determined for two diets that differed considerably in nutritional value.

COMPARISON OF TISSUES FROM SOLID- AND HOLLOW-STEMMED SPRING WHEATS DURING GROWTH: I. DRY MATTER AND NITROGEN CONTENTS OF PITH AND WALL AND THEIR RELATION TO SAWFLY RESISTANCE

The dry matter content of the internodes of the wheat varieties, Thatcher, Rescue, and Golden Ball, grown on non-irrigated land varied with age, variety, and internode. The nitrogen content of the stem tissues varied from 6 per cent for immature to less than 1 per cent for mature tissues. The nodes of these wheat plants generally contained less dry matter and more nitrogen than did the internodes. At maturity the top third of each of the two uppermost internodes of Thatcher grown on irrigated land contained the highest percentages of dry matter and nitrogen, and the bottom third contained the lowest. The stems of the wheats and of Eagle oats were not greatly different in dry matter and nitrogen content during the period when larvae of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort., usually die in oat plants.Resistance of solid-stemmed wheats to the sawfly does not appear to be associated with a quantitative nutritional deficiency of either moisture or nitrogen. The analyses are consistent with the hypothesis that older larvae in solid-stemmed wheats die as a result of desiccation. Pith of Golden Ball contained more moisture than did that of Rescue, which supports the view that greater egg mortality may occur in the former variety because of the higher moisture content.

SAWFLY RESISTANCE IN WHEAT: III. CHANGES IN RESISTANCE DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WHEAT PLANT

Quantitative data obtained in field experiments showed that the resistance of wheat to attack by the wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Nort.) depended on the stage of development of the plants at the time of oviposition. Wheat plants were usually most heavily infested for a part or all of the period from 1 week before shot blade to 1 week after the flowering stage. Rescue, H46146, H4191, Golden Ball, and Melanopus lost their resistance to the development of the eggs and first-instar larvae some time between shot blade and flowering. Thatcher and Red Bobs did not show this type of resistance. The mortality of the older larvae increased in plants infested toward maturity. The time at which this increase began depended on the variety involved and ranged from just before shot blade to just after flowering.

INHERITANCE OF THE TYPE OF SOLID STEM IN GOLDEN BALL (TRITICUM DURUM): II. CYTOGENETICS OF THE RELATION BETWEEN SOLID STEM AND OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS IN HEXAPLOID F5 LINES OF A HYBRID WITH RESCUE (T. AESTIVUM)

Cytogenetic analysis of selected F5 lines of the pentaploid hybrid, Rescue (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell.) × Golden Ball (T. durum Desf.) showed that chromosome XVI is the member of the D genome of Rescue that prevents transfer of the more solid top culm internode of Golden Ball to hexaploid segregates. It also produces a lax spike. Chromosome XX, which is the D-genome chromosome mainly responsible for the hollowness of hollow-stemmed hexaploids, probably has little effect in Rescue. Long awns were associated with low chromosome number but not with stem solidness or dense spike; therefore, the chromosome that suppresses awn development is probably not XVI.Three 42-chromosome segregates from the cross were more solid in the top internode than Rescue, presumably because of segregation of genes in the A and B genomes. It is unlikely, however, that a fully hexaploid segregate with a top internode as solid as that of Golden Ball can be selected from this hybrid.

NUTRITION OF THE PALE WESTERN CUTWORM, AGROTIS ORTHOGONIA MORR. (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): II. DRY MATTER AND NITROGEN ECONOMY OF LARVAE FED ON SPROUTS OF A HARD RED SPRING AND A DURUM WHEAT

Dry matter and nitrogen balances, determined for individual instars of the pale western cutworm fed ad libitum on wheat sprouts, showed that reliable data were obtained for only the fourth, fifth, and sixth instars. During the larval period a single cutworm consumed about 10 g of fresh wheat sprouts containing about 25 mg of nitrogen. Of the consumed food, 40–50% of the dry matter and 60–70% of the nitrogen were excreted. Five days after the fifth molt the fresh weights of larvae fed on sprouts of durum wheat were significantly less than those fed on sprouts of the hard red spring wheat, but the dry weights were the same. The quantities of nitrogen found in excreta and body tissue approximated that consumed by the larvae. In contrast, however, much of the consumed dry matter (14–33%) could not be accounted for; recovery varied with variety. The percentage of the dry matter utilized, about 50%, remained constant during the last three instars. Nitrogen utilization by fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-instar larvae ranged between 25 and 45%. However, a consistently lower percentage of the nitrogen was utilized from Thatcher than from Golden Ball sprouts. On both varieties the lowest values were obtained in the sixth instar. In the excreta the percentages of insoluble dry matter, insoluble nitrogen, and volatile bases showed no consistent change during the last four instars. Seventy to eighty per cent of the excreted nitrogen was soluble in 80% ethanol, and about one-fifth of this was in the form of volatile bases. The variety of wheat sprouts fed had little, if any, effect on the composition of the excreta.

INHERITANCE OF THE TYPE OF SOLID STEM IN GOLDEN BALL (TRITICUM DURUM): I. EARLY GENERATIONS OF A HYBRID WITH RESCUE (T. AESTIVUM)

In a population of one thousand F2 plants of the hybrid between Rescue, a solid-stemmed variety of Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell., and Golden Ball, a solid-stemmed variety of T. durum Desf., the more solid top internode of Golden Ball was associated with a dense spike and with durum-like morphology. Rigid selection failed to produce an F1 line with a top internode as solid as that of Golden Ball combined with the morphological characters of T. aestivum. This was probably because the D genome present in Rescue but absent from Golden Ball tends to inhibit pith production in the top internode. Some increase in solidness was attained in two F1 lines, and some lines had pith patterns different from that of either parent. This was probably due to segregation of genes in the A and B genomes.Segregates with stems less solid than those of either parent appeared in the F2 generation and some fairly hollow, dwarf F1 lines were established. Hollowness was probably caused by a combination of aneuploidy for chromosomes of the D genome and segregation of genes in the A and B genomes. These less solid lines varied more in pith content from plant to plant than did Rescue and the more solid F4 lines; Golden Ball varied least.

E. S. Beesly and Karl Marx

Beesly was not only friendly with Marx, but was well acquainted with his circle. He knew Lafargue, he got to know Engels, and there were mutual acquaintances, such as Eugene Oswald. Among workmen, he was not only the friend of Odger, Applegarth and Lucraft, but was on close terms with such working-class confidants of Marx as Jung and Eccarius, and to a lesser extent with Dupont. In the sixties he was a familiar figure, not only in the offices of the Carpenters and Joiners, the London Trades Council or the Bee-Hive, but was also at home in the “Golden Ball” where the most radical of London's workmen talked with continental revolutionaries over a clay pipe and a pot of beer. Here one could get the flavour of European proletarian politics: that other “World of Labour” in whose ideals Beesly was as deeply interested as he was in those of English trades unionism. Indeed, for many years he expressed his desire for the amalgamation of trade unionism – with its implicit recognition of the priority of social questions—, and proletarian republicanism – with its generous enthusiasm and its larger view.