Golden Apples Research Articles

Detecting spoiled fruit in the house of the future

An electronic nose based on acoustic wave sensors has been developed to detect spoilt fruit. Different varieties of fruits, edible and rotten, were analysed. Starting from six sensors, the minimum number of sensors capable of discriminating between spoiled and unspoiled fruit was found. The discrimination capability of the sensor array was studied separately for each fruit variety, as well as for the whole set. Mathematical models were built to classify the fruits within a fruit variety, in an objective and clear way. The models were able to distinguish between edible and rotten fruits with 100% success for New Hall oranges, Golden apples, Kiwis and William pears, and with 97.2% of success for the Starking apples. Without forming fruit variety subsets, discrimination between edible and rotten fruit was achieved with 95% success.

Patulin distribution in Fuji and Golden apples contaminated with Penicillium expansum

This work assesses the extent of patulin contamination in Penicillium expansum-infected apples stored at room temperature for short periods of time and its relationship with apple variety (Golden or Fuji), degree of ripeness and size of lesions. Inoculated apples were incubated at 20°C. Patulin was determined in both sound and decayed tissue from cylindrical samples taken around the lesions and cut into 0.5-cm thick sections. Higher accumulation of patulin occurred in Golden apples, with less ripened apples showing higher concentrations. Total accumulated patulin was similar or higher in 4-cm compared to 2-cm lesioned apples, although a decrease in patulin concentration was observed in older lesion sections. Patulin accumulation occurred over a short period of time at room temperature, thus the stand-by period before processing should be minimised. Of total patulin, 2–6% migrated to the surrounding sound tissue, thus trimming tissue around the rotten part may be a good preventive practice for apple derivative production.

The Fierce Humanity of Morgana: Welty's The Golden Apples

sense of terror underlies seemingly uneventful daily life of Morgana, Mississippi. Terror--surprisingly, perhaps, one of Eudora Welty's favorite words--governs much of psychological existence of human beings in Golden Apples, and Welty's central concern in novel is difficulty of comprehending its causes and dealing with its effects. widespread sense of anxiety among characters in Welty's writing can be traced fact that human society, as Welty comprehends it, would appear be an illusory structure of polite discourse that barely conceals an underlying strata of violence. Beneath genteel fabric of middle-class social interaction there lies a savage world of selfishness, spite, and ambition. Given force of these primal motives, conventional social rituals that are meant contain appear be little more than hypocritical gestures. In light of Welty's depiction of ineffectuality of human social rituals, it is not surprising that more profound values of truthfulness and creativity should be fundamental in her writing and that those who strongly assert these values should be among her major protagonists; yet among many characters in Golden Apples who are motivated by underlying primal fears, only two figures respond in a truly creative and self-conscious manner: Lotte Elisabeth Eckhart and her pupil, Virgie Rainey. Eckhart's teaching, which amounts far more than conventional small-town schooling in one of feminine arts, attempts nothing less than awaken in her pupils an awareness of momentous importance of their lives within a world of opportunity and risk. As one learns in June Recital, most important occasion for enacting this knowledge is through annual piano that Eckhart organizes for her students. Like Prospero in Shakespeare's Tempest, or like another, less appealing character of same name in Poe's The Masque of Red Death, Eckhart controls every detail of her fete, including costuming. She insists that, like a bridal gown, must be new and cannot be displayed prior night, and even that it rarely be worn again, certainly not another recital (68). Although Eckhart disregarded her own rules (72) in regard dresses, displays a quality of glamour and a surprising sensuality in her previously worn gowns. As intends, marks passage not only into summer but into everything that summer's ripeness connotes. Welty writes that Miss Eckhart pushed herself quite another level of life for it. blushing sensitivity sprang up in her every year like a flower of season (70). Certainly Eckhart's powers as a teacher involve an element of magical. After concert, Eckhart goes about with her foreign-sounding cake, her kuchen, insisting that girls eat it to last crumb. A decoration of slipping flower garlands and rowdy babies (75) revealed on empty plate points rebellious and uncontrolled potential of occasion, and girls under her charge surrender themselves Eckhart's direction as they sense its significance. Even for cautious Cassie Morrison, Eckhart's recitals were highlight of her year, especially performance at age thirteen of Virgie Rainey, wearing a white Swiss dress with a red satin band in her hair and a red sash in front. life-affirming and sensuous implications of Virgie's performance are suggested by Welty's description of sweat running down Virgie's face, a salty elixir of life that she licked ... in with her tongue (74). Unfortunately, in reward for her heroic effort introduce her students life's mysteries, Eckhart is condemned by better society of Morgana live forever in role of a pariah. As Suzanne Marrs points out, the community fears Eckhart because seems accept unusual, extraordinary, terrifying aspects of life and does not try hide from them (121). …

Systematic approach for using hyperspectral imaging data to develop multispectral imagining systems: Detection of feces on apples

The large size of data sets generated using hyperspectral imaging techniques significantly increases both the capability and difficulty of designing detection and classification systems. Of particular interest is the confluence with increasing use of multispectral imaging in machine vision, particularly in the area of food safety inspection. The purpose of this study was to develop a robust method for selecting one or two wavelengths for multispectral detection systems using hyperspectral data. The actual performance of detection algorithms in terms of true positives and false positives was used as optimization criteria. Detection of fecal contamination on apples is an important health safety issue. Prior observations suggest reflectance or fluorescence imaging in the visible to near-infrared can be used to detect such contamination. For this study, 1:2, 1:20, and 1:200 dilutions of dairy feces were applied to 100 Golden and 100 Red Delicious apples. Apples were imaged using a hyperspectral system, and a uniform power transformation was used to reduce inter-apple intensity variability. Detection was accomplished by applying a binary threshold to transformed single wavelength images and images construct using ratios or differences of images at two different wavelengths. Optimization criteria allowed for a maximum of three false positives. For reflectance imaging, maximum detection rates for 1:20 dilution spots on Golden and Red Delicious apples images were 100% and 62.5% using R816 − R697 and R784 − R738, respectively. For fluorescence imaging, maximum detection rates for 1:200 dilution spots on Golden and Red Delicious apples were 97.9% and 58.3% using F665/ F602 and F647/ F482, respectively. In all case, more concentrated dilution spots were detected at 100%. Maximum detection rates for Red Delicious apples required use of a Prewitt edge-detection filter. In comparison, tests of wavelengths and algorithms identified in previous studies using statistical methods such as principal component analysis produced lower detection rates, mainly due to problems with false positives. The procedures used for developing detection algorithms are not specific to detecting feces on apples, and it is theoretically easy to extend the results to detection schemes involving many wavelengths. The problem is the classical dilemma of rapidly increasing computational time. Still, given the costs of thoroughly testing a candidate detection algorithm, the time maybe warranted. Furthermore, as machine vision systems are often limited to one or two wavelengths due to practical considerations including cost, exhaustive search algorithms based-on optimizing the output of candidate detection algorithms should be cost-effective.

Technique for normalizing intensity histograms of images when the approximate size of the target is known: Detection of feces on apples using fluorescence imaging

A challenge in machine vision is to develop algorithms for detecting a substance with an amorphous shape when measured responses of both the substance and the underlying target have similar characteristics. The challenge is exacerbated when responses for targets are highly variable both across and within discrete target units. An example of this problem is the detection of fecal contamination on apples. Feces on apples can be detected using differential fluorescence responses of contaminated and uncontaminated apple surfaces to UV excitation. However, responses of both feces and apples are due to the presence of chlorophyll-related compounds, and the response of apples varies within and between apples due to natural variation in the distribution of these compounds. We present a technique for normalizing the variability of intensity responses among targets based on a priori knowledge of the image dimensions and the approximate target size. Using this information, a linear equation is derived based on the approximate median intensities of the background and of the target. The median intensities are estimated by calculating a cumulative intensity histogram and using a priori estimates of the percentage of the area in the image occupied by the background and by a generic target. The image is scaled for uniform intensity power using this linear transformation. The benefits of using this technique are demonstrated using hyperspectral fluorescence responses to UV excitation of 48 Golden Delicious and 48 Red Delicious apples artificially contaminated with dilutions of cow feces. Results show that the uniform power transformation normalizes the intensity distributions of apple images and increases the contrast between contaminated and uncontaminated areas on apple surfaces; the coefficients of variation for the average intensities of uncontaminated apple surfaces at 668 nm for Golden and Red Delicious apples were reduced from 39 and 55%, respectively, to 5% for both varieties.

Flies and their Golden Apples: The effect of dietary restriction on Drosophila aging and age-dependent gene expression

Reduced nutrient availability (dietary restriction) extends lifespan in species as diverse as yeast, nematode worms, Daphnia, Drosophila, and mammals. Recent demographic experiments have shown that moderate nutrient manipulation in adult Drosophila affects current mortality rate in a completely reversible manner, which suggests that dietary restriction in Drosophila increases lifespan through a reduction of the current risk of death rather than a slowing of aging-related damage. When examined in the light of the new demographic data, age-dependent changes in gene expression in normal and diet-restricted flies can provide unique insight into the biological processes affected by aging and may help identify molecular pathways that regulate it.

Eudora Welty's Personal Epic: Autobiography, Art, and Classical Myth

The importance of tale, legend, and myth, especially many aspects of classical myth, to the creation and understanding of fiction by Eudora Welty has been long recognized and widely accepted. Many of her works have been read in mythical terms, in particular her short fiction cycle The Golden Apples (1949); yet only a few critical efforts have extended the perspectives of myth to her entire canon, and even fewer have considered Classicism as central to her overall accomplishments. (1) Welty's work is vital to the contemporary transformation of the twentieth-century American and southern literary pantheon, so earlier considerations of her classical connections focus on feminine, if not feminist, retellings of ancient narratives. Although recent readings of Welty's fiction by way of female myths reveal much of its subtle beauty and cultural complexity, more may be discovered by re-reading her canon within the full contexts of the Classicism informed the origins, accomplishments, and traditions of the Southern Renaissance. (2) Certainly, feminist readers are right to contrast Welty's use of the Classics with of her more traditional male role models such as William Faulkner and Robert Penn Warren as well as with their modernist mentors such as T. S. Eliot and James Joyce. The classical intertextualities form her fictions are employed more on the model of female modernists such as Virginia Woolf and Elizabeth Bowen, or, closer to home, Katherine Anne Porter and Caroline Gordon. Yet Welty's fictional canon might be read as her Modernist epic of the self, much in the terms Alan Williamson applied to Allen Tate's poetic oeuvre by defining this contemporary variant of the epic tradition as that particularly modern form which views historical material entirely through the glass of private sensibility, fragmenting it as a series of lyrics rather than presenting it as a whole, as narrative (714). Lyrical narratives rather than poetic lyrics are the individual aspects of her personal vision, while her canon is united in a quest for fulfillment as a woman and as an artist. These two aspects of Welty's art share much with male and female precursors alike in her recreation of American, southern, and Mississippi by autobiographical, artistic, and classical means. Although Eudora Welty did not have the rigorous classical training of academic colleagues learned in Greek and Latin in the Southern Renaissance, such as Allen Tate and Robert Penn Warren, her formal and informal education in the Classics was still substantial. Her memoir, One Writer's Beginnings (1984), recalls her immersion in mythical material almost from the time she began to read; certainly it dated from the sixth or seventh birthday when doting parents presented her with Every Child's Story Book, a compilation of fairy tales ... myths and legends ... [and] history (One Writer's Beginnings 8). English lessons at Jefferson Davis School and later French and Latin classes at Jackson Central High School confirmed the young Eudora's love for words and stories. Her high school Latin was strong enough to excuse her from assignments in order to tutor her less proficient classmates (Waldron II)., The Classics were still the center of college preparation in the early 1920s, and Central High's honoraries were organized around classical themes; for example, the club book in Welty's senior year was The Aeneid (Waldron 12). English, French, and Latin were once more her favorite classes at nearby Mississippi State College for Women, where Welty studied for two years before transferring to complete a degree in English at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1929 with a creative thesis, now lost (Waldron 41). Evidently, the writer returned often to her favorite books in all three literatures and languages, or in translations, to mark transitions in her career (Waldron 183). For example, after completing The Golden Apples, her book most fully structured by classical allusion, Welty reread Homer's Odyssey in preparation for her first trip to Europe in 1949 by way of Italy and the Mediterranean (Marrs 145). …

Physicochemical characterisation of the mature-green Golden apple (Spondias cythereaSonnerat)

Introduction. Mature-green Golden apples (Spondias cytherea Sonnerat) are used in the French West Indies for the preparation of a nectar. With the aim of improving the fruit processing conditions for a better quality of this beverage, morphological and compositional characteristics of the mature-green fruits were determined. Materials and methods. Mature- green fruits were harvested in Martinique (French West Indies) and characterised: diameter, length, mass, and colour were determined; pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, sugars, proteins, starch, fibre, vitamin C, phenols and green pigments were measured. Results and discussion. Average fruit length, diameter and weight were 71 mm, 54 mm and 116.4 g, respectively. With a low pH (2.6) and a high titratable acidity (1.3 g citric acid Eq·100 g -1 fresh material), mature- green Golden apple is an acidic fruit comparable to the lemon. The fruit is rich in vitamin C (52.0 mg·100 g -1 ), phenols (349.5 mg gallic acid Eq·100 g -1 ) and starch (7.1 g·100 g -1 ). The pale green colour of the pulp is due to pheophytins a and b. Conclusion. Our study provided a detailed analysis of mature-green Golden apples, which will be taken into account for the impro- vement of nectar processing conditions. France / Guadeloupe / Spondias cytherea / Anacardiaceae / fruits / chemical composition / ascorbic acid / starch / phenols / chlorophylls / phaeophytins

Welty's Golden Imagination

One Writer's Imagination: The Fiction of Eudora Welty. By Suzanne Marrs. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 2002. xix + 280 pp. $59.95 cloth; $24.95 paper. Suzanne Marrs's publications, following her dissertation, have all been devoted to Eudora Welty and her work. Consequently, her latest book on Welty, One Writer's Imagination: The Fiction of Eudora Welty, illustrates the benefits and drawbacks of focusing a career's work on a single author. Marrs can provide us with a sensitive and thoroughly researched view of the artist's imagination through her mastery of biographical and archival materials, but loses that authority when she strays beyond Welty's strengths and her own. There is little attempt in this book to place Welty's work in the contexts of literary theory and American literary history. Although Chapter 3 concerns history and memory in The Robber Bridegroom and The Wide Net, there are no references to theoretical works on historical fiction, from Lukacs on down, which would actually support Marrs's argument that Welty uses her historical fiction to comment on the present as well as the past. Marrs claims that "We still have no generic name for the closely linked book of stories that Welty produced," The Golden Apples, when such works are generally called short story sequences or cycles, and, again, there are books devoted to this topic, particularly American short story sequences, which are not referenced. More seriously, there are no references to Henry James and The Art of Fiction when Marrs describes the way Welty transformed a seemingly trivial anecdote she had heard into a meaningful and significant work of fiction, as in "the Death of a Traveling Salesman." This process is remarkably similar to James's accounts of how a "germ" from reality acted upon his imagination until it became fiction. Again, there is a body of scholarship here that could help illuminate Welty's imaginative process. [End Page 141] Like any other artist, Welty had her favored themes and topics and had the sense to work from these strengths. Marrs, however, does not seem to be willing to concede Welty her areas of imaginative expertise, but repeatedly tries to assert her interest in politics and world events and the ways these matters appear in her fiction as if Welty were under some obligation to treat these topics. While it would be difficult for most readers to believe that these were central topics for Welty, Marrs succeeds when she discusses the two stories, "Where Is the Voice Coming From?" and "The Demonstrators" that are explicitly about the violence and hatred of the civil rights era in Mississippi. She is also illuminating when she discusses the portrait of Aaron Burr in "First Love" as Welty's exploration of fascist leaders in World War II or comments on the "dramatic irony" in Delta Wedding since the Fairchilds are oblivious to the fact that they would have "to face a severe economic depression and a world war" and leave "the relatively secure world of 1923." Often though, the discussion seems forced, as if Marrs were dutifully bowing to race, class, and gender. For example, the discussions of race at the end of the chapters on and The Optimist's Daughter seem anticlimactic and irrelevant after the excellent analyses of Welty's imaginative process which precede them. Marrs's strengths, and they are formidable, lie in her use of biographical knowledge of Welty and of the Welty archives, and here she uses her knowledge of Welty's life to argue against fashionable trends in scholarship and focus on what worked for Welty. While many might assert that Welty's choice to live in Mississippi with her widowed and later ailing mother limited her autonomy as a woman and experience as a writer, Marrs shows how much Welty benefited from these apparent constrictions. She proves through her account of Chestina Welty's life that she was not interested in conforming to a conventional woman's role herself, nor did she...

Ergosterol as a new quality parameter together with patulin in raw apple juice produced from decayed apples

The raw apple juice samples produced from surface-decayed apples as sound, 30%, 60% and 100%, were tested for pH, Brix, patulin and ergosterol concentrations. The patulin concentrations in juice samples produced from golden delicious apples, that are sound, 30%, 60% and 100% decayed, ranged from 0.3–2.0, 139–23, 504–630, and 889.6–940.2 μgl−1, respectively. The ergosterol concentrations in the same juice samples ranged from 0.1–1.8, 14.4–34.3, 27.2–75.8 and 95.7–131 mgl−1. When juice samples were analyzed, decay proportion was linearly correlated to patulin (r=0.99) and ergosterol (r=0.99) but not to pH and Brix. However, a linear correlation (r=0.98) between patulin and ergosterol was determined in juice samples with all the decay proportions.

ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS IMPLIED IN THE FRUIT-TO-FRUIT IMPACTS ON PACKING LINES

The problem of fruit-to-fruit impacts on packing lines was analysed in an experimental fruit packing line. Differentfactors were considered including fruit susceptibility to damage, fruit flow in the line, and characteristics of the transfer pointsbetween elements on the line. Tests were performed using Golden apples and IS 100 instrumented spheres. Most of thefruit-to-fruit impacts occurred at angled transfer points. A powered decelerator was developed and installed in the packingline that significantly minimized the number and intensity of fruit-to-fruit impacts at transfer points with a 90. angle betweentwo transporting belts.

Atalanta's Apples: Postcolonial Theory as a Barrier to the ?Balance of Stories?

he ancient Greek myth of Atalanta's Apples is a story in which Atalanta, who had no wish to marry, challenges her suitors to a race, slows them down with well-placed golden apples, and ends up frustrating their desire. I came across this variation on better-known African fable of Tortoise and Hare came while I was reading Francis Bacon's Plan for The Great Instauration (25). Bacon was not just any old citizen of Western European nation that colonized my native land, Ghana, but, rather, one of fi rst advocates of inductive, experimen- tal modern Western science. The chief and only end of science, according to him, was to create and that is, material results and creature comforts. In other words, Science must justify itself as Technology, yet one that serves glory of God in that these fruits and works of science are also Works of Light. This comes right out of Christian Bible, especially exhortation to Let your light so shine before men, that they many see your good works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven (Matthew 5:16). Meet it is, then, that Cross goes into wild, unknown world armed with Sword, leaving it to others or future generations to beat either of these into Ploughshares, if they choose. One of fi rst 'fruits and works' of modern science was, of course, charting of skies (by Copernicus and Galileo, for instance), which aided navigation and so facilitated intrusion of Europeans into other parts of Africa included. The Europeans, denizens of what called the known world, landed in these other, unknown worlds, armed with notions of their cultural superiority and manifest destiny, as endowed by both religion and science, and settled down to systematic colonization and devastation of these lands, Africa included, using technology. Surely, an essay, written by an African, advising wariness with all borrowed terms and theories could do better than craft its title from an ancient Greek myth, and moreover one acquired by way of an Englishman? Surely, native-indigenous myths and parables could provide more worthy titles, such as Ananse's Web, Eshu's Foot-tracks, or even Worm's Dance (Ananse and Eshu being tricksters in Akan folktales and Yoruba mythology, respectively, while third alternative title alludes to Yoruba/Igbo saying You may think worm is dancing but that is only way it walks)? Indeed, why not craft a title out of West African folktale of Tortoise and Hare, whose moral is that race (for knowledge and for power) is not for swift but for steady and wise? The Hare's speediness lulls it into complacency,

REDUCTION OF MECHANICAL DAMAGE TO APPLES IN A PACKING LINE USING MECHANICAL DEVICES

Fresh fruits and vegetables experience impacts as they are mechanically handled in commercial packing lines.Impacts commonly occur when the product is transferred between successive unit operations (transfer point) along the line.Mechanical devices can be used at transfer points to decrease the mechanical damage to fruit.<br><br>Bruise onset is induced when the failure stress or the maximum deformation for the product tissue are exceeded (dependingupon the damage mechanism). Bruise onset and its magnitude depend on different factors: height of the transfer points,working velocity, hardness of the surfaces, curvature of the surfaces, and fruit characteristics (mass, curvature, temperature,humidity, and firmness).<br><br>To analyze the effectiveness of mechanical devices (cushioned rollers, powered brush, and padding materials) to reducemechanical damage to Golden apples, three standard transfer points (transporting belt rollers transporter; rollerstransporter singularizer; and transporting belt transporting belt) of a experimental packing line were studied usinginstrumented spheres (IS 100). The efficiency of the solutions was analyzed using Golden apples and measuring thepresence of external bruises during the handling.<br><br>Solutions tested reduced the acceleration values under 50 g, which is commonly a safe level to avoid the mechanicaldamage in apples. Once the transfer points were improved, apples were handled, and values around 100% of fruit were ECGrade I.<br><br>Tests carried out showed that mechanical devices are useful to reduce mechanical damage in Golden apples, but mustbe correctly regulated to obtain optimum results (fruit without bruises). This regulation can be carried out using instrumentedspheres (IS 100) and fresh fruit.

Seal sa Domhan Thoir: Sojourn in the Eastern World

WHEN I was a very small child, farmed out to my Aunt May in West Kerry Gaeltacht, (1) one of our great joys was listening to wondertales in which hero had to make a perilous journey to an Domhan Thoir, 'the Eastern World', usually to bring back some pearl or other without price. Whether a princess or the silver apples of moon, golden apples of sun, whether a feather from a golden bird or water of eternal life from well that is at world's end, these marvels all came from an Domhan Thoir. It was as if coming from Ireland--the Western World or Hesperides--our own apples were considered ordinary or garden or commonplace. On principle that too much West is East, source and site of all marvels and wonders was its opposite, Eastern World. It has always seemed obvious to me that J.M. Synge's Playboy of Western World was called such to emphasize an ironic interplay with Eastern World of Gaeltacht storytellers. Little did I know at time that this very same Eastern World would play host to me for a very important and influential tire years of my young adult life. It is a place in which I have kept a foothold ever since. Years ago an applied linguist informed me that it would be hard to come across two languages that were phonetically more alike and morphologically more different than Turkish and Irish. This underlined my own deepest suspicions, though I would never have been able to put it so precisely. I had a real struggle to learn Turkish, my first non-Indo-European language, and even today my fluency depends greatly on how recently we have spent some time in country. But there was a time when linguistically I used to pass for an Alamanli, a Turk who had grown up in Germany. I remember once in Ankara, in bazaar area of Cikrikcilar Yokusu, I demurred from such an appelation, that I was actually an out-and-out gavur, or heathen, only to find that material I was buying suddenly doubled in price. That was last time I looked a gift horse in mouth, so to speak. I distinctly remember very first sentence I made in Turkish. I went to Turkey with my husband Dogan in October 1974 when I was six months pregnant with my first child. We traveled on Orient Express. This was not pampered, refurbished train of luxury tourism, but a higgledy-piggledy, mish-mash collection of run-down wagons which started off at various European cities like Paris and Munich and joined up in Belgrade before chugging its way slowly through Balkans to final destination of Sirkeci Station in Istanbul. As a train it was very rudimentary. It had no restaurant car, no opportunity for getting food of any sort, and if it hadn't been for yolluk, or travel provisions, including two cooked chickens and bosnak boreghi, a Bosnian-style pastry, given to us by my sister-in-law in Zurich, we would have been in a bad way. At Belgrade I was left looking after luggage while my husband went off to organize a couchette or wagon-lit for rest of journey. The carriage in which I was stranded was shunted back and forth umpteen times, sometimes an alarming distance away. Some Turkish workers spoke to me, asking what was up. I could recognize it was Turkish, but otherwise did not understand a word. But necessity being mother, etc., I came out with kocam yakinda gelecegim diyerek, gitti gelmedi, or saying he would come back soon, my husband went away and hasn't come back yet. The Turkish sentence has an economy of words and an elegance which are due to language being agglutinative, using participles, gerundives, and gerunds where an Indo-European language would use subjunctives and relative clauses. Kocam yakinda gelecegim diyerek, gitti gelmedi. This sentence drew forth a torrent of Turkish. Little did they realize how much I was at a loss. It would take at least five years of living in Turkey before I could make a sentence like that again with a similar insouciance. …

Sensory and Physicochemical Quality of‘Reduced Sodium’Hot Sauces from‘Dwarf Golden Apples (Spondias cytherea): Effects of Brining and Debrining

ABSTRACT: Unpeeled‘dwarf’golden apples (Spondias cytherea) were brined in 10, 12, and 15% NaCl brine and peeled fruits in 10% NaCl brine and then debrined in water at 30°C or 60°C for use in sauces. Fruits in 15% brine had a storage life of 15 d at 30°C. Effects of brining and debrining were significant (p &lt; 0.05) on all sensory and physicochemical attributes of sauces. The taste of sauces from unpeeled fruits was preferred (p &lt; 0.05) to peeled fruits. The most acceptable products were liked slightly to moderately. No differences (p &lt; 0.05) were observed in either descriptor (or attribute) intensities or hedonic scores between the fruit sauces. Sauces had reduced sodium of 20 to 55 mg per reference amounts customarily consumed (RACC).

PROCESSING AND QUALITY EVALUATION OF WHOLE CANNED ‘DWARF’ GOLDEN APPLES (SPONDIAS CYTHEREA)

Abstract‘Dwarf’ golden apples (Spondias cytherea) were canned in sucrose syrup of either 30 d̀Brix (L) or 40 d̀Brix (H). Processing was either by hot filling (HF) of syrup at 92C in filled cans or by steam‐exhausting (SE) of the filled cans at 85C for 12–14 min, followed by processing at 100C for 20 min (W20) or 30 min (W30). Sensory evaluation of commercial sterile products, SE‐LW30 and SE‐LW30 indicated there were no differences (P &lt; 0.05) in appearance, color, taste, aroma and texture. Overall scores indicated that fruits in syrup were liked definitely to like slightly. Panelists indicated that they might or definitely will purchase the products. Fruits in 40 d̀Brix syrup were firmer than in 30 d̀Brix syrup. By week 8 of storage at 28–30C, pH was stable between 3.6–3.7, and ‘cut‐out’d̀Brix of syrup for LW30 and HW30 products was 24.0 – 24.5 and 28.5, respectively.

Russian Folk-Tales

Written by award-winning children's author James Riordan, this book is a beguiling collection of stories set among the wide rivers and snow-covered forests and steppes of Russia--a land still shrouded in mystery in the eyes of the Western reader. The incomparable beauty of untamed nature and the Slavic gift for storytelling make for a captivating combination. Meet boyars and cossacks, kings and queens, merchants and minstrels, robbers and angels, witches and peasants. Ships fly through the air, princesses turn into frogs, a snowmaiden longs for a human heart, the mighty Firebird steals the golden apples. Folk tales, heroic sagas, legends and myths from villages and towns all across Russia--they are all here in this fascinating anthology. Evocative full-color illustrations accompany each story.

Eudora Welty's The Golden Apples : Abjection and the Maternal South

a recent article on contemporary southern writer Berry Morgan, Margaret Jones Bolsteri has written in some detail of the difficulties in understanding gender relationships in the South. Early in the essay she argues that In the South, the chasm between the men's and women's cultures is so wide that crossing from one side to the other is difficult and rare (181). Here she emphasizes the fear of miscegenation and the resulting desire of patriarchal society to keep women caged, both to protect the women themselves and to maintain the sanctity of the White world at large. The severity of this language, centering on radical distinctions between genders, coupled with the language of imprisonment, leads one to expect any contact between these cultures to be explosive. Bolsteri goes on to argue, however, that this is not the case:

Swimming Free of the Matriarchy: Sexual Baptism and Feminine Individuality in Eudora Welty's The Golden Apples

Critics have often commented upon feminist and sexual implications of Eudora Welty's story-cycle Golden Apples. Patricia Yaeger calls Golden Apples beautifully crafted and gender-preoccupied novel whose emphasis on sexuality ... has been fully comprehended (956). Julia Demmin and Daniel Curley note book's emphasis on not only ancient myths of male godhead but also even more ancient myths of female mysteries (242), and Daniele Pitavy-Souques points out strong sexual connotation (263) of mythical stories that lend narrative a sort of structure. One aspect of Golden Apple's powerful sexual imagery that has long gone unexamined Welty's unique and subversive connection of sexuality imagery. Scholars have frequently ignored (or at least fully explored) thematic ramifications of ever-present images in Golden Apples. Big Black River, Mississippi River, even Pacific Ocean: images pervade and unite stories that compose this volume. Noel Polk has observed that in Welty's work, is matrix, our nourishment, and our source of life; but it also mysterious and fraught (96). In Golden Apples, Welty intensifies peril as well as nourishment, forming a subtle but significant link between images and themes of feminine and sexual power, a link that manifests itself most obviously and powerfully in Moon and The Wanderers. lake at heart of Moon Lake, central to Golden Apples both physically and thematically, stands as most important of these bodies of water; it practically bursts almost too-obvious phallic imagery, a curious and significant reversal of convention that always regards as a feminine symbol. From outset, Welty identifies girls' daily immersion as utterly male through whimsical song Dip, which counselors and campers almost worshipfully sing as prepare to enter lake (113-114). girls fear water snakes [that] were swimming here and there, and Jinny Love wants to sacrifice orphans to get snakes stirred so that will chased away by time me go in. Mrs. Gruenwald warns of and cypress roots (115) in water, where the sharp hard knobs came up where least expected (116). Before Nina, Jinny, and Easter have their nautical misadventure, Jinny Love protests that there's stobs in lake. We'd be upset (130). Further, young girls hardly seem adept in water. Although Welty notes that some of girls rather eagerly ripped their dresses off their heads (114), she also states that none of orphans could or would swim, ever; instead, they just stood waist-deep and waited for d!p to be over (115). Morgana girls seem scarcely more at ease; although Nina claims that she can swim, Jinny Love points out her inexperience (130). This plethora of phallic imagery and girls' floundering fear in paradoxically suggest that lake serves merely as a site for refreshment but also as a symbol of dangerous male sexuality. Since Lake abounds such powerfully sexual symbolism, question of who controls lake becomes crucial to an understanding only of this story but, in fact, of whole novel. overprotective matriarchal regime of at Lake reflects ordering principle of Morgana itself. token male presence, in forms of Booney Holifield and young Loch Morrison, possesses little or no real authority. Although Mr. Holifield serves as the man to be sure and have around camp (121), he has a well-known record of lazy obliviousness: Julia Demmin and Daniel Curley note that in June Recital he slept through love and fire and madness (245). In story, Nina Carmichael observes, He hasn't got a gun to jump out with (121), a none-too-subtle jab at Booney's lack of sexual and physical power. …

The Talking Cure

THE TALKING CUKE/Frederick Busch LOVE IS UNSPEAKABLE. Consider the story of the older brother who went off to school, the briUiant, taU mother and wife who hunched herseU shorter, curved at her tilted drafting table as if around the buUdings she planned for her cUents. Consider the husband, son of a bankrupt Hudson Valley apple grower, who made a Uving as a junior high school principal. And then consider me, fifteen years old and up to my wrists in vomiting dogs and hemorrhaging cats, and the darkening drift and dismay of my parents. We lived in an old house surrounded by the ruins of the orchards. The air pulsed, in autumn, with the drunken dancing of wasps that had supped on the tan, rotted flesh of English Russets and Chenangos. We walked on the mush of the orchard's decay, and in winter some one of us never failed to be surprised by the glowing red or golden apples which continued to hang, as snow started falling, on the gray-black trunks of dozens of trees. Apple trees aren't peaceful. The trunks and limbs look like tensed or writhing hands. My mother commuted from the farm to Manhattan by car or train, and she designed the structures that held people's lives. And my father continued to faU her, despite what I would have described, if asked, as pretty sizable efforts to win her approval. And my big brother, Edwin, who had escaped, as I saw it, to Ohio, shone over the plains and through the forests, lighting up my mother's face and causing her to say to friends, "Yes, my baby's gone away." She looked truly sad—and therefore beautiful and fragile—and she looked highly pleased, and both at once. Apparently, she was proud but also bereft. Something had been stolen from her life, and she knew that she would never retrieve it. This is what I thought I learned, spying—younger siblings tend to live sub rosa lives—from around the corners of our rooms, or simply from my place at the kitchen table where I sat in my life and took note of them in theirs while they failed, mercifuUy often, to notice me. I was like the furniture. I was a shape your eye slid over. You get used to it—to me—and then you say what you wish I hadn't heard. That's how it is with younger brothers when the genius goes to Oberlin and writes home his observations on existentialism and a man my parents referred to as Sart! They sneezed or barked it with a powerful emphasis on the final two letters they didn't pronounce. The Missouri Review · 135 My father wished to replace her Edwin, and he never could. And, anyway, that led to competition. And who ever heard of a father competing with his son? It was cannibalistic. It was barbaric. It was Freudian. That was the last word I heard through the screen windows one hot Sunday afternoon, while I was about to use the back door to report in the cool kitchen, shaded by tall, old maples, not runty apple trees, that I had mowed the lawns and could be found in front of our vast, boxy Emerson, watching the New York Yankees stumble and whiff. Freudian. I knew a bit about Freud. He was the speciaUst in women who wanted penises. I could not imagine my mother ever wanting a penis, nor could I fathom why my father might wish her to develop one. It took several days for further investigation to suggest that Freudian meant having to do with dreams, and with wishes you didn't know you wished. That made sense, given our family. There were a lot of secret wishes flying around. I was pretty sure that several of them had to do with Dr. Victor Mason, the veterinarian who took care of our terrible cat until she died, and who hired me to work on weekday afternoons and Saturday mornings . My job was to be the big kid who comes into the examination room with the vet and holds your Yorkshire terrier down while Dr...