Golden Age Of Discovery Research Articles

A review of compounds derivatives with antimicrobial activities

Antimicrobial resistance represents a serious threat to human health across the globe. The cost of bringing a new antibiotic from discovery to market is high and return on investment is low. Furthermore, the development of new antibiotics has slowed dramatically since the 1950s’ golden age of discovery. Medicinal compounds synthesis produce a variety of bioactive compounds that could be used to build a new way for the future discovery pipeline. While many studies have focused on specific aspects of synthetic compounds with antibacterial properties, a comprehensive review of the antibacterial potential of compounds has never before been attempted. This review aims to evaluate reports on some derivatives with significant antimicrobial activities.

A Systematic Review of Plants With Antibacterial Activities: A Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Perspective.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance represents a serious threat to human health across the globe. The cost of bringing a new antibiotic from discovery to market is high and return on investment is low. Furthermore, the development of new antibiotics has slowed dramatically since the 1950s’ golden age of discovery. Plants produce a variety of bioactive secondary metabolites that could be used to fuel the future discovery pipeline. While many studies have focused on specific aspects of plants and plant natural products with antibacterial properties, a comprehensive review of the antibacterial potential of plants has never before been attempted. Objectives: This systematic review aims to evaluate reports on plants with significant antibacterial activities. Methods: Following the PRISMA model, we searched three electronic databases: Web of Science, PubMed and SciFinder by using specific keywords: “plant,” “antibacterial,” “inhibitory concentration.” Results: We identified a total of 6,083 articles published between 1946 and 2019 and then reviewed 66% of these (4,024) focusing on articles published between 2012 and 2019. A rigorous selection process was implemented using clear inclusion and exclusion criteria, yielding data on 958 plant species derived from 483 scientific articles. Antibacterial activity is found in 51 of 79 vascular plant orders throughout the phylogenetic tree. Most are reported within eudicots, with the bulk of species being asterids. Antibacterial activity is not prominent in monocotyledons. Phylogenetic distribution strongly supports the concept of chemical evolution across plant clades, especially in more derived eudicot families. The Lamiaceae, Fabaceae and Asteraceae were the most represented plant families, while Cinnamomum verum, Rosmarinus vulgaris and Thymus vulgaris were the most studied species. South Africa was the most represented site of plant collection. Crude extraction in methanol was the most represented type of extraction and leaves were the main plant tissue investigated. Finally, Staphylococcus aureus was the most targeted pathogenic bacteria in these studies. We closely examine 70 prominent medicinal plant species from the 15 families most studied in the literature. Conclusion: This review depicts the current state of knowledge regarding antibacterials from plants and provides powerful recommendations for future research directions.

Preregistration of exploratory research: Learning from the golden age of discovery.

Preregistration of study protocols and, in particular, Registered Reports are novel publishing formats that are currently gaining substantial traction. Besides rating the research question and soundness of methodology over outstanding significance of the results, they can help with antagonizing inadequate statistical power, selective reporting of results, undisclosed analytic flexibility, as well as publication bias. Preregistration works well when a clear hypothesis, primary outcome, and mode of analysis can be formulated. But is it also applicable and useful in discovery research, which develops theories and hypotheses, measurement techniques, and generates evidence that justifies further research? I will argue that only slight modifications are needed to harness the potential of preregistration and make exploratory research more trustworthy and useful.

Social, Machiavellian and cultural cognition: A golden age of discovery in comparative and evolutionary psychology.

The years since the publication of Machiavellian Intelligence have witnessed a golden age in discoveries concerning social cognition in human and nonhuman primates and many other animal taxa too. Here, I briefly dissect some of the variants of the social intelligence hypotheses that have evolved in this time and offer a selective overview of the scientific discoveries in this field, particularly in primates, over the last 30 years. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

Another new organ! is this a golden age of discovery in anatomy?

Twice in fifteen months the popular press has published reports of the discovery of a new human organ. The claims that the mesentery and interstitium are organs come from medical practitioners, not from anatomical scientists. Although both of these anatomical entities are important in the functioning of the body, neither satisfies the requirements that an organ be composed of two or more tissues and perform a special function. Also missing in the recent claim that the interstitium, that is, connective tissues with fluid-filled spaces, is an organ, is a statement to that effect in the original research report. Alas, it appears to be much ado about nothing. Clin. Anat. 31:648-649, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Searching for New Antibiotics Right Under our Feet

The golden age of discovery of novel antibiotic classes started in the 1950s and lasted through the 1970s [1]. Since then there has been millions of metric tons of antibiotics produced. The advent of antibiotics has certainly benefited society in enumerable ways over the last several decades. However, Sir Alexander Fleming, who discovered the first antibiotic, was the first who cautioned about the potential resistance to penicillin if used inappropriately [2]. Most consider the over use and irresponsible use of antibiotics to have contributed to the significant increase in resistant strains of bacteria [3]. For example, methicillin was synthesized as the first semisynthetic penicillinase-resistant variant of pencillin in 1961 to fight the pencillinase producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Unfortunately, resistance was soon reported in strains of this bacterium [4]. Most funding for research in recent years has focused on the modification of the existing scaffolding to fight emerging and re-emerging pathogens [1]. Given the fact that new drug discovery has been rare, there is a real concern over the ever-increasing rate of drug resistant bacteria. In fact, most classes of antibiotics on the market were discovered in the so called golden age of drug discovery [5]. A January 2015 article in Nature, was the most recent to describe a new antibiotic over the last five years. The fact is that there is a limited arsenal of drugs to fight the ever-increasing numbers of multidrug resistant strains of bacteria [6]. Despite a focus on education with regard to proper use of antibiotics there has been an exponential increase in antibiotic resistance [7]. We actually see a difference in the rate of resistance between the developing world and developed world. A major reason is the fact that most of the antibiotics are now available without a prescription as over-the counter in developed nations [6]. Availability and inappropriate use is most certainly contributing to the global antibiotic resistance crisis.

How the Laser Launched Nonlinear Optics

If the laser was a solution, nonlinear optics was one of the problems it was seeking. Intense pulses of coherent, monochromatic light were just what was needed to produce nonlinear effects. Once physicists got their first lasers, nonlinear optics blossomed in a golden age of discovery.

Anticipating a new Golden Age

The standard model of fundamental interactions is remarkably successful, but it leaves an unfinished agenda. Several major questions seem ripe for exploration in the near future. I anticipate that the coming decade will be a Golden Age of discovery in fundamental physics.

ANTICIPATING A NEW GOLDEN AGE

The standard model of fundamental interactions is remarkably successful, but it leaves an unfinished agenda. Several major questions seem ripe for exploration in the near future. I anticipate that the coming decade will be a Golden Age of discovery in fundamental physics.

The early history of TGF-β, and a brief glimpse of its future

This brief review is a retrospective on the original discovery of TGF-b, and the development of the field of TGF-b research in its earliest years, before 1990. Although such a commentary might seem to be ancient history to some, perhaps a revisiting of the context of the original discovery of the molecule and of some of the original assumptions and conclusions, both correct and incorrect, that were made from 1980–1990 can still provide useful insights for the contemporary investigator at the laboratory bench. By the late 1970s and early 1980s, it had become apparent that the growth of normal cells is controlled largely by the interplay between several polypeptide hormones and hormone-like growth factors that are present in tissue fluids. This was a golden age of discovery in growth factor research. Many new polypeptide growth factors were being identified in blood, serum, tissue fluids, and cellular extracts. Moreover, it was known that malignant cells were not subject to all the same growth controls as were normal cells. In general, it had been shown that malignant cells required less of these exogenous growth factors than did their normal counterparts for optimal growth and multiplication in cell culture, and the Nobel laureate, Robert Holley, had suggested that ‘‘transformed or malignant cells escape from normal growth controls by requiring less of such hormones or growth factors’’ [1]. It was in this setting that a new hypothesis of ‘‘autocrine secretion’’ was formulated in 1980 [2]. This hypothesis suggested a new explanation for the mechanism whereby a polypeptide growth factor might cause the malignant transformation of cells. Specifically, the hypothesis sug-

An outside view of Radio Astronomy

Astronomy is in a golden age of discovery of the new, with a growing appreciation from astrophysics that physics has studied so far an almost insignificant fraction of reality. This golden age is enabled by technology, with next generation technologies approaching the Giga-euro/dollar investment level. This forces a strategic view of relative strengths in the past, and strategies for future developments. Some of these may transcend traditional wavelength classifications.

Golden age of insecticide research: past, present, or future?

Insecticide research led to the first "complete" victories in combatting pests almost 50 years ago with the chlorinated hydrocarbons followed quickly by the organophosphates, methylcarbamates, and pyrethroids--all neuroactive chemicals. This Golden Age of Discovery was the source of most of our current insecticides. The challenge then became health and the environment, a Golden Age met with selective and degradable compounds. Next the focus shifted to resistance, novel biochemical targets, and new chemical approaches for pest control. The current Golden Age of Genetic Engineering has curtailed, but is unlikely to eliminate, chemical use on major crops. Insecticide research, having passed through several Golden Ages, is now in a renaissance of integrating chemicals and biologicals for sustainable pest control with human safety.

My Fifty Years of Theoretical Chemistry, I: Chemical Kinetics

AbstractThe 1930's were the Golden Age of discovery; the 1980's are the Laser Age. Theoreticians used to solve practical problems; once again they are turning in that direction. Theoretical research led the way in the Golden Age. Although there has been great progress in the theory, we still have many of the same problems which were troublesome 50 years ago: We dont understand the semi‐empirical schemes (INDO, CNDO, MINDO, ) which are used to calculate the energy of organic molecules; and, the apriori calculation of reaction rates is still difficult. Many new theoretical techniques are being devised to respond to the fantastic precision of present experimental state‐to‐state chemistry!

The Mariner’s Sextant and the Royal Society

ONE would be hard pressed to name a device superior to the mariner’s sextant by which physical principles are better adapted to solve a relatively simple practical problem. The sextant, an instrument superbly elegant in its simplicity, designed merely to measure accurately the altitude of a heavenly body from a platform as unstable as the heaving deck of a ship at sea, is ideal for its purpose. The first part of this paper describes the principal altitude measuring devices employed during the Golden Age of Discoveries. It covers a period of about a quarter of a millennium from the time when Portuguese mariners under the sponsorship of Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) first struck out to navigate the open Atlantic, to the time when Robert Hooke (1635-1703), the eminent experimental philosopher of the seventeenth century, first described, in 1666, a reflecting instrument for measuring altitudes at sea.

Nautical Astronomy: Past, Present and Future

Chart, compass and log are the three fundamental instruments of navigation. It was not until mediaeval times, coinciding with the early development of these instruments, that navigation became scientific; and certain it is that without them the opening up of the oceans for exploration, as a preliminary to maritime trade, would have been delayed.The defects of ‘dead reckoning’ navigation, the process by which a vessel's position may be pricked on a chart from compass and log observations, were of little consequence to medieval navigators whose activities were confined to the Mediterranean Sea and the coastal waters of Atlantic Europe. But following the advent of the Golden Age of Discoveries initiated by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century, when western Europeans first struck out to cross the Atlantic, the pressing need for a reliable method of checking DR positions led to the rise of nautical astronomy. The practice of this art which is secondary to the primary navigational aim of finding the way embraces the traditional methods of mathematical astronomy for ascertaining latitude and longitude. A nautical astronomer requires skill, mathematical and scientific expertise and certain indispensable equipment. A chart for pricking position as a preliminary to setting or rectifying a course, mathematical and astronomical tables to facilitate computations and instruments for measuring respectively altitudes and times; these are the main tools of nautical astronomy.

A Centennial Tribute to Marcq St. Hilaire

Evidence exists which demonstrates that primitive attempts to employ astronomical principles for the purposes of navigation were made by Mediterranean seamen at least a thousand years before the beginning of the Christian Era. But the significant development of nautical astronomy as a science came about at the time when the Atlantic Ocean was being opened up by maritime explorers during the Golden Age of Discoveries, and the lead at the time was taken by the Portuguese under the sponsorship of Prince Henry the Navigator.

Some Problems of Central Asian Exploration

IDEEPLY appreciate the honour which the President and Council have conferred upon me in asking me to deliver the Asia Lecture for 1943, but it is with some hesitation that I have accepted an invitation which I have done so little to deserve. Five years have passed since I was last in this Hall and had the privilege of giving you an account of some explorations in the Oxus regions that lie close under the Roof of the World. I have spent most of the interval travelling in the interior of China on business more urgent than the study of ancient civilizations, without books or instruments or opportunities for scientific research. I must therefore ask your indulgence, if what I have to say about the raw material of the history of Asia contains too much wide generalization. The half century of Central Asian exploration which has just drawn to a close was a golden age of discovery. It will perhaps be known in the international vocabulary of science as the period of the Asienforscher, of great travellers, each of whom collected data belonging to the many different branches of learning which bear on the climate, physical geography, peoples, and history of the regions into which they penetrated. There were the Russians, Przhevalski and Kozlov; Hedin, the Swede, whose great volumes on the Tarim river and on the structure of Tibet provide much of the material with which we still debate about the desiccation of Asia; the French, under Pelliot, who secured a goodly share of the Tunhwang manuscripts for the College de France, long the fountain-head of higher linguistic criticism, inspired as it was by the genius of the late Monsieur Chavannes; the Germans, Richthofen, giant among geographers who have studied China, and Griinwedel and Le Coq, who brought back to Berlin an art gallery of Central Asian paintings; and the Americans, Pumpelly and Huntington, whose detailed fieldwork was mostly done in the taspian regions in the early years of this century. On the British side we may claim with pride one colossus of Central Asian exploration, Sir Aurel Stein, the grievous news of whose death reached us only a few weeks ago. His small and wiry figure has so often graced this