Gold Ink Research Articles

Using AuNPs-modified screen-printed electrode in the development of molecularly imprinted polymer for artificial bioreceptor fabrication to improve biosensor sensitivity for 17β-estradiol detection

In this work, we reported on the development of a sensor platform for the detection of 17β-Estradiol (E2). The artificial receptors for targets were fabricated on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-modified screen-printed carbon ink electrode. This is an applicable technical solution to overcome main limitations of current membrane molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) technology. The AuNPs layer will increase specific area of electrode, hence increasing number of imprinted analyte molecules to polymer membrane. Especially, the harmonic distribution of AuNPs on the electrode helps to generate a single oriented monomer layer on the electrode. In turn, this layer helps to generate a highly homogeneous membrane of polymer with thickness of only several single layers to easily remove imprinted molecules from polymer matrix to form highly specific cavities, thus increasing the efficiency of the fabrication of artificial MIP bioreceptors. Our fabricated sensors showed the capability of detection limit (LOD) of 2 fM. The sensor also demonstrated reduced cost (cost of carbon ink printed electrode but can use as gold ink printed electrode), detection platform simplicity, and high reproducibility.

AGAMA DAN POLITIK DALAM BINGKAI HISTORIS PERKEMBANGAN PEMIKIRAN ISLAM

The tug of war regarding the perception of Islam whether as a series of religious teachings or also at the same time a part of the state system that regulates the political power of the state has actually exposed the surface as a central issue since the end of the nineteenth century and entered the early twentieth century. This perception of Islam is very significant for the development of religious and political discourses which until now are still being discussed. From the discussion of this topic also was born a series of intellectual figures who had filled out the history sheet and carved gold ink through their ideas or concepts about religion and the state that reached the processor of our brain today. Through them we can transfer thoughts so that trans ideas occur. The discussion that is oriented towards Muslim intellectual thinking is very useful for us in order to reformulate our perceptions of religion and politics in order to be more applicable in Islamic and state-of-the-art insight.

Gold microneedles fabricated by casting of gold ink used for urea sensing

Here we present the simple and effective fabrication method of an array of gold microneedles (AuMNs) via the casting of conductive gold ink. To demonstrate the potential of MN arrays as electrochemical biosensors we functionalized AuMNs with an epoxy- and ferrocene-functional polymeric mediator and covalently immobilised urease. The performance of the MN array biosensor for urea detection was assessed in artificial interstitial fluid and epidermal/skin mimic, both spiked with urea. The analytical performance of MN biosensor shows that urea is detected in the range of 50–2500 µM, with a calculated limit of detection of 2.8 µM and sensitivity of 31 nA/mM. The results reveal that these MN-based biosensors may underpin the development of wearable real-time monitoring devices.

High-Performance Sub-Micrometer Channel WSe2 Field-Effect Transistors Prepared Using a Flood-Dike Printing Method.

Printing technology has potential to offer a cost-effective and scalable way to fabricate electronic devices based on two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). However, limited by the registration accuracy and resolution of printing, the previously reported printed TMDC field-effect transistors (FETs) have relatively long channel lengths (13-200 μm), thus suffering low current-driving capabilities (≤0.02 μA/μm). Here, we report a "flood-dike" self-aligned printing technique that allows the formation of source/drain metal contacts on TMDC materials with sub-micrometer channel lengths in a reliable way. This self-aligned printing technique involves three steps: (i) printing of gold ink on a WSe2 flake to form the first gold electrode, (ii) modifying the surface of the first gold electrode with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) to lower the surface tension and render the surface hydrophobic, and (iii) printing of gold ink close to the SAM-treated first electrode at a certain distance. During the third step, the gold ink would first spread toward the edge of the first electrode and then get stopped by the hydrophobic SAM coating, ending up forming a sub-micrometer channel. With this printing technique, we have successfully downscaled the channel length to ∼750 nm and achieved enhanced on-state current densities of ∼0.64 μA/μm (average) and high on/off current ratios of ∼3 × 105 (average). Furthermore, with our high-performance printed WSe2 FETs, driving capabilities for quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (LEDs), inorganic LEDs, and organic LEDs have been demonstrated, which reveals the potential of using printed TMDC electronics for display backplane applications.

Inkjet printing and nanoscale electrocrystallization: Complete fabrication of organic microcrystals-based devices under ambient conditions

We report the first successful attempt at complete device fabrication under ambient conditions using inkjet printing and nanoscale electrocrystallization. Three different electrode patterns—parallel-type, multiparallel, and multitip patterns—are prepared using inkjet patterning. The printed electrodes, which have gaps of ∼20μm, are produced using a material printer. Indium tin oxide and gold inks are used for printing, and the electrodes are printed on silicon and glass substrates. Next, using these printed electrodes, micro- or nanocrystals are synthesized through nanoscale electrocrystallization. Owing to the surface roughness of the electrodes, the manner of crystal growth is slightly different from that in the case of lithographically formed electrodes; however, the morphology of the grown crystals is similar. In addition, the nanocrystals-based bridge structure formed between the two electrodes by AC electrolysis is similar to that obtained using lithographically formed electrodes. Further, the two-terminal device shows ohmic characteristics, indicating that there is good contact between the electrode and obtained crystal.

Direct Aerosol Printing of Lithium-ion Batteries

Abstract Recently, additive manufacturing (AM) has brought new opportunities to the manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In this study, aerosol jet printing, as a branch of AM technologies was demonstrated to fabricate lithium-ion batteries for the first time. Printable inks of two pairs of active materials for cathode and anode were developed. The effect of ink composition on the printing characteristics was studied. The developed inks were printed into Li-ion battery electrodes with specific capacities comparable to conventional slurry cast electrodes. Next, to demonstrate fully-printed electrodes, gold and copper inks were printed on top of polymer substrates and thermal/flash sintered as the current collectors for cathode and anode.

All-inkjet-printed gold microelectrode arrays for extracellular recording of action potentials

Inkjet printing is an attractive method for cost-effective additive manufacturing of electronic devices. Especially for applications where disposable sensor systems are of interest, it is a promising tool since it enables the production of low-cost and flexible devices. In this work, we report the fabrication of a disposable microelectrode array (MEA) using solely inkjet printing technology. The MEAs were fabricated with two different functional inks, a self-made gold ink to print conductive feedlines and electrodes and a polymer-based ink to add a dielectric layer for insulation of the feedlines. We printed different MEA designs of up to 64 electrodes with a minimum lateral spacing of 200 μm and a minimum electrode diameter of ∼31 μm. As a proof-of-concept, extracellular recordings of action potentials from cardiomyocyte-like HL-1 cells were performed using the all-printed devices. Furthermore, we stimulated the cells during the recordings with noradrenaline, which led to an increase in the recorded beating frequency of the cells. The results demonstrate the feasibility of inkjet printing gold MEAs for cell-based bioelectronics.

The Price of Beauty: Differential Effects of Design Elements with and without Cost Implications in Nonprofit Donor Solicitations

Research on the optimization of donation solicitations has focused on language and content rather than appearance. The present work considers how a solicitation’s appearance influences donor response. The results indicate that potential donors make inferences about the soliciting organization based on the aesthetics of the solicitation materials. In general, highly aesthetic elements increase perceptions of organizational professionalism, which consequently leads to greater donations. However, aesthetic enhancement can backfire; when high levels of aesthetics with cost implications (e.g., embossed cardstock, gold ink) are combined with high levels of aesthetics without cost implications (e.g., attractive background, appealing font), perceptions of organizational wastefulness discourage donations. Thus, the most effective solicitation is not the most beautiful but rather one offering high levels of aesthetics without cost implications and low levels of aesthetics with cost implications. The studies demonstrate these effects in the field and in the lab and also identify moderators of the negative effect of aesthetics with cost implications on donations.

(Invited) Point-of-Care Diagnostics with Inkjet-Printed Microchips

Multi-layer inkjet printing is applied to prepare microchips that consist of up to eight three-electrode sensors comprising a carbon nanotube (CNT) working electrode, a silver/silver chloride quasi-reference electrode and a CNT counter electrode. Optionally, the sensors contain micro-wells to measure sample volumes as small as 50 µL. The implementation of inkjet printing allows the flexible design and highly reproducible fabrication of batches of various electrode shapes and dimensions. The usage of CNTs as stand-alone working electrodes results in electroanalytical sensors with reliable and superior electrochemical response compared to tested commercial carbon paste electrodes. The sensors can be used at least up to 20 times, e.g., based on an immunoassay based strategy, or in a disposable way, e.g., when measuring in complex matrices such as blood. A gold ink is applied as alternative working electrode material. The printed sensors can be used with compact multichannel potentiostats that are suitable for point-of-care diagnostics.

Fabrication of a Room Temperature Electrochemical Gas Sensor Using Paper Substrate

Recent increases in threats to public health, safety, and security have generated a need for more reliable and rapid detection of volatile and toxic gases. To achieve a reliable and versatile gas sensing system capable of being fabricated at the micro-scale a sensor with high selectivity, rapid response time, and low power requirements that is capable of being fabricated easily with low cost at the micro-scale is needed. A promising new approach to detecting gases is by electrochemical sensing using room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) as the sensing electrolyte. Electrochemical methods of detecting gases provide superior selectivity with low power consumption and have a wide range of gases that can be detected. RTILs are stable conductive ionic compounds which are liquid at room temperature but that also have extremely low vapor pressure, high thermal stability, and wide potential windows. These traits combined with the capability of room temperature operation gives RTIL sensors a distinct edge over traditional heated gas sensing technology. Combining this fundamental sensor structure with electrochemical measurement techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and amperometry allows for simple and reliable detection of a variety of gases. The hurdle of delayed response of RTIL sensors due to diffusion of the target gas is overcome by ink jet printing the circuitry, electrodes and the RTIL on high temperature resistant, flame resistant paper. The added benefits of using the fabrication method of ink jet printing are reduced cost and in situ fabrication. Printing on paper reduces cost and adds flexibility and durability to open up this versatile sensor to applications such as wearable sensors as an early warning system for areas where hazardous gases can cause serious injury or even death and further incorporation of sensors in transit security, for instance by embedding them in luggage tags. This research presents a room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) gas sensors printed with on flexible and low cost heat resistant paper substrate. The electrodes are ink jet printed using both indium tin oxide and gold ink separately to achieve the optimum design for reliability, speed, precision, selectivity, size and cost. The fabrication process for a 1mm x 1mm RTIL gas sensor is presented with the measured responses to methane and ammonia. This flexible, inexpensive, and wearable sensor structure allows for widespread deployment of gas sensing technology in security sensitive or crowded public, government, and transit areas.

‫الإسلامية‬ ‫الحضارة‬ ‫صياغ‬ ‫في‬ ‫ودورها‬ ‫العربية‬ ‫اللغة‬

Language is a communication tool that is used by every human being to convey a particular purpose. Every human group has a different language to another. Language differences may occur in intonation, term and writing. Therefore language is very important in human life, even very influential in human civilization. Especially Arabic, Allah has determined that language is the language of revelation in which the truth was taken for granted through the boundaries of space and time. In human civilization, Arabic has a very important history. Arabic is a very old language, which has been used since man was created. Arabic is currently considered important by the world and made one of the languages of the United Nations. Furthermore, the advance of Islamic civilization has been greatly influenced by Arabic. In fact, Western Civilization has been able to develop due attention to the Arabic language. From that perspective, this article attempts to expound the role of Arabic language in the formation of Islamic civilization. In the context of civilization, understanding Arabic and mastering its use, either actively or passively, is a key condition to understanding the beauty and glory of civilization. History has recorded with gold ink, civilization based product revelation of various dimensions, spiritual, intellectual, and emotional. Thus, the duty of Muslims as perpetrators and manufacturer of Islamic civilization is to carefully read and explain continuously the great Islamic civilization.

Nanotransfer printing of gold disk, ring and crescent arrays and their IR range optical properties

We demonstrate a facile method to fabricate gold plasmonic microstructures based on the combination of colloidal lithography and a nanotransfer printing method. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) PDMS hemisphere arrays were fabricated through colloidal lithography and used as a “stamp” for the nanotransfer printing. Three kinds of plasmonic microstructures, gold disk, ring and crescent arrays, were fabricated by transferring gold “ink” onto the PDMS stamp, then to the substrate based on covalent “glue”. By adjusting the pressure applied during the printing process, the diameter of the as-prepared gold disks and gold rings can be precisely controlled, and these plasmonic arrays all exhibited significant diameter dependent LSPR properties in the NIR or Mid-IR range. In addition, by obliquely depositing gold ink onto the PDMS stamp, a gold crescent array with asymmetrical geometry was also prepared on the substrate. Owing to the asymmetric structure of the gold crescents, the gold crescent array showed significant polarization dependent LSPR properties in the Mid-IR range. We believe that these as-prepared gold plasmonic microstructures could show promising potential for application as real-time, label-free plasmonic sensing platforms in the IR range.

Analysis of the Color Performance of Gold and Silver Foil Paper

The study on the method of the color measurement of gold and silver foil paper is important to control color quality in the printing industry. The methods used in the experiments were to study the role of the gold tone and silver tone by studying the influence of gold tone and silver tone with different content on the chromatic value of normal color ink with different tone and different saturation. In the experiments, chromatic value of SPIN and SPEX respectively in the diffuse light conditions of color measurement could represent the chromatic value of the ink containing gold or silver ink. Then the difference of L values between SPIN and SPEX was defined as lightness difference. The ratio of the difference of saturation between SPIN and SPEX to their sum was defined as saturation ratio. Therefore, the Correlation Properties between lightness difference and saturation ratio was quantified. The result shows that with the quantity of gold and silver ink increasing, saturation ratio has linear relation with lightness difference for the same color. Similarly, with the saturation of normal ink colors increasing, saturation ratio has linear relation with lightness difference for a series of colors containing the same quantity of gold and silver ink .

KONSEP PENDIDIKAN ISLAM MASA RASULULLAH DAN SAHABA

Education is something that is essential for human life. Because of the importance of education, Islamic education puts a high position. This can be seen in the Qur'an and Hadith that explains a lot about education. This paper describes the intricacies of the concept of education at the time of the Prophet and his best friend. Prophet as uswatun hasanah for Muslims, of course, has a lot of incised gold ink on education. Similarly, the friends that are the best ummah after the Prophet, had left the pillars of Islamic education that is worth for us to learn and apply in life. As the next generation of the Islamic caliphate, Muslims today should always explore the relics of the education system and the time of the Prophet Sahat. In this way, the Islamic education in the present and future will remain victorious.

Spectroscopic analysis of pigments and inks in manuscripts: I. Byzantine and post-Byzantine manuscripts (10–18th century)

Pigments and inks used in six Byzantine manuscripts (covering the period from 10th to 15th century) and one 18th century post-Byzantine manuscript have been analyzed, using micro-Raman spectroscopy, ATR-FT-infrared spectroscopy and SEM–EDS. Micro-Raman spectroscopy allowed fast and in situ analysis of majority of pigments and inks used, except for the purple-red organic pigment, brown-purple ink and metallic pigments (silver and gold). The nature of the organic purple-red pigment and organic purple ink was revealed applying ATR-FTIR. In the analysis of the metallic pigment (silver and gold) as well as additional technique in characterizing organic purple-red dye and ink, SEM–EDS was used.Varieties of inks were used in the manuscripts. Gold and silver inks were used for capital letters and for emphasizing certain paragraphs. Red ink was identified as madder in illuminated manuscripts and as vermilion in simple texts. Gall ink was identified as black-brown ink in most of the manuscripts. In 18th century manuscript logwood was identified while in the 12th century manuscript, goethite was used as ink.The analysis of the pigments and inks revealed that over the course of 5 centuries, the pigments used for decoration in Byzantine manuscripts remained similar and traditional (mineral and organic), with pronounced variations in the 18th century post-Byzantine manuscript.

曼荼羅と経典の金銀泥表現

曼荼羅と経典の金銀泥表現

Fabrication of soft gold microelectrode arrays as probes for scanning electrochemical microscopy

Soft linear gold microelectrode arrays for high throughput scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) imaging were fabricated using the Aerosol Jet® printing technology. Nanoparticulate gold ink was printed on polyimide Kapton HN® thin films. After sintering, a 200 nm thick Parylene C coating was deposited to cover and seal the gold tracks. A cross-section of the array of microelectrodes was exposed by laser cutting using an ArF excimer laser beam directed onto a metallic mask. Cyclic voltammograms, approach curves and SECM images in feedback mode demonstrate the capability of the arrays as SECM probes. Reactivity imaging of a platinum band structure on glass was performed with Parylene C coating facing the substrate providing an almost constant working distance. The softness of the array leads to a bending and allows scanning in contact mode like brushing the sample surface. For hard surfaces such as array electrode structures and similar materials, this occurs without detectable damage to the sample.

Investigation of Gold Nanoparticle Inks for Low-Temperature Lead-Free Packaging Technology

Gold nanoparticle inks were investigated as a potential candidate for lead-free packaging applications. Inks consisted of surfactant-passivated nanoparticles dissolved in a solvent. Optimized gold inks are able to sinter at temperatures as low as 120°C and achieve conductivities of up to 70% of bulk. Once sintered, the metallic structure reverts to bulk-like properties and approaches bulk reliability and performance. Thus nanoparticle-based solders would operate at much lower homologous temperatures as compared with alloy-based solders. Nanoparticle inks under investigation were sintered at 180°C. The resulting material exhibited a resistivity of 5 μΩ cm, which is significantly lower than those of Pb-Sn and Sn-Ag-Cu. Electromigration studies were carried out and time to failure was investigated as a function of temperature. Electromigration activation energy was calculated through Black’s equation to be 0.52 eV, which is consistent with surface/grain boundary diffusion. These studies suggest that nanoparticle-ink-based films show excellent robustness, due to their irreversible conversion to bulk-like materials. Nanoparticle inks are thus promising candidates for next-generation lead-free solders.

INX International customers enjoy Gold Ink Awards success

INX International customers enjoy Gold Ink Awards success

Detection of proteins on blot transfer membranes.

Staining of blot transfer membranes permits visualization of proteins and allows the extent of transfer to be monitored. In the protocols described in this unit, proteins are stained after electroblotting from one-dimensional or two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels to blot membranes such as polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), nitrocellulose, or nylon membranes. Protocols are provided for the use of six general protein stains: Amido black, Coomassie blue, Ponceau S, colloidal gold, colloidal silver, and India ink. In addition, the fluorescent stains fluorescamine and IAEDANS, which covalently react with bound proteins, are described. Approximate detection limits for each nonfluorescent stain are indicated along with membrane compatibilities.