Goeldi's Monkey Research Articles

Radiographic evaluation of neonatal skeletal development inCallimico goeldiireveals closer similarity toCallithrix jacchusthan toSaguinus oedipus

The phylogenetic affinities of the neotropical Goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldii) have long been a matter of debate. Whereas most morphological evidence appears to place Callimico in a sister group position relative to the Callitrichidae, genetic studies place C. goeldii within the Callitrichidae and suggest that it is more closely related to marmosets than to tamarins. The present study presents the first radiographic analysis comparing the secondary limb bone ossification of newborn C. goeldii with representatives of the marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). The state of secondary ossification of the epiphysis and short bones is classified into three different ontogenetic stages. Our results reveal that in terms of the number of ossification centers, C. goeldii is significantly closer to C. jacchus than to S. oedipus. This is the first morphological study to support the findings of molecular studies, and the results suggest that C. goeldii is more closely related to marmosets than to tamarins.

Composition and Nutritional Characteristics of Fungi Consumed by Callimico goeldii in Pando, Bolivia

Though ≥22 species of Primates consume fungi, most do so at low rates, comprising <5% of their feeding time. Goeldi's monkeys (Callimico goeldii), spend up to 29% of their feeding time year-round consuming fungal sporocarps, the fruiting bodies of fungi. We provide comprehensive data on the nutritional characteristics of 4 species of fungi consumed by Callimico goeldii (Ascopolyporus polyporoides, Ascopolyporus polychrous, Auricularia auricula, and Auricularia delicata). The composition of the fungi is similar to that of other fungi: predominantly fiber (66.2–83.0% dry matter) with small amounts of sugar (2.0–5.6% dry matter) and crude fat (0.9–1.6% dry matter). Though the crude protein content is substantial (5.5–13.4% dry matter), much of the nitrogen in the fungi is not likely to be available to Callimico goeldii because it is associated with indigestible food components or is in nonprotein form. The mineral content of the fungi are within the normal range for fungi generally and the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio is low (0.07–0.25). Fungi appear to be a low-quality food resource for Callimico goeldii and may contribute to their relatively large home ranges and low population density compared to other Callitrichinae. Research on the ability of Callimico goeldii to digest fungi is needed to understand fully the nutritional value of fungi to them. We discuss adaptations Callimico goeldii may have for improving their ability to obtain nutrients from fungi and potential ecological correlates of mycophagy.

A mixed-species exhibit for Goeldi's monkeys and Pygmy marmosetsCallimico goeldiiandCallithrix pygmaeaat Edinburgh Zoo

Primates are often considered problematic to house in mixed-species exhibits. Here, a successful exhibit for Goeldi's monkeys Callimico goeldii and Pygmy marmosets Callithrix (Cebuella) pygmaea is described. These species are sympatric in nature, although there has been no evidence of interspecific association between wild groups. Both species are arboreal but they diverge in significant ways in their ecological niches. Data were collected to determine the compatibility of these species and to examine how the enclosure space was utilized. Interactions mainly comprised C. goeldii approaching C. pygmaea and the latter reacting submissively. Callimico goeldii and C. pygmaea utilized the enclosure space (height and furnishings) differently from each other but in a similar way to that described for each species in the wild. This factor may contribute to the peaceful co-existence of C. goeldii and C. pygmaea in a mixed-species exhibit at Edinburgh Zoo.

Goeldi's monkeys: A primate paradox?

Abstract“A primate with the skull of a Callicebus, the mandible and feet of a marmoset and the tail and teeth of Pseudocebus [=Cebus] ….” (Riberio, 1941 as cited in Hershkovitz1 p. 866). Goeldi's monkeys are the least understood species of platyrrhine. The monkeys' small body size, black coloration, tendency to forage in the low forest understory, and cryptic nature, make them difficult to observe in the wild. Until recently, they had never been the focus of a long‐term field study and as a result, little was known of the monkeys' behavior and ecology. Goeldi's monkeys comprise only one recognized species, Callimico goeldii, and have an unusual suite of anatomical and reproductive traits. These traits have created considerable confusion for taxonomists and physical anthropologists.

Mothers, not fathers, determine the delayed onset of male carrying in Goeldi's monkey ( Callimico goeldii)

In biparental species, females are thought to accept and even to seek male assistance in rearing of the young. In this study, we present data that suggests that Goeldi's monkey females ( Callimico goeldii) actually reject male parental care for a certain period. In Callimico, which have biparental care, mothers carry the infant exclusively for the first three weeks despite the fact that fathers are interested in their infants directly after birth. Fathers initiated significantly more body contact with their mates when newborn infants were present and retrieved one-day-old infants that were experimentally presented to them. The onset of paternal carrying in our colony was 27.5 days compared to 11.5 days (medians) observed in the field. However, presentation of a live potential predator induced earlier onset of paternal carrying by about 10 days. Additional costs to maternal carrying such as foraging and predator avoidance are likely factors influencing the decision of the mother as to when to share the cost of infant carrying with the father. We conclude that Goeldi's monkey fathers start carrying their infants so late because they do not get them earlier from the mother. We suggest that one ultimate explanation for that delay might be increased infant mortality when infant transfer starts at an earlier stage.

Basal rate of metabolism and temperature regulation in Goeldi's monkey ( Callimico goeldii)

Basal rate of metabolism (BMR) and temperature regulation are described for Goeldi's monkey ( Callimico goeldii), a threatened New World primate species of the family Callitrichidae. Measurements were conducted on sleeping individuals during the night, using a special nestbox designed to serve as a respirometry chamber, such that test animals remained undisturbed in their customary surroundings. Oxygen consumption was measured at ambient temperatures between 17.5 and 32 °C for 10 individuals with an average body mass of 557 g. Average BMR was 278±41 ml O 2 h −1, which is lower than the value predicted on the basis of body mass. Individual differences in BMR were significant even when body mass was accounted for. Body temperature was measured in five individuals below thermoneutrality and averaged 36±0.3 °C. The corresponding thermal conductance averaged 29.3±2.2 ml O 2 h −1 °C −1, which is similar to the expected value. The metabolic and thermoregulatory patterns observed in C. goeldii resemble those of the closely related marmosets and tamarins. Low BMR is presumably associated with limited access to energy resources and may be directly linked with phylogenetic dwarfing in the family Callitrichidae.

Mycophagy among Primates

The majority of the 22 primate species known to eat fungi spend less than 5% of their feeding time doing so. The Goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldii), a small South American primate, devotes up to 63% of its feeding time to the consumption of Auricularia auricula, A. mesenterica, Ascopolyporus polyporoides and A. polychrous. This may be as much as 6.1kg/animal/year of fresh weight of fungus consumed by an animal weighing half a kilogram; in comparison, the average person in the U.S.A. consumes 1.9 kg/person/year of fresh weight of mushrooms. The nutritional benefits of mycophagy appear to be relatively few, but need to be investigated further. Mycophagy by Goeldi's monkeys may be a strategy for reducing feeding competition during the dry season and likely affects the monkeys' home range size and distribution pattern.

Bio-behavioral description of social and reproductive relationships in captive Goeldi's monkeys

We report on a captive study that provides strong evidence for a monogamous reproductive system in unrelated Goeldi’s monkeys in social groups that were compatible with any reproductive system. The study design allowed us to tease apart the relative and interdependent contributions of intra- and intersexual relationships to the emergent reproductive system, made possible by previous studies of behavior, endocrinology, and genetics in this species.

Reproduction and development in Goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldii)

Reproduction and development in Goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldii)

The nature of relationships among founders in the captive population of Goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldii)

Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and ReviewsVolume 11, Issue S1 p. 155-158 Research Article The nature of relationships among founders in the captive population of Goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldii) Krisztina Vàsàrhelyi, Krisztina Vàsàrhelyi vsk@unife.it Krisztina Vàsàrhelyi is at the Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.Search for more papers by this author Krisztina Vàsàrhelyi, Krisztina Vàsàrhelyi vsk@unife.it Krisztina Vàsàrhelyi is at the Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.Search for more papers by this author First published: 07 January 2003 https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.10080Citations: 5 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume11, IssueS12002Pages 155-158 RelatedInformation

Prolactin and paternal care: comparison of three species of monogamous new world monkeys (Callicebus cupreus, Callithrix jacchus, and Callimico goeldii).

The authors explored whether prolactin is associated with paternal care in 3 monkey species: titi monkey (Callicebus cupreus), common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), and Goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldii). They compared prolactin levels in fathers before and after infant birth as well as between fathers and nonfathers. C. cupreus fathers carry infants almost exclusively, have higher prolactin levels than nonfathers, but show no prolactin increase after infant birth. C. goeldii fathers carry infants only after 3 weeks, show an increase in prolactin levels during the precarrying period, but do not have higher levels than nonfathers. C jacchus fathers are the primary carriers, have higher prolactin levels than nonfathers, and show a trend for a prolactin increase after the birth of infants. In conclusion, species differences in the patterns of prolactin secretion were evident and reflect the different paternal roles.

Infant carrying in family groups of goeldi's monkeys (Callimico goeldii).

Goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldii) is closely related to marmosets and tamarins. Like marmosets and tamarins, C. goeldii lives in family groups, and fathers and older offspring (helpers) participate in infant carrying. In contrast to the typical twin births in marmosets and tamarins, C. goeldii has only single offspring, and paternal carrying is delayed. We studied infant carrying following 26 births in eight groups of C. goeldii, testing hypotheses proposed in the literature on infant carrying in marmosets and tamarins. The infant was carried exclusively by the mother for the first 26.3 days after birth. Afterwards other group members participated in infant carrying. Whereas the C. goeldii mother is always the main carrier, the father does not always carry more than helpers. In contrast to other callitrichids, age and sex of sibling helpers was not found to have an effect on the participation in infant carrying. The participation in infant carrying in Callimico indicated intraindividual consistency, i.e., the amount of infant carrying performed by fathers and helpers following one birth correlated significantly with the amount of infant carrying of the same individuals following the next birth. We found a significant negative correlation between parental infant carrying and group size, indicating that helpers really do help, sharing the carrying burden with their parents. This is attributed to a clear trend for a reduction in maternal carrying in the presence of helpers, whereas fathers did not benefit from helpers. We conclude that the infant-carrying pattern in C. goeldii is different from the infant-carrying pattern in marmosets and tamarins. The main differences were that the mother instead of the father is the main carrier, and that there is a clear time delay between infant birth and when the father and helpers participate in infant carrying.

Sounds of Neotropical Rainforest Mammals: An Audio Field Guide

L. H. Emmons, B. M. Whitney, D. L. Ross Jr. 1998. Sounds of Neotropical Rainforest Mammals: An Audio Field Guide. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. ISBN 0-938-02740-9, price $24.95. This compact disc set will be useful to anyone conducting field research in the Neotropics. Tropical forest mammals are more often seen than heard, and their sounds are often difficult to discern from the cacophony of sounds in a tropical forest, especially for the untrained ear. These recordings will aid both researchers and naturalists alike, whether they are experienced or not, to identify mammalian sounds of the Neotropical rainforest. The 2 compact disc set contains recordings of 109 species and subspecies of mammals: 55 nonprimates and 54 primates. These are arranged into broad taxonomic classes, which themselves are not in strict taxonomic order but are in a logical order nonetheless. Compact disc 1 (CD 1) consists of nonprimate mammals, including marsupials (number of species and subspecies recorded = 1), anteaters (3), armadillos (1), bats (3), canids (2), procyonids (6), mustelids (3), felids (3), dolphins (1), tapirs (1), peccaries (2), deer (2), manatees (2), squirrels (11), murid rodents (4), porcupines (1), capybaras (1), agoutis (2), pacas (1), and echimyid rodents (5). Compact disc 2 (CD 2) is dedicated entirely to primates and includes calls of marmosets, including Cebuella (1) and Callathrix (5); tamarins ( Saguinus ), which are divided into the saddleback group (3), the mustached group (4), and the bare-faced group (4); lion tamarins (3); Goeldi's monkeys (1); …

A review of hand-reared Goeldi's monkey

Since 1977 a breeding group of Goeldi's monkey Callimico goeldii has been maintained at Brookfield Zoo. Between 1977 and 1997 there were 291 births of which 78 infants did not survive. Ninety per cent of the surviving infants have been parent-reared and hand-rearing is only carried out after maternal illness or rejection, or if injuries or other problems affect the infants. At Brookfield Zoo successful hand-rearing of Goeldi's monkey began in about 1979 and has been attempted for 66 (36.30) infants, 20 (10.10) of which survived and 46 (26.20) which did not. Changes to the hand-rearing procedures first outlined in 1982 are described and data are presented on birth mass and patterns of mass gain for successfully hand-reared infants. The circumstances relating to infants that did not survive hand-rearing are also documented.

The Place of Callimico Goeldii in the Callitrichine Phylogenetic Tree: Evidence from von Willebrand Factor Gene Intron II Sequences

Sequences of a 0.9-kb DNA segment spanning intron 11 of the von Willebrand Factor gene (vWF) were determined for 21 individuals of 19 primate species. The results of maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of these vWF sequences are congruent with previous molecular findings from other nonlinked nuclear genomic loci which divide the platyrrhine superfamily Ceboidea into three monophyletic families: Cebidae, Atelidae, and Pitheciidae. The vWF results strongly support the taxon Callitrichinae as a monophyletic subfamily within Cebidae. The four extant callitrichine genera constitute tribe Callitrichini, and the basal branchings within this tribe first separate out Saguinus (tamarins), next Leontopithecus (lion tamarins), and last the sister genera Callimico (Goeldi's monkeys) and Callithrix (marmosets). Callithrix divides into three subclades, with pygmy marmosets (C. pygmaea) as sister of the C. argentata species group and with the C. jacchus species group as their sister. Fossil and DNA evidence place the emergence of the callitrichine clade in the basal cebid radiation at about 20 Ma (million years ago) and the three basal branchings in the callitrichin radiation at about 13 to 11 Ma. In turn, the branchings separating the three subclades of Callithrix are placed at about 5 to 4 Ma.

Hand specialization, sympatry, and mixed-species associations in callitrichines

Hand morphology in callitrichines (i.e., tamarins, marmosets, and Goeldi's monkey) is correlated with positional and foraging behaviors. This study examines hand shape in callitrichines using an allometric approach. It addresses a series of questions relating hand anatomy, insect foraging behavior, and resource partitioning in callitrichines. The main questions are: 1. Do the hands ofLeontopithecusdiffer in shape from all other callitrichine taxa allowing it to perform highly manipulative prey foraging behaviors? 2. Are the hands ofSaguinus fuscicollisadapted to manipulative foraging, and are they functionally similar toLeontopithecus’ hands? 3. Is hand morphology inS. fuscicollismore similar to the hand morphology of sympatric tamarin species with whom it does not form mixed species troops (S. nigricollisandS. tripartitus) than to those sympatric tamarin species with whom it does form mixed troops (S. mystax, S. labiatus, andS. imperator)? Measurements of hand length (HL), width (HW), and thickness (HT) were taken from 1350 museum specimens of callitrichines (Callithrix, Cebuella, Leontopithecus, Saguinus, andCallimico), squirrel monkeys (Saimiri), and owl monkeys (Aotus). The analysis indicates that hand shape covaries with foraging strategy. Specifically, the hands ofLeontopithecusare adapted for manipulative foraging and are relatively longer and more slender than the hands of other callitrichines. A similar pattern is observed in the hands ofS. fuscicollis, S. tripartitusandS. nigricollis. These latter species, however, differ significantly in shape from all other tamarin species. Large differences in hand morphology are observed among tamarin species that form mixed-species troops. These anatomical differences may permit resource partitioning and coexistence among these closely related taxa. Hand shape, expressed as log HLGM (logged hand length divided by the geometric mean of all measurements), is a good predictor of manipulative and non-manipulative prey foraging techniques employed by callitrichines.

Vitamin D metabolites 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D and kidney function indices and the relationship to diet in Goeldi's monkeys (Callimico goeldii)

In Brookfield Zoo's Goeldi's monkey colony, a large number of deaths related to renal disease has been documented. Review of post-mortem results from Goeldi's monkeys in the past 20 years revealed that in deaths of animals over 18 months of age, renal disease was a primary pathologic diagnosis. Although the nutrient requirements of Goeldi's monkeys have not been described, these primates have been fed a diet containing a commercial marmoset diet that contained vitamin D3 at concentrations approximately seven times that of the traditional canned primate diet. The purpose of this study was to examine the vitamin D status of these animals and, if possible, link it with indices of kidney function. Samples were collected from 56 animals ranging from 18 months to 16 years of age. These samples were analyzed for blood urea nitrogen (BUN):creatinine ratio, BUN, creatinine, hemoglobin, hematocrit, sodium, uric acid, calcium, phosphorus, bilirubin, protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, chloride, and vitamin D metabolites; 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D. Blood values showed some significant differences among animals. Many of the differences were linked with age and gender. Males had higher BUN than females and the ratios of BUN to creatinine were higher than in females. This points to a potentially greater problem in males with respect to kidney function. The youngest animals had higher 25(OH)D than older animals and females had higher 1,25(OH2)D than males. The absolute levels of vitamin D metabolites were lower than those previously reported for Callitrichids. Conclusions were that 1) this Goeldi's monkey population had kidney dysfunction to some level, especially in males, 2) vitamin D metabolites normally found in Goeldi's monkeys were lower than other New World monkeys, 3) although dietary vitamin D did not cause the renal problems, the renal dysfunction may have influenced the vitamin D metabolites. Zoo Biol 18:565–574, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Hormonal monitoring of age at sexual maturation in female Goeldi's monkeys (Callimico goeldii) in their family groups

The aim of this study was to determine whether or not sexual maturation is attained in the family group in captive-born Goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldii) and if so, at what age and body weight. To monitor ovarian activity in 14 female Goeldi's monkeys, urinary content of pregnanediol-3alpha-glucuronide (PdG) was determined using radioimmunoassay. Urinary samples were collected between the ages of 6 and 70 weeks. Subjects became sexually mature while still housed in their family groups, at a median age of 57 weeks (48-< 70 weeks). Median body weight at the age of sexual maturity was 473 g (N=10; 420-543 g). This corresponded to 90% of the median non-pregnant body weight of breeding females in our colony (526 g, N=8). Therefore, Goeldi's monkey is similar to Leontopithecus but different from Cebuella, Callithrix, and Saguinus, in terms of daughters ovulating in the family group and at a relatively young age.

Vitamin D metabolites 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D and kidney function indices and the relationship to diet in Goeldi's monkeys (Callimico goeldii)

Vitamin D metabolites 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D and kidney function indices and the relationship to diet in Goeldi's monkeys (Callimico goeldii)

Physiological Responses to parental separation and a strange situation are related to parental care received in juvenile Goeldi's monkeys (Callimico goeldii).

The relationship between parental care received and physiological and behavioral responses to parental separation, isolation, and reunion was investigated in seven juvenile Goeldi's monkey living in their family groups. Physiological responses were measured non-invasively: the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis via urinary cortisol output and the autonomic nervous system via piloerection on the tail. Parent-infant aggression demonstrated high intergroup variation and predicted: (a) an increase in urinary cortisol output, r(s) = 0.86, p = 0.04, and duration of piloerection, r(s) = 0.71, p = 0.08, at initial separation-isolation; (b) adaptation of piloerection, r(s) = -0.89, p = 0.03, to repeated separation-isolation. Juvenile Goeldi's monkeys that had received high parental aggression were more physiologically responsive to separation; they also sought more contact with their mothers at reunion, rs = 0.93, p = 0.02. We propose that these data are consistent with the hypothesis that high emotional reactivity is related to insecure attachment to aggressive parents in this New world primate.