Mango Research Articles

Exploring differences in the physicochemical and nutritional properties of mango flours and starches

Mangoes contain several components that are beneficial for health, in addition to being potential sources of starch for the food industry. However, a substantial amount of fruit is lost in the field because it does not meet commercial standards, resulting in food losses and environmental damage. Herein, the physicochemical properties of mango flours and starches obtained from different parts of the fruit of two cultivars were evaluated. Mango peel flours have higher levels of proteins, fibers, minerals, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and antioxidant activity than pulp flours, in addition to a higher yellowing index and water and oil-holding capacity, and can be used as a functional flour. The pulp flours, with the higher starch content, showed characteristics that make them valuable as a potential ingredient in soft baking and gluten-free products. Mango starches have circular and oval shapes, with a bimodal distribution. All starches showed an A-type crystallinity pattern. Pulp starches showed a higher peak viscosity and breakdown, with a lower setback, and can be used as a thickening or gelling agent. The higher thermal stability of kernel starch suggests its application in sauces, baking, dairy products, and canned foods.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Extract and Bioaccessible Fraction of Mango Peel in Muffins.

Mango peel is a production waste and can cause environmental problems, but its nutritional value consists of bioactive compounds that could be beneficial for human health. The aim of this study is to determine the bioactive compounds, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of mango peels and their use in muffins. The content of polyphenols, carotenoids and total phenols as well as the antioxidant activity of mango peel extract were evaluated. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was investigated using Caco-2 cell assay. The mango peel powder was then incorporated into muffin formulations. The sensory properties of these fortified muffins were evaluated. The total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory properties of the muffin extracts and their bioaccessible fractions were also analysed. The mango peel contained quercetin, phenolic compounds, α-carotene, β-carotene and lutein, which have antioxidant potential. In Caco-2 cells exposed to induced inflammation, the mango peel powder extract (γ=10, 50 and 100 µg/mL) attenuated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), while maintaining cell viability. Muffins supplemented with 5 % mango peel powder showed good sensory properties, but not as good as those of plain muffins without mango peel powder. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activities in both the extract and the bioaccessible fraction of the supplemented muffins were higher than those observed in the standard muffins. Moreover, the extract and bioaccessible fraction of the supplemented muffins resulted in a higher reduction of ROS, IL-8 and TNF-α production in Caco-2 cells than those obtained from the standard muffins. This study is the first to investigate the protective effects of mango peel and muffins supplemented with mango peel powder against IL-1β-induced oxidative damage in Caco-2 cells. The results confirm that both mango peel and the supplemented muffins inhibited the production of inflammatory markers, including ROS and cytokines. These findings suggest that mango peel could be a valuable component of functional food formulations including dietary supplements.

Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Reveal the Antioxidant Potential of Mangiferin from Mango Peel

Background: As one of the main by-products of mango production, the mango peel is rich in multiple polyphenols, such as mangiferin. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore the potential mechanism of mangiferin for nutrition intervention of oxidative stress-related diseases. Methods: Mangiferin was extracted and purified from the mango peel and was identified by the reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The antioxidant potential of mangiferin was determined in vitro (potassium ferricyanide reducing capacity, DPPH, hydroxyl radicals scavenging ability, and superoxide anion radicals reducing capacity). In order to explore the potential mechanism for the antioxidant activity of mangiferin, a combination of network pharmacology and molecular docking approaches was performed. Results: The purity of mangiferin from the mango peel was ≥ 95.0%, and its antioxidant activity was confirmed by different in vitro assays. ALB, ESR1, CASP8, CASP3, BCL2L1, CXCL8, AKT1, CTNNB, and EGFR were identified as the potential oxidative stress-related targets of mangiferin. These results suggested that mangiferin might play a key role in the antioxidant process through multi-targets. Conclusion: Integrated with network pharmacology and molecular docking methods, this work demonstrated the potential mechanism of mangiferin for nutrition intervention of oxidative stress-related diseases.

Experimental Analysis of Anaerobic Co-digestion: Potential of Fruit Wastes

This study focuses on converting fruit waste into usable clean energy by an innovative, cost-effective anaerobic biodigester. The biodigester is designed to anaerobically digest various fruit wastes and starter inoculums of cow dung that are locally obtained. A batch vertical digester of 1000 liters capacity built of fiber with a phonematic agitator positioned in the center is used to improve mixing. The retention time is 30 days with a substrate of banana peels co-digested with mango and papaya peels individually in the ratio of 50:50. The combined wastes generated the biogas and the total quantity of biogas generated for all combined wastes over 21 days varies between 530L/day and 480L/day respectively. In this work, banana and mango peel (waste/water) split 50:50 gives a peak yield of 530L/day. The average ambient temperatures are kept in the range of 25°C to 35°C (i.e., mesophilic range). The pH range of 6.4 to 7.8 is consistently maintained and seems to be stable. Therefore, this proposed anaerobic digester would reduce the disposal of solid waste, and it is cost-effective. After cleaning, it is observed that the combined peels of bananas and papaya contained 91.95% of the estimated biogas and methane, which can be used to solve energy issues such as electricity production and cooking purposes.

Mango (Mangifera indica) seeds and peel-derived hydrocolloids: Gelling ability and emulsion stabilization

Mango is a tropical fruit that is consumed worldwide and is distinguished by its sweet and juicy flesh. Unfortunately, the peels and seeds of mango fruit are often discarded despite the fact that they contain compounds that can be valorized for certain applications. In this study, a physicochemical and hydrodynamic characterization of hydrocolloids extracted from the peel and seeds of mango fruit was performed and the impact on the microstructure and rheological behavior of derived gels, as well as the ability to form emulsions, were analyzed. The physicochemical parameters and proximate compositions of the different samples showed that the hydrocolloids extracted from the seeds are rich in proteins whereas those from the peel are rich in carbohydrates. The molecular weights calculated from the hydrodynamic characterization (Mv) are 101515 g/mol and 102,580 g/mol for hydrocolloids extracted from the peel and seeds, respectively. Dispersions of these hydrocolloids in water produced hydrogels upon heating, which exhibited a shear thinning response that can be described by the Williamson model. The ability of these hydrocolloids to form thermally-induced strong gels was monitored and analyzed by means of curing tests. Throughout thermal treatments, the storage modulus showed a significant increase, especially at concentrations greater than 2.5 wt%. Mango seeds and peel-derived hydrocolloids are also able to stabilize o/w emulsions. Derived emulsions showed D50 mean diameters and zeta potential values (ζ) in the ranges from 10.04 to 82.52 μm and from -17.63 to -11.12 mV, respectively. On the basis of the observed rheological behavior of hydrogels and emulsion-forming ability, the hydrocolloids derived from mango seeds and peels possess suitable characteristics to be potentially implemented in diverse food matrices, offering functional and nutritional benefits to final consumer products.

Phenolic content of Thai Bao mango peel and its in-vitro antioxidant, anti-cholinesterase, and antidiabetic activities

Plant phenolics have been known for various biological activities. This study aims to extract and examine the presence of phenolics in Bao mango (Mangifera indica L. var.) peel ethanolic extract (MPE). Further, antioxidant, anti-diabetic (α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity), and anti- Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and β-secretase (BACE-1) inhibitory activity) efficacy of MPE were determined. The results indicated that mangiferin (8755.89 mg/ 100 g extract) was the major phenolic compound in MPE. An antioxidant mechanism revealed that MPE had a higher radical scavenging ability (4266.70 µmol TE/g extract) compared to reducing power (FRAP) or oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC). Further in-vitro enzyme inhibitory assay against diabetic and AD involved enzymes showed that MPE had stronger inhibitory action against an enzyme involved in diabetes compared to their standard drug (Acarbose) (P < 0.05). While a lower IC50 value was observed against AD-involved enzymes compared to their standard drug (donepezil) (P < 0.05). The results show that Thai Bao mango peel byproduct can be a potential source of nutraceuticals to lower diabetes and improve cognitive health.

Facile synthesis of eco-friendly mango peel-derived porous carbon for optimizing microwave absorption

An environment-friendly and cost-effective method to deal with electromagnetic pollution is fabricating porous carbon from biomass as a raw material with a simple technique. The purpose of this research is to create porous carbon from mango peel biomass for optimizing microwave absorption. The resulting porous carbon (PC) has the potential to be an effective microwave absorber. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) depictions also revealed the porous carbon with homogeneous shapes and uniform size distribution. Complex permittivity studies were performed to evaluate their microwave absorption capabilities, resulting in a high reflection loss of −50.2 dB at a thickness of 2.1 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 3.39 GHz for the sample carbonized at 800 °C. The exceptional microwave absorption ability of porous carbon (PC) can be attributed to its effective impedance matching and consequent attenuation of microwaves through dielectric loss. This research introduces a novel biomass source, readily available in nature, which can be easily processed to enhance microwave absorption properties.

Anti‐Cancer Activity of Ethanolic Extract from ‘Bao’ Mango (Mangifera indica) Peel and Its Nanoencapsulation Against Triple‐Negative Breast Cancer Cell Lines

AbstractMango (Mangifera indica) has been one of the most cultivated fruits in Thailand and other South and Southeast Asian countries. ‘Bao’ mango is a distinct petite mango variety that is available all year round. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and anti‐breast cancer activities of Bao‐mango peel extract (MPE). The total phenolic content (TPC) of MPE was 280.57 ± 7.95 μg quercetin per g of powder. Based on antioxidant activity analyses, MPE had IC50values of 35.09 and 23.80 ± 0.48 μg/mL for 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐azino‐bis‐3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, respectively. Additionally, MPE exerted an inhibitory action against MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells with an IC50of 39.08 ± 5.22 μg/mL. Furthermore, nanoencapsules loaded with MPE using chitosan‐coated poly lactic‐co‐glycolic acid (CS‐PLGA‐(MPE)) were also prepared. It exhibited spherical morphology with an average size of 251.90 ± 19.61 nm. Encapsulation efficiency (EE) of nanoparticles was 30.48 %. Moreover, the CS‐PLGA‐(MPE) exhibited higher anticancer activity by affecting cell viability and inhibiting the cell migration and invasion of MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells, compared to the free MPE. Therefore, these findings indicated that MPE and CS‐PLGA‐(MPE) nanoparticles could be promising alternatives to chemicals used for breast cancer treatment.

Perseverance according to the Book of Job 2:1-13 and implications for people today

Human understanding today is always presented with the concept that those who obey and are faithful to God will be blessed and those who do evil will suffer. On the other hand, humans always want to have something obtained instantly. The book of Job struggles with that understanding and attempts to decipher the concept of recompense. Because of the reality of life in this world, humans are always faced with two sides of life, namely difficult and happy. Researchers use qualitative methods with a literature approach (librabry Research) for this paper. Job's struggles, as the book of Job testifies, are evidence of his perseverance in facing everything in life. Contrary to the concept in Israel that obedience and faithfulness bring blessings. The concept of Job in the face of hardship and pleasure is a character that every human or believer must possess. It turns out that the concept of God as the giver of blessings and punishments based on human works was renewed into a God far beyond human thought and wisdom. Man has limitations to experience God's work in this world. Man's tendency to frame God in man's limited thinking makes it difficult for man to understand what God has done. Olh is therefore in chapters 2:1-13 (are we willing to receive good from God, but not bad? Here comes Job's perseverance.)

Nyaa, ‘motlhanka wa Jehofa’! (Stop it, ‘man of God’!): An Ubuntu Pentecostal response to gender-based violence within the Neo-prophetic Movement in South Africa

Background: Statistics from the Pew Research Centre indicate that in sub-Saharan Africa, 796 million out of 822 m people claim the same Christian religious affiliation. Pentecostal Christians total 107 m. These figures suggest that religion shapes the worldview of many sub-Saharan inhabitants. Many are adherents of Ubuntu, which does not dichotomise lived experiences from the influence of the spiritual (the Supreme Being, spirits, and the ancestors). On the one hand, the World Health Organization has labelled South Africa as the rape capital of the world because it accounts for the highest figure of gender-based violence (GBV) globally. Intimate partner violence (IPV) and non-partner violence, characterised by rape and attempted rape, constitute a significant portion of sexual violence, which is the primary and highest category of GBV in South Africa. The second, third, and fourth categories are physical violence, socio-economic and financial violence, and psychological/emotional violence. Various South African courts have sentenced several pastors from the Neo-prophetic Movement (NPM) for non-partner violence.Objectives: The aim of this study is to reflect on non-partner violence within the NPM in South Africa and to respond to this scourge by applying Ubuntu Pentecostalism as a framework.Method: This article thus poses the question: How might South African Pentecostals address the scourge of non-partner violence within the NPM? It, thus, uses Ubuntu Pentecostalism.Results: The article shows that is that is possible to mobilise members of NPM and the surrounding community to counteract the scourge of non-partner violence among NPM in South Africa.Conclusion: The article concludes by providing a four-step strategy to curb th scourge of non-partner violence in the NPM in South Africa.Contribution: This strategy contributes to curbing the scourge of non-partner violence within the NPM in South Africa.

Karakteristik Organoleptik Dan Fisikokimia Minuman Fungsional Ekstrak Kulit Buah Mangga Golek dengan Penambahan Ekstrak Jahe Merah Dan Madu

Mango golek is one of the superior varieties in Indonesia. Utilization of local varieties of mango peel in a fresh form as raw material for functional drinks is not yet available. This study aims to develop ripe mango peel into a ready-to-drink functional beverage product with the addition of red ginger extract and rambutan honey which aims to improve the functional and sensory properties of mango peel extract as an effort to diversify food. The experimental design used a one factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatment levels (mango peel extract: red ginger extract: rambutan honey) namely A0 (100%: 0%: 0%), A1 (85%: 10%:5%), and A2 (75%:15%:10%). The analysis included organoleptic tests (sensory and hedonic quality), physical tests (total dissolved solids and pH), and chemical tests (antioxidant activity and total phenol). The decreased levels of mango golek peel extract as well as increase of red ginger and rambutan honey gave a tendency to increased the value of sensory, hedonic quality, total soluble solids, antioxidant activity and total phenol but gave a tendency to decrease the pH value of functional drinks. Selected product of functional drinks based on mango golek peel extract was A2 had a sensory quality of orange color (6.84), uncharacteristic aroma of mango peel (5.50), uncharacteristic taste of mango peel (5.48), non-bitter aftertaste (6.93), turbid appearance (3.35) and uncharacteristic overall of mango peel (5.83) and had a very high level of hedonic preference with a score of 6.18-6.99. The selected formula had a total dissolved solids value of 10.6°Brix; pH 4.83; antioxidant activity 51.07% and total phenol 0.48 mg GAE/g.

Modeling and optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of total phenolics content from mango (Mangifera indica) peel using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN)

Mango (Mangifera indica) is a fruit highly consumed for its flavor and nutrient content. The mango peel is rich in compounds with biological functionality, such as antioxidant activity among others. The influence of microwave-assisted extraction variables on total phenol compounds (TPC) and antioxidant activity (TEAC) of natural extracts obtained from mango peel var. Tommy and Sugar were studied using a response surface methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). TPC of mango peel extract var. Tommy was significantly influenced by time extraction (X1), solvent/plant ratio (X2) and concentration of ethanol (X3) and while mango peel extract var. Sugar was influenced by X2. TEAC by ABTS was significantly influenced by X3. Maximum of TPC (121.3 mg GAE / g of extract) and TEAC (1185.9 μmol Trolox/g extract) for mango peel extract var. Tommy were obtained at X1=23.9s, X2=12.6mL/gand X3=63.2%, and for mango peel extract var. Sugar, the maximum content of TPC (224.86 mg GAE/g extract) and TEAC (2117.7 μmol Trolox/g extract) were obtained at X1=40s, X2=10mL/g and X3=74.9%. The ANN model presented a higher predictive capacity than the RSM (RANN2>RRSM2,RMSEANN<RMSERSMandAADANN<AADRSM). These extracts can be used for the development of new products.

Response surface optimization, kinetic modeling, and thermodynamic study for ultrasound-assisted extraction of dietary fiber from mango peels and its structural characterization

Response surface optimization, kinetic modeling, and thermodynamic study for ultrasound-assisted extraction of dietary fiber from mango peels and its structural characterization

Anaerobic co-digestion of municipal mixed sludge and mango peel biowaste: Performance and stability analysis for different ratios

In an urban context, municipal mixed sludge (MMS) and fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) are becoming the major organic solid wastes in human society. Thus, anaerobic digestion as a low carbon energy strategy to minimize their environmental polluting risk was studied. To overcome the drawbacks of anaerobic digestion of MMS, an alternative approach is proposed, involving the addition of increasing proportions of mango peel pulp (MPP) as a co-substrate. Different ratios of MMS:MPP (v:v) were studied: 80:20 (T1), 70:30 (T2), 60:40 (T3). The increase in the organic loading rate was well incorporated by the reactor's biomass activity, and it had no negative effects on the reactor stability and performance operational parameters. Results indicated that the addition of MPP had a beneficial effect on specific methane production, where the highest value was registered in T2 (0.47 L CH4/g VS added), with a 1.8-fold increase in this operational parameter. Moreover, bioenergy recovery within the same trial followed the same profile, representing a two-fold increment.

Mango Peel: An Eminent Food Source

India has been cultivating mangoes for over 4000 years, and among tropical fruits, mango stands out as the most popular dessert globally. The perishable nature of mangoes, characterized by a relatively short post-harvest lifespan, makes it an ideal fruit for processing. Indeed, mango processing generates a significant amount of peel as a by-product. However, this peel, often considered waste, contributes to environmental pollution as landfills. Interestingly the peel has emerged as an eminent and underexplored food source with a multitude of potential benefits. It can be utilized to create valuable post-harvest value-added products. This review systematically examines the nutritional composition, bioactive compounds, and functional properties present in mango peel. The peel of the mango fruit is found to be rich in dietary fibers, vitamins, minerals, and various phytochemicals such as polyphenols and carotenoids, which contribute to its potential health-promoting properties. Additionally, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities associated with mango peel highlight its potential applications in food preservation and as a natural additive. The review also discusses the potential use of mango peel extracts in the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals. Furthermore, the sustainable utilization of mango peel as a value-added product aligns with the principles of circular economy and waste reduction. This comprehensive exploration of mango peel as a valuable food source underscores the need for further research and development to unlock its full potential, promoting a more sustainable and holistic approach to food utilization.

Characterization of Langra Mango Peel Powder and Assessment of Its Prebiotic and Antioxidant Potential

The possibility of developing waste by-products of food processing into functional food additives along with probiotics is an interesting avenue to research. This study investigated the nutritional and functional attributes of dried mango peel powder (MPP) of Langra cultivar and its putative potential to act as a prebiotic in the presence of two probiotic strains Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus NCDC347 and Limosilactobacillus fermentum NCDC143 @ 2.5 &amp; 5% after 24 to 48 h fermentation. Proximate analysis revealed that the MPP contains 6.45 % moisture, 6.34 % protein, 3.88 % fat, 2.50 % ash, 32.86 % crude dietary fiber, and 47.97 % of total carbohydrate content. MP displayed substantial antioxidant potential with 54.6% DPPH inhibitory activity, 15.67 mg GAE/g TPC, 8.88 mg QuE/g TFC, OHC of 1.47 g oil/g, and a WHC of 4.7 g water/g. MPP could selectively stimulate the growth of two probiotic strains over enteric bacteria. It was revealed that a combination of MPP @5% with L. fermentum NCDC143 after 24 h fermentation had the best in vitro prebiotic activity score of 3.35 and 3.53 against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Enterococcus faecalis NCDC114, respectively. The prebiotic activity score of MPP was better than commercial prebiotic malto-dextrin for all combinations of probiotic and enteric strains tested. The percentage DPPH inhibition activity of MPP increased during fermentation with L. fermentum NCDC143, highlighting its role as a source of antioxidants. These findings contribute to the formulation of synbiotic products that are able to maintain selected healthy microbiota in the human gut.

Optimization of mango peel pectin extraction (Mangifera indica L.): For the production of jam and jelly

Pectin extracted from mango (Mangifera indicia L.) peel is commonly utilized as a gel-forming agent in food and pharmaceutical applications. In Ethiopia, there is a substantial amount of mango fruit production and the peel removed from mango fruits are discarded as waste. However, there was limited scientific data on the development of pectin from mango peel and its utilization in jam and jelly making. Therefore, the study aimed to develop pectin from mango peel and utilization optimized pectin in jam & Jelly developments. For expermental work, the mango kent variety was collected from the Bako Agricultural Research Center. Seventeen experimental runs were generated after the minimum and maximum temperatures (60–100 °C), time (60–120 min) and pH (2–3) were adjusted by Design Expert® software version 13.0.5.0 using the Response Surface Methodology. All physicochemical and sensory properties were determined using standard procedures and analytical graded chemicals. The results showed that the highest (64.63 %) extraction yield of mango peel pectin was recorded at 100 °C, 60 min and pH.2. Optimum process variables for pectin yield (65.20 %) extracted from dried mango peel were recorded at temperature 94.64 °C, time 118.67 min, and pH 2.01,The optimized mango pectin yield has 497.5 equivalent weight, 6.15 methoxy, 70.3 anhydrouronic acid, and 49.69° of esterification content. Mango jam and jelly were developed using optimized pectin yield of 3.64 and 3.42, 4.30 and 4.46 for pH and titrable acidity, respectively. The results of the sensory panelists showed that mango jam and jelly developed with pectin significantly (p < 0.05) liked the aroma and general acceptability compared to the control sample. The findings highlighted that the pectin optimized from dried mango peel has a good potential to develop jams and jellies with better physicochemical properties and sensory acceptability.

Green synthesis of bimetallic CuO@NiO nanocomposite for the removal of glyphosate

Green synthesis of photocatalyst bimetallic CuO@NiO nanocomposite for eliminating organic hazardous glyphosate (Gly) solution has been introduced. The nanocomposite has been successfully developed from mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel extracted solution by a simultaneous reduction process. HRTEM, XRD, and EDX have also been used to explore the nanostructure, crystal conformation, and chemical compositions of CuO@NiO. Using UV-vis spectrometer, we have observed the photo-catalytic activity and kinetic removal rate constant of CuO@NiO in terms of glyphosate elimination under UV light illumination. Compared with pure CuO and NiO nanoparticles, CuO@NiO displayed improved and enhanced photocatalytic activity. This work demonstrates an eco-friendly, low-cost material with high efficiency for removing Gly, which has applications in environmental protection.

Simple one-step treatment for saccharification of mango peels using an optimized enzyme cocktail of Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642.

Developing efficient microbiological methods to convert polysaccharide-rich materials into fermentable sugars, particularly monosaccharides, is vital for advancing the bioeconomy and producing renewable chemicals and energysources. This study focused on optimizing the production conditions of an enzyme cocktail from Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642 using solid-state fermentation (SSF) and assessing its effectiveness in saccharifying mango peels through a simple, rapid, and efficient one-step process. A rotatable central composite design was employed to determine optimal conditions of moisture, time, and pH for enzyme production in SSF medium. The optimized enzyme cocktail exhibited cellulase activity (CMCase) at 6.28 U/g, filter paper activity (FPase) at 3.29 U/g, and pectinase activity at 117.02 U/g. These optimal activities were achieved with an SSF duration of 81 h, pH of 4.66, and a moisture content of 59%. The optimized enzyme cocktail effectively saccharified the mango peels without the need for chemical agents. The maximum saccharification yield reached approximately 81%, indicating efficient conversion of mango peels into sugars. The enzyme cocktail displayed consistent thermal stability within the tested temperature range of 30-60°C. Notably, the highest sugar release occurred within 36 h, with glucose, arabinose, galactose, and xylose being the primary monosaccharides released during saccharification. This study highlights the potential application of Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642 and SSF for enzymatic production, offering a simple and high-performance process for monosaccharide production. The optimized enzyme cocktail obtained through solid-state fermentation demonstrated efficient saccharification of mango peels, suggesting its suitability for industrial-scale applications.

Applications of the Natural Polymers for Fast Dissolving Tablets

Oral route is the safest, most convenient, and economical route for administration of different drugs. Oral disintegrating tablets becoming very popular in the current scenario, as they facilely disintegrated in mouth within fewseconds of the time after its administration withoutthe need of water. Conventional dosage form has a limitations like dysphagia (arduousness in swallowing), in pediatric and geriatric patients, which have been overcome by oral disintegrating tablets. To prepare the same super disintegrating agents plays vital role. Natural Super disintegrants gained an advantage over the synthetic super disintegrants since they are chemicallyinert, non-toxic, less expensive, easily available, biodegradable in nature. Natural polymers such as locust bean gum, banana powder, pectin from mango peels, as well as the mucilageofHibiscus rosa-sinenses improve tablet qualities and are used as superdisintegrants, binder, and diluents to speed up the disintegration process as well as improve the solubilityofpoorlysoluble drugs. Natural super disintegrants are obtained from various sources of natural origin, as well as being affordable, nontoxic, biodegradable, environmentally benign, free of negative effects, as well as renewable. From the different extensive literature review, It is observed that based on research showing that natural polymersare more effectiveandsafe than synthetic ones. Thegoal ofthe current reviewpaper is to examine the natural polymersthat have FDAapproval and are used in fast dissolving tablets.