Goat Droppings Research Articles

Tamboti wood ash and burnt goat dropping ash, safe alternatives to control cowpea weevils, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) during storage for subsistence farming.

This study determined the effect of tamboti wood ash and burnt goat dropping ash along with a chemical insecticide (avi-klorpirifos) on the reproduction, egg hatchability, damage, and mortality of cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus Fabr.). The germination potential of treated cowpea seeds was also determined using a susceptible variety-Blackeye. Two hundred grams of clean cowpea seeds were mixed with 25 g of tamboti wood ash and goat dropping ash. These seeds were then infested with 5 pairs of newly emerged adults of C. maculatus under controlled laboratory conditions. The experiment revealed that both tamboti wood ash and goat dropping ash had negative effects on the efficiency of C. maculatus and significantly reduced the extent of damage. In germination test, these ashes showed a significant improvement in germinability of treated cowpea seeds. However, in all instances, tamboti wood ash proved to be much more effective than goat dropping ash. The study observed that these natural products have the potential to protect cowpea seeds from the damage caused by C. maculatus during storage and can, therefore, be used as an alternative pest management method against cowpea weevils.

Influence of Organic Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on the Growth, Yield and Phytochemical Constituents of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)

Organic farming is gaining attention and increasing globally because of its eco-friendly, safety and its health benefits to humans. A field experiment was conducted at Federal College of Forestry Jos, to determine the influence of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer on the growth, yield and phytochemical constituents of cabbage. Randomized Complete Block Design was used as experimental design involving five treatments with T0 as control (No application of manure), T1 (N.P.K fertilizer), T2 (Poultry droppings), T3 (Cow droppings) and T4 (Goat droppings). Data was taken on plant height, number of leaves, head diameter and head weight of cabbage. Qualitative phytochemical analysis on saponins, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, anthocyanins, phenols, amino acids, steroids and terpenoids were carried out and quantitative analysis was done for phytochemicals present. The result obtained showed a significant difference for the plant height, leaf count, head diameter and head weight at p≤0.05. Flavonoids, alkaloids, amino acids, terpenoids, tannins and phenols were present in the qualitative analysis and at different rates. Cabbage cultivation with poultry droppings (T2) was observed to stand out from the other treatments for the yield parameters and the phytochemical analysis. Result of the quantitative phytochemicals revealed that more phenolics, alkaloids and flavonoids were present in cabbage grown with organic manure than in inorganic fertilizer.

Investigation of Biogas Generation from the Waste of a Vegetable and Cattle Market of Bangladesh

The results of a study on the type and quantity of solid wastes generated in a rural vegetable and cattle market, and biogas generation from the waste are presented in this paper. The market wastes were collected; individual items were separated and measured on both normal days and haat days. During a normal day, it was found that very insignificant amount of waste was generated. But on a haat day, a large amount of wastes was found to be generated. On average, the amount of easily biodegradable waste was 589 kg out of the total waste of 1004 kg on a haat day. Cow dung, fish waste, ginger, cursed lobe, guava, and banana leaf were the major biodegradable wastes. Other biodegradable wastes were goat dropping, bitter melon, pointed gourd, dhundul and brinjal. The total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS) of the biodegradable portion of the market waste were determined and were found to be 17.94% and 13.87% respectively. Laboratory experiments were run in order to generate biogas in anaerobic digesters using the same composition of the market waste. They were placed in a large closed chamber and room heaters were used to maintain the temperature of the chamber at a constant value. Two types of experiments (batch and daily feed) were carried out in two phases. In the first phase of the experiments, 500 g and 750 g waste were added in 2.5 L digesters separately and inoculum was added to make the effective volume of 2.1 L for each digester. The experiments were operated for 46 days (hydraulic retention time – HRT) and the average temperature was found to be 34.7°C. In the second phase of the experiments, one single chamber reactor was initially fed with 750 g waste having the effective volume of 2.2 L. Another double chamber (two digesters connected in series) reactor was initially fed with 750 g waste having the effective volume of 2.7 L. Then a mixture of daily feed of 18.75 g waste and required volume of water was fed after dispensing equal volume of slurry from the reactor. The experiments were run for 40 days and the average temperature was 35.1°C. The results of the 1st phase of experiments revealed that the daily biogas generation rate was 0.273 and 0.389 m3/kg of VS added for the organic loading rate (OLR) of 0.83 and 1.24 g VS/L/d respectively for 40 days retention time. The results of the 2nd phase of experments revealed that for HRT of 40 days, the rate of biogas producton was 0.244 and 0.30 m3/kg of VS added for the

EFEKTIVITAS CAMPURAN SAMPAH KUBIS DAN DAUN MANGGA SEBAGAI KOMPOS DENGAN VARIASI AKTIVATOR

Magetan society rarely take advantage of the organic waste. So it is necessary to do research on composting. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of sewage treatmentusing cabbage and mango leaves as main material and activator used were cow dung, goatdung and EM4. This is a pre-experimental research. Data collected by the experiment, measured andobserved. 27 samples of 3 diferent-processes were 9 sample using cow manure activators, 9second sample using goat droppings activator and 9 third sample using activator EM4. Thedata were then analyzed by calculating the average weight reduction of waste.Analyses usingANOVA test. Based on the result of statistical test, it is known ρ sign 0,000 < α (0,01) so that Hisaccepted or no difference to the effectiveness on variation activator mixture of cabbage andmango leaves as compost. The results showed that the use of cow dung activators weightdecreased 28.20%, temperature (27-37) ° C, pH (6.6 to 7), humidity (55-70)%. The use ofgoat dung activators weight down 40.90%, temperature (28-39) ° C, pH (6.7 to 7), humidity(65-75)%. The use of EM4 weight decreased 61%, temperature (27-40) ° C, pH (6.6 to 7),humidity (55-75)%. We recommend using EM4 activatorbecause the result is the best. Keep thetemperature and humidity so that the composting process is going well.

EFEKTIVITAS CAMPURAN SAMPAH KUBIS DAN DAUN MANGGA SEBAGAI KOMPOS DENGAN VARIASI AKTIVATOR

Magetan society rarely take advantage of the organic waste. So it is necessary to do research on composting. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of sewage treatmentusing cabbage and mango leaves as main material and activator used were cow dung, goatdung and EM4. This is a pre-experimental research. Data collected by the experiment, measured andobserved. 27 samples of 3 diferent-processes were 9 sample using cow manure activators, 9second sample using goat droppings activator and 9 third sample using activator EM4. Thedata were then analyzed by calculating the average weight reduction of waste.Analyses usingANOVA test. Based on the result of statistical test, it is known ρ sign 0,000 < α (0,01) so that Hisaccepted or no difference to the effectiveness on variation activator mixture of cabbage andmango leaves as compost. The results showed that the use of cow dung activators weightdecreased 28.20%, temperature (27-37) ° C, pH (6.6 to 7), humidity (55-70)%. The use ofgoat dung activators weight down 40.90%, temperature (28-39) ° C, pH (6.7 to 7), humidity(65-75)%. The use of EM4 weight decreased 61%, temperature (27-40) ° C, pH (6.6 to 7),humidity (55-75)%. We recommend using EM4 activatorbecause the result is the best. Keep thetemperature and humidity so that the composting process is going well.

English

Biogas can be a clean cooking alternative where biomass is the dominant source of cooking energy and where feedstock for anaerobic digestion is available. By substituting woody biomass for energy, biogas may reduce local deforestation. Tanzania has more than 15.6 million goats. Dairy goats of different breeds are found in the mid- to high altitudes of the country. Population density has made firewood increasingly scarce and there are few energy alternatives in mountainous areas such as in the Uluguru Mountains. In Mgeta ward, Morogoro region, introduction of Norwegian dairy goats in the 1980s has improved livelihoods in the area. In this study, goat manure was assessed as feedstock for biogas and as fertilizer. Field work among small-holder dairy goat farmers in Mgeta was conducted to measure daily manure production, and to provide a basic model for prediction of the quantity of droppings which may be collected by farmers. Biogas and fertilizer potential from goat manure was compared to cow and pig manure. Buswell’s formula was used to calculate approximate methane yield. The results show that goat manure from Mgeta can yield 167 l∙kg Volatile Solids -1 (VS). Compared with other substrates approximate methane yield can be ranked as pig > guatemala grass > cow > goat. The average goat of 25 kg in Mgeta leaves 61 kg Total Solids (TS) droppings per year. It was estimated that 15 goats∙capita -1 would be required to meet the total cooking energy needs of small-holder households in the study location. N:P:K content in goat manure (TS) is 2:1:1, similar to cow and pig manure. Goat droppings had to be macerated to reduce particle size for anaerobic digestion. Biogas from dairy goats could be combined with the year-round irrigated horticulture production in Mgeta. Vegetable gardens in the slope below the digesters could be fertilized by gravitation with the NH 4 + -rich bioslurry, to save labour and increase yields. Keywords: Biogas, bioslurry, goat, manure, dairy, fertilizer, Buswell, Morogoro, Tanzania

STIMULATED BIODEGRADATION OF WASTE LUBICATING OIL IN SOIL, USING WATER HYACINTH AND GOAT DROPPINGS.

SUMMARY Background Soil contamination with used engine oil is becoming a major environmental problem due to uncontrollable disposal, particularly in developing countries. Eichhornia Crassipes (water hyacinth) has been recognized as the world’s most harmful weed. The aim of this research is therefore to determine the potentials of water hyacinth and goat droppings in enhancing biodegradation of used engine oil in soil. Materials and methods Water hyacinth plants were chopped, sun dried, ground into powder and autoclaved at 1210C for 15 minutes. 200g of Soil was placed in vessels labelled A,B and C, 2.5% of used lubricating motor oil was added, pulverised, and left undisturbed. After 2 days 10% of each organic waste (ground water hyacinth and goat droppings) was added to each vessel of oil polluted soil, labeled A and B. Vessel C with only soil and used lubricating oil served as control. Periodic sampling was carried out at 15 days interval for 75 days. Soil samples were collected from different areas of the microcosm for isolation and enumeration of bacteria and determination of total petroleum hydrocarbon. Results Microbial growth was highest in contaminated soil amended with water hyacinth with total heterotrophic bacteria count ranging from 20×107 to 68×107 cfu/g and total hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria count ranging from 10×106 to 40×106cfu/g. This was closely followed by soil amended with goat droppings with total heterotrophic bacteria count ranging from 18.8×107 to 60×107cfu/g and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria count ranging from 8.5×106 to 38×106cfu/g. Unamended soil had the lowest microbial count with total heterotrophic bacteria count ranging from 4.0×107 to 7.2107cfu/g and 7.5×106 to 20×106cfu/g for hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria count. 91% loss in hydrocarbon was observed in the water hyacinth amended soil. Conclusion The biostimulative effect was observed with the increase in microbial population count in contaminated soil amended with water hyacinth. This study confirms that water hyacinth and goat droppings have the potential to stimulate bioremediation of hydrocarbon polluted soil. Keywords- Biodegradation, water hyacinth, soil

Biofertilizante caprino no desenvolvimento de Urochloa ruziziensis

Plantas de Urochloa ruziziensis constituem recurso forrageiro devido a sua produção de biomassa aérea e composição químico-bromatológica. Incrementos nesses atributos podem ser obtidos por meio da melhoria da fertilidade do solo e nutrição vegetal. Nesse sentido, os biofertilizantes constituem uma fonte de adubo orgânico com potencialidade para aplicação na produção de plantas forrageiras, possibilitando melhorias no seu desenvolvimento morfogênico, produtividade e composição químico-bromatológica. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da aplicação de biofertilizante oriundo de dejetos caprinos nas características estruturais e morfogênicas, produção inicial de biomassa aérea e composição químico-bromatológica das plantas de Urochloa ruziziensis. Realizou-se experimento em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com tratamentos consistentes de cinco doses do biofertilizante caprino (0, 3, 5, 7 e 9 %) em seis repetições. De modo geral, a aplicação do biofertilizante a partir da dose de 5 % proporcionou maior acúmulo de biomassa seca da parte aérea atrelado à melhoria nos teores de matéria seca, orgânica, fibra em detergente neutro e ácido. Por outro lado, efeito contrário foi constatado para a matéria mineral e hemicelulose. Para os parâmetros de crescimento das plantas, o biofertilizante estudado promoveu aumento (p

Growth performance and proximate composition of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) in saline environments

A study was carried out to assess the growth performance and proximate composition of monosex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) in saline environments. The experiment was conducted in earthen brackish water ponds for a period of 10 months. The salt-tolerant roughages including Kallar grass, Para grass and Kochia were used in T1 as supplemental feed while in T2, formulated feed (CP 20%) was used along with salt-tolerant roughages. Fertilization of all ponds was done with goat droppings and nitrophos @ 6000 and 7.5 kg ha-1, respectively. Results indicated that tilapia was found well adapted to the saline environment. However, significant differences (p≤0.05) were observed in growth parameters under two feeding regimes. In T1, the net tilapia production was calculated as 1668 and 911 kg ha-1 year-1 in male and female tilapia, while; in T2, 1890 and 1195 kg ha-1 year-1, respectively. Overall, T2 produced about 1.17 times more weight in both male and female tilapia than T1. Similarly in proximate composition, the protein level was slightly high in T2 as compared to T1 but total lipids were lower in T2 as compared to T1. It may be concluded that the use of salt-tolerant roughages alternate with formulated feed (20% protein) is suitable for monosex tilapia culture in brackish water to get economic production.

Stimulated Biodegradation of Spent Lubricating Motor Oil in Soil Amended with Animal Droppings

The potentials of organic wastes from animal droppings as bioremediation alternative for soils spiked with waste-lubricating motor oil (spent oil) was evaluated. The rate of biodegradation of the spent oil was studied for a period of 6 months under laboratory condition. The result of the microbial counts for soils spiked with 5000 mgkg-1(0.5%) spent oil has its total heterotrophic bacterial count in unamended control soil ranging from 2.71±0.09 to 7.21±0.25 x 106 CFU/g of soil, while those of soil amended with cow droppings (CD) ranged from 16.0±1.01 to 47.90±0.36x 106 CFU/g of soil and those of soil amended with goat droppings (GD) and poultry manure(PM) ranged from 16.6±0.6 to 57.9±0.15 x 106 and 18.00±0.20×106 to 60.80± 1.19 ×106 CFU/g of soil respectively. The counts of hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria (HUB) in unamended control soil ranged from 0.93±0.11 to 2.10±0.15 ×106 CFU/g of soil. The count of HUB in PM amended soil was significantly higher than those amended with goat droppings (GD), while those of goat dropping were higher than those of cow dung. The HUB count in GD amended soil ranged from 8.07± 0.12x106 to 67.70±0.68 x 106 cfu/g of soil. The THB and HUB counts for soils spiked with 25000 mg/kg (2.5%) spent oil exhibited a similar trend as was observed for soil spiked with 0.5% spent oil. Evaluation by the first-order kinetic model which utilized combined data for the entire period revealed that PM with biodegradation rate constant of 0.2332 day-1 and half-life of 2.97days was better in stimulating biodegradation of oil at higher concentration, while GD with a biodegradation constant of 0.3253day-1 and half-life of 2.13 days performed better at low pollution when compared to that of PM and CD.

English

An experiment was carried out in order to evaluate the productivity of soil amended with different animal wastes at the Teaching and Research Farm at the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Management, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki. The field was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) comprising of poultry droppings (PD), swine waste (SW), goat droppings (GD), cow dung (CD) and control (c) replicated four times. Maize variety (Oba Super II) was used as a test crop. The result indicated that bulk density, total porosity, aggregate stability, mean weight diameter and state of aggregation were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in poultry droppings amended plots compared to control. Soil pH, total N, Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, effective cation exchange capacity, percent base saturation and exchangeable acidity were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in plots amended with poultry droppings when compared to control. Plots amended with poultry droppings gave the highest grain yield of maize which was 64% higher than that of the control. Poultry droppings could be recommended for improved soil productivity in Abakaliki location. Key words: Animal wastes, amended, evaluation, productivity, soil.

Are Droppings, Distance From Pastoralist Camps, and Pika Burrows Good Proxies for Local Grazing Pressure?

Grazing is regarded as one of the most important factors influencing rangeland ecosystems. Many previous studies have used indirect measures (proxies) of grazing intensity, such as the distance from congregation areas and the number of herbivore excreta, to estimate effects of grazing on vegetation parameters in rangeland ecosystems. However, little is known about how such proxies reflect the true grazing intensity, and if their suitability is consistent across landscape conditions. We measured grazing intensity based on the amount of plant ramets being grazed in 75 plots positioned across a rangeland landscape in central Tibet. Several grazing intensity proxies (distance from pastoral camp sites, number of yak dung patches (old and fresh), sheep and goat dropping piles, and pika (Ochotona curzoniae) burrows (active and abandoned)) were also measured in each plot. Regression models were used to examine the suitability of these proxies in predicting our measure of real grazing intensity. None of the examined proxies satisfactorily predicted real grazing intensity in our study system. The distance from camp sites was the best proxy for grazing intensity (P<0.001), but it explained only 30% of its variation. Fresh yak dung and active pika burrows explained only 10% and 3% of the variation in grazing intensity, respectively. The suitability of using proxies for grazing intensity did not significantly differ along landscape parameters (elevation, aspect directions, and slope angle) (P>0.05), except that the number of animal excreta and pika burrows functioned better as proxies at low, compared to high, elevation (P<0.05). Our results should be of concern since many studies use proxies to estimate effects of grazing on vegetation dynamics and ecosystem properties. We recommend awareness of potential limitations and suitability of proxies, when real grazing intensity is not measured.

Rare or rarely collected? Comatricha mirabilis from the desert of Bahrain

A rarely collected myxomycete, Comatricha mirabilis, developed on five collections of bark of large shrubs from the desert in the Kingdom of Bahrain. The distinctive morphology of this specimen is identical or very similar to that of specimens previously known from goat droppings in the USA (Illinois, Holotype), straw (England) and an unreported substrate in France. The spore and capillitium of the new specimens are compared to those from USA and England with light and scanning electron micrographs. The new collections are considered in the light of the previously known distribution of this taxon and other species. Comatricha mirabilis is suggested to be a myxomycete that is more common in certain arid habitats than previously recognized.

The effect of animal manures on susceptibility of cowpea Var. moussa local to infection by root-knot nematode; Meloidogyne javanica Treub.

The effect of three different types of animal manures namely; poultry, goat and cow dung on the susceptibility of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) Var moussa local to root-knot nematode infection caused by Meloidogyne javanica was tested in a replicated pot experiment. Manured plants were inoculated with 2000 eggs of M. javanica while uninoculated manured plants served as control for each manure type and unmanured but inoculated plants as general control. The result showed that unmanured and inoculated plants were susceptible to M. javanica to varying degrees. Plants applied with poultry manure were more resistant to root-knot nematode infection followed by those applied with cow dung and goat dropping in that order. The most susceptible plants were those inoculated but not applied with manure. Gall index and resistance rating showed that plants fertilized with poultry manure, cow dung and goat droppings were resistant, moderately resistant and susceptible, respectively.

Integrated nutrient supply system of linked components in lowland ) I ) integrated farming system ai

lntegrated farming system comprising enterprises like cropping, fishery, poultry, pigeon and goat rearing were undertaken at Coimbatore during 1998 2000, to sustain the productivity, profitability, employment generation and nutrient recycling for lowland farms of Tamil Nadu. Among the enterprises, cropping with fish and goat integration recorded higher rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain equivalent (39,610 kglha) than other systems. Similarly, the best re turns (Rs 126,564) were obtained with integration of goat fish cropping applied with recycled fish pond s lt fed with goat droppings and the same combination resulted in the highest return of Rs 493/ha/rupee invested. Crop fish pigeon stood next, fetching Rs 443/ha/rupee invested. Crop applied with recycled fish pond silt fed with poul try manure resulted in higher rice grain equivalent yield (29,166 kg/ha) and net return (Rs 104,231). The highest level of employment (575 man days/ha/year) was achieved in crop fish goat integration. Additional nutrients gained by recycling were the highest with poultry manure (65.7, 28.4 and 25.0 kg N, P,O, and K,O respectively) than with goat or pigeon manure. To enhance the productivity, economic returns and employment generation for family labour, integration of crop with fish goat or pigeon or poultry could be adopted than cultivating the crop alone under lowland situation. Better residue recycling could be achieved through integration of crop with fish poultry than other systems.

Effect of addition of sheep and goat droppings on preparation of silages with pearl millet ( Pennisetum Typhoides)

Sheep and goat droppings were added to pearl millet, ( Pennisetum typhoides) (DM 32·5%, CP 4·78%) in proportions of 25, 50 and 75% along with additives—urea (1%), molasses (8%) and lactobacillus culture (1β05×10 7 cells ml −1; 6% on DM basis). Any increase in addition of droppings from 25 to 50% or more resulted in poor quality silage without stability. An addition of 25% droppings increased the crude protein levels by more than 60% while urea-molasses addition provided fermentable energy and NPN for proper fermentation. Pathogens, including clostridia, survived in silages with more than 25% sheep and goat droppings.