Prioritization Of Goals Research Articles

Prioritisation of treatment goals among older patients with non-curable cancer: the OPTion randomised controlled trial in Dutch primary care.

Older patients with cancer often find it difficult to take part in shared decision making. To assess the utility of the Outcome Prioritisation Tool (OPT), designed to aid discussion with a patient in regards to their treatment goals, to empower patients with cancer through structured conversations about generic treatment goals with GPs. A randomised controlled trial of 114 Dutch participants recruited between November 2015 and January 2019, aged ≥60 years with non-curable cancer who had to make a treatment decision with an oncologist. The intervention group used the OPT while the control group received care as usual. The primary outcome was patient empowerment using the score on the decision self-efficacy (DSE) scale. Secondary outcomes were symptoms measures of fatigue, anxiety, and depression. The experiences of participants were also explored. No effect was found on patient empowerment between the OPT group (n = 48; DSE 86.8; standard deviation [SD] = 18.2) and the control group (n = 58; DSE 84.2; SD = 17.6; P = 0.47). In the OPT group, although statistically non-significant, fewer patients had low empowerment (18.8%, n = 9 versus 24.1%, n = 14; P = 0.50), but they did have statistically significant lower mean anxiety scores (6.0, SD = 4.6 versus 7.6, SD = 4.4; P<0.05) and less mild fatigue (58.8%, n = 30 versus 77.2%, n = 44; P = 0.05). Overall, 44.8% (n = 13) of patients indicated that the OPT-facilitated conversation helped them make a treatment decision, and 31.1% (n = 14) of the GPs reported that they gained new insights from the conversation. An OPT-facilitated conversation about generic treatment goals between patients and their GPs is associated with less anxiety and fatigue, but did not show statistically significant improvements in patient empowerment. Adding the OPT to routine care might ensure more patient-tailored care.

Keeping it in the family: a socio-cognitive approach to the prioritization of family goals

PurposeAs the prioritization of family goals depends on the resolution of family conflict, this study's purpose is to explain how a dominant coalition (DC) of parental family members prioritizes their family economic and non-economic goals when faced with different types of family conflict.Design/methodology/approachA conceptual framework is developed drawing on a socio-cognitive approach to explain a family's goal formation process. This socio-cognitive approach extends the stakeholder salience underpinnings of family influence/essence theory. It shows that family conflict arises from the complex and novel social settings of a family business and that a DC prioritizes their family's goals by drawing on heuristic biases to resolve such family conflict.FindingsA key finding of this study is the introduction of a distinct type of agency to family influence/essence research. Unlike the salient explanations, a family's goal formulation process is attributed to a DC's heuristic response in resolving their family business conflict.Originality/valueScholars have called for a greater need to investigate the social and cognitive underpinnings of a family's goal formation process. While the social settings of a family business are often explained in terms of family conflict, an understanding of the sources of such conflict and their resolution have received limited attention. This study opens new avenues to understanding the sources of such family conflict and the cognitive mechanisms needed to overcome them. This understanding is critical not only to the prioritization of a family's goals but also to the idea that “influence” defines the essence of a family business.

Психологічний тренінг розвитку суб’єктності особистості в підлітковому віці

The purpose of our research is to develop a comprehensive training program forthe development of the personality’s subjectivity at school age.Methods of the research. The following theoretical methods of theresearch were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: the categoricalmethod, the structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis,systematization, modeling, generalization.The results of the research. It is noted that the category of «a subject» asa qualitative characteristic of human activity determines the place and role ofthe person in the world, his / her abilities to provide the activity, which actualizethe processes of self-determination and personal development. In Psychology asubject is understood as a person who is the source of purposeful (and therefore –conscious) activity, subordinated to the «image of the desired future», that is thegoal of personal development.The concept of «the subject of mental activity» is considered to be thekey one for our research. It is stated that a person as a subject has a directregulatory effect on his / her own psyche and through the mediation of thepsyche he / she affects the surrounding world, and the mature subject is ableto become aware of his / her personality. A mature subject of mental activityis an individual who is aware of himself / herself as a creator of his / her ownpsyche, whose development, protection, restoration and correction (if it isnecessary) is consciously set for some purpose and have to be purposefullyexercised. Therefore, the mature subject of mental activity will reach the level ofthe subject of mental activity; that is conscious regulation, as well as reflectionbeing its constituent, which are the criterion that distinguish these two levelsof subjectivity. It is emphasized that the individual can be the subject of mentalactivity if the object is his / her own psyche in its functioning and development.It is proved that the subject appears in a case of awareness of the object. Itis emphasized that it is impossible to realize the object without reflection,therefore, there is no subject without reflection.There were developed exercises of training program for the developmentof the personality’s subjectivity at the adolescence.Conclusions. It was proved that for a purposeful influence on thedevelopment of a teenager, his / her cognitive activity, teachers would clearlypresent for themselves the image of subjectivity, which was reflected in certainaspects of the activity, such as: conditioned mental image of gained experience,needs, attitudes, emotions, goals and motives, having been determined by manageability and selectivity of pupils’ activity. To become a subject involves theemergence of processes of the development and prioritization of goals, problemsand choices regarding the solution and formulation of tasks and solutions. So,subjectivity is purely socio-cultural unit in nature, since the ultimate cause ofindividual’s actions is always characterized in time, space, meaning, and amongdirect and indirect participants in the activity.

Family conferences and shared prioritisation to improve patient safety in the frail elderly (COFRAIL): study protocol of a cluster randomised intervention trial in primary care

BackgroundFrailty in elderly patients is associated with an increased risk of poor health outcomes, including falls, delirium, malnutrition, hospitalisation, and mortality. Because polypharmacy is recognised as a possible major contributor to the pathogenesis of geriatric frailty, reducing inappropriate medication exposure is supposed to be a promising approach to improve health-related quality of life and prevent adverse outcomes. A major challenge for the process of deprescribing of inappropriate polypharmacy is to improve the communication between general practitioner (GPs), patient and family carer. This study investigates the effects of a complex intervention in frail elderly patients with polypharmacy living at home.MethodsThis is a cluster randomised controlled trial including 136 GPs and 676 patients. Patients with a positive clinical screening for frailty are eligible if they are aged 70 years or older, receiving family or professional nursing care at home, and taking in five or more drugs per day. Exclusion criteria are higher grade of dementia and life expectancy of 6 months or less. The GPs of the intervention group receive an educational training promoting a deprescribing guideline and providing information on how to conduct a family conference focussing on prioritisation of treatment goals concerning drug therapy. During the 1-year intervention, GPs are expected to perform a total of three family conferences, each including a structured medication review with patients and their family carers. GPs of the control group will receive no training and will deliver care as usual. Geriatric assessment of all patients will be performed by study nurses during home visits at baseline and after 6 and 12 months. The primary outcome is the hospitalisation rate during the observation period of 12 months. Secondary outcomes are number and appropriateness of medications, mobility, weakness, cognition, depressive disorder, health-related quality of life, activities of daily living, weight, and costs of health care use.DiscussionThis study will provide evidence for a pragmatic co-operative and patient-centred educational intervention using family conferences to improve patient safety in frail elderly patients with polypharmacy.Trial registrationGerman Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00015055 (WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform [ICTRP]). Registered on 6 February 2019.

A multiple-behaviour investigation of goal prioritisation in physicians receiving audit and feedback to address high-risk prescribing in nursing homes

BackgroundAs part of their professional role, healthcare providers enact multiple competing goal-directed behaviours in time-constrained environments. Better understanding healthcare providers’ motivation to engage in the pursuit of particular goals may help inform the development of implementation interventions. We investigated healthcare providers’ pursuit of multiple goals as part of a trial evaluating the effectiveness of an audit and feedback intervention in supporting appropriate adjustment of high-risk medication prescribing by physicians working in nursing homes. Our objectives were to determine whether goal priority and constructs from Social Cognitive Theory (self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and descriptive norms) predicted intention to adjust prescribing of multiple high-risk medications and to investigate how physicians in nursing homes prioritise their goals related to high-risk medication prescribing.MethodsPhysicians in Ontario, Canada, who signed up for and accessed the audit and feedback report were invited to complete a questionnaire assessing goal priority, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, descriptive norms, and intention in relation to the three targeted behaviours (adjusting prescribing of antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, and antidepressants) and a control behaviour (adjusting statin prescribing). We conducted multiple linear regression analyses to identify predictors of intention. We also conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews to investigate how physicians in nursing homes prioritise their goals in relation to appropriately adjusting prescribing of the medications included in the report: analysis was informed by the framework analysis method.ResultsThirty-three of 89 (37%) physicians completed the questionnaire. Goal priority was the only significant predictor of intention for each medication type; the greater a priority it was for physicians to appropriately adjust their prescribing, the stronger was their intention to do so. Across five interviews, physicians reported prioritising adjustment of antipsychotic prescribing specifically. This was influenced by negative media coverage of antipsychotic prescribing in nursing homes, the provincial government’s mandate to address antipsychotic prescribing, and by the deprescribing initiatives or best practice routines in place in their nursing homes.ConclusionsGoal priority predicted nursing home physicians’ intention to adjust prescribing. Targeting goal priority through implementation interventions therefore has the potential to influence behaviour via increased motivation. Implementation intervention developers should consider the external factors that may drive physicians’ prioritization.

Future time perspective drives younger and older adults to continue investing in failing activities.

Inspired by socioemotional selectivity theory, we investigated age differences in further investment in failing situations by considering goal type and future time perspective. In Experiment 1, 32 younger and 30 older adults reported their likelihood of continued investing following an unsuccessful investment. Older adults were more willing to invest with emotional goals as opposed to knowledge and unspecified goals, while younger adults showed a greater willingness to invest with emotional and knowledge goals rather than unspecified goals. In Experiment 2, another sample of 32 younger and 34 older adults completed the same decision tasks as those in Experiment 1. After future time perspective restriction, the younger adults made decisions resembling Experiment 1's older adults, while after future time perspective expansion, the older adults behaved like Experiment 1's younger adults. These results indicate that future time perspective modification could reverse participants' goal prioritisation, manifesting in differential willingness to pursue further investment in decision scenarios with different goals. Our results represent important steps towards understanding the mechanism of older and younger adults' further investment in failing situations and illustrate that forging connections between the lifespan theory of motivation and further investment decision is critical for understanding adults' decision behaviours.

Application of Tools of Quality Function Deployment and Modified Balanced Scorecard for Optimal Allocation of Pavement Management Resources

Pavement management is a set of tools used to evaluate and maintain pavements so that the pavements can be used safely and effectively over a certain period. Many traditional methods were and are still being used by entities related to pavement management to increase the efficiency of management in decision-making and in coordinating the different activities that have a direct impact on pavement systems. Most of the pavement management entities are driven by optimization models that allow the optimization of a single objective. There is no specific method that focuses on analyzing and prioritizing multiple pavement perspectives in view of financial goals. This paper aims to provide the pavement management sector with a new methodology that prioritizes various pavement perspectives in view of financial perspectives. This prioritization would lead to a better assessment of multiple pavement management goals. The quality function deployment (QFD) and balanced scorecard (BSC) were adopted and modified to achieve the study objectives. Consequently, the outcome of QFD-BSC analysis is studied in the Fishbone Diagram and Cause-Effect Analysis to graphically present how significant factors in four perspectives will lead to better financial goals in the pavement management industry. Prioritization of pavement goals would help better to allocate optimal resources by pavement management professionals.

The impact of power-geometry in participatory planning on urban greening

Public participation in land-use planning has long been considered beneficial to the urban environment by involving different stakeholders in decision-making. Through participation, the question of how to improve the provision of public Green Space in urban development has been discussed in many research studies, especially in cities undergoing densification; yet the Arnstein gaps between the desired and actual levels of citizen participation, as well as the insufficient green space provision, are problems still apparent, and thus worth deeper investigation. Focusing on power-geometry in participatory planning, this study aims to provide a better understanding of the impact of citizen participation on green-space planning from an agent-based perspective. It introduces a methodology of Pre- and Post-Participation Evaluation through dissecting the participation process, evaluating the outcome and its effects, and illustrating the power-geometry behind the decision-making. A participatory planning case of a new development in Hong Kong is then analysed using the proposed methodology. The results suggest that the Arnstein gap can seldom be filled in cases where there are divergent interests and differentiated power, whereas the prioritization of environmental goals is the key to success in greener planning. The study not only contributes a methodology to connect the participatory process to planning outcomes, but it also demonstrates the useful role played by directional power-geometry. This enhances an understanding of the pathways to improve the effectiveness of participatory planning through collaboration and consensus building.

Modeling the low-carbon transition of the European energy system - A quantitative assessment of the stranded assets problem

In this paper, multiple pathways for the European energy system until 2050 are computed, focusing on one of the major challenges of the low-carbon transition: the issue of unused capacities and stranded assets. Three different scenarios are analyzed, utilizing the Global Energy System Model (GENeSYS-MOD) for calculations. A major feature is the introduction of limited foresight and imperfect planning to the multi-sectoral approach of the model. A swift transition towards renewable energy sources is needed in order to ensure the goal of staying below 2 °C is maintained. This leads to the underutilization of current fossil-fueled plant capacities, an effect compounded by the prioritization of short-term goals over long-term targets. In the worst case, capacities with a combined value of up to 200 billion € corresponding to 260 GW total capacity may end up stranded by 2035, with significant shares in the coal and gas sectors. Contrary, in the baseline scenario featuring perfect foresight, this amount can by reduced by as much as 75%. Thus, the need for strong, clear signals from policy makers arises in order to combat the threat of short-sighted planning and investment losses.

Contrasting the Effects of Mortality Salience and Future Time Limitation on Goal Prioritization in Older and Younger Adults.

This study aims at contrasting the effects of limited future time perspective and mortality salience on goal prioritization across adulthood. Socioemotional selectivity theory (SST) argues that people increasingly prioritize emotionally meaningful goals when they perceive future time as more limited. Terror management theory (TMT) suggests that mortality salience (i.e., the awareness of one's mortality) drives people to prioritize the goal of perpetuating own existence through affirming cultural worldview. In this study, participants (N = 438) were randomly assigned to six conditions that primed (a) limited future time, (b) mortality salience, (c) death reflection, (d) both limited future time and mortality salience, (e) both limited future time, and death reflection, or (f) none. Results showed that older adults allocated significantly more resources to emotionally close recipients who supported their cultural worldviews in conditions involving future time limitation and death reflection. They also allocated less resources to emotionally not close recipients who did not support their cultural worldviews in conditions involving future time limitation. Younger adults did not show these differences. Nor did mortality salience have any effect. These results suggest that future time perspective and death reflection shift age-related goals more than mortality salience.

Setting Up an Undergraduate Immunology Lab: Resources and Examples.

Laboratory courses in immunology require a different skill set for their development than lecture courses. They vary widely in their form based on factors like institutional budget and class size, and also in the prioritization of learning goals centered around reinforcing lecture concepts and/or building fundamental skills in the field of immunology. Lab activities can come from a variety of sources including published research protocols, commercial kits, computer-based tools or simulations, and case studies. Each has their own strengths, which will be explored here. There are also important decisions to make about how students will report their data, and what level of guidance in interpreting data is best to enhance student learning and growth. Finally, methods like use of rubrics can help ensure fair and efficient grading, especially with skills-based learning goals. Periodic assessment is important to ensure that activities contribute effectively to student learning and to guide improvements to the lab course over time.

Prioritization of the Sustainable Development Goals Drives Opportunities and Risks for a Blue Future

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were designed to recognize the fundamental role the biosphere plays in our sustainable future. However, decision-making bodies, from local to international levels, have assigned lowest priority towards Goal 14 (Life Below Water). Here, we analyze policy reports and indicators to explore risks associated with low attainment of Goal 14 for other targets. We show that limited progress towards Goal 14 is likely to affect long-term attainment of social and economic targets. This is particularly the case for countries highly dependent on fisheries or for those developing a blue economy, due to the reliance of the social and economic goals on a healthy ocean in these contexts. To help ensure sustainability is not compromised by environmental degradation we suggest an extension to existing indicator assessments. This approach would provide greater transparency and specificity to decision-makers as they direct actions to attain SDGs.

The process of selecting and prioritising corporate sustainability issues: Insights for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals

The Sustainable Development Goals are a set of 17 wide ranging goals that articulates the desired outcome of sustainable development. The private sector is a key factor in achieving these goals through actions of corporate sustainability. However, there is a paucity of research regarding the application of Sustainable Development Goals at the firm level and it remains unclear how the private sector can operationalise and achieve the goals through corporate sustainability. While every Sustainable Development Goal is deemed of equal importance, it is up to individual firms to interpret and prioritise their implementation. Using a case study approach, this paper identified the specific goals considered by Japanese manufacturing multinational enterprises as a priority when establishing or significantly expanding operations in developing countries. The methodology employed allowed the retrospective analysis of corporate sustainability data through a Sustainable Development Goal lens. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were carried out with 58 respondents from 16 sample firms operating in the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam. The results show the multinational enterprises in the sample focus on a particular set of Sustainable Development Goals when establishing, or significantly expanding, subsidiary operations in the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam. The findings show policy makers in the host countries should ensure Sustainable Development Goals such as education and strong institutions are in place to attract multinational enterprises to their shores. Other stakeholders such as non-governmental organisations and the community were also seen to influence the prioritisation of certain goals considered by firms.

Выявление сопутствующих характеристик достижения целей устойчивого развития (Identifying Associated Characteristics for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals)

Russian Abstract: В работе проведен анализ ключевых подходов к приоритизации, локализации и внедрению Целей устойчивого развития (ЦУР) на национальном уровне. Проведён анализ стратегий устойчивого развития и политики в данной сфере в ряде развитых и развивающихся стран мира. Изучена позиция России по вопросу реализации ЦУР English Abstract: The paper analyzes key approaches to the prioritization, localization and implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at the national level. The analysis of sustainable development strategies and policies in this area in a number of developed and developing countries of the world. Studied Russia's position on the implementation of the SDGs

A System Dynamics and Scenarios Framework for Architecting Product Design Goals for Changeability

The design of changeable product architecture requires modeling the dynamic interaction between products and the sociotechnical sphere, in order to understand where changeability is needed. For example, a government approval of airport expansions will impact airline operations, and the design priorities of new airliners. The purpose of this paper is to develop an approach to determine design goals for a new product architecture in system of systems (SoS). These goals become dynamic, once linked to their underlying societal changes. The characteristic of the approach is to integrate system dynamics (SD) and scenario planning; thus, SD captures quantitative aspects of societal and product function dynamics, while scenarios provide a narrative explicating parameter choices, assumptions, and implications. In this paper, SD models include business and societal aspects to evaluate long-term profitability. Goal prioritization for a new product is obtained in the form of importance weights via global sensitivity analysis; these weights are highly dependent on external functions and risk attitude, and vary in time. A toy case study deals with modeling the household freezer's past evolution in an SoS to find evolving design priorities. The result is a positive evaluation of the method, using a recent Design for Changeability framework.

Recognising ‘learning’ as an uncertain source of SEA effectiveness

ABSTRACTStrategic environmental assessment’s (SEA’s) capacity to profile significant environmental effects is thought to help make public-sector decision-making more sustainable. Acknowledgement is growing that ‘learning’, that links to but transcends individual assessments, is a key source of SEA effectiveness. Such learning is largely positioned as wholesome, moral, as ‘good’. The Scottish Parliament went further than the European Commission to require all public bodies to engage with SEA. More than 14 years of evidence – including from the Scottish Government SEA Database (an online registry), a survey and interviews – provides a unique opportunity to study the role of learning in SEA. The paper argues that application of SEA requires systematic reinforcement and maintenance of learning. But the learning fostered by SEA is not guaranteed to prioritise or protect ‘environment’ – for that to happen SEA must also be embraced as disruptor of the prioritisation of economic goals.

Use of Medicines that May Exacerbate Heart Failure in Older Adults: Therapeutic Complexity of Multimorbidity.

Multimorbidity is common in older patients with heart failure (HF), complicating therapeutic management and increasing the risk of harm. This study sought to examine the prevalence of medicines for the treatment of comorbid conditions potentially associated with harm in older people, before and after HF hospitalization. A retrospective cohort study of older people hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of HF over a 12-month period was conducted using administrative health claims data from the Department of Veterans' Affairs (DVA) Australia. We examined the prevalence of medicines that may exacerbate or worsen HF as defined by the American Heart Association (AHA) and Australian HF clinical guidelines, in the 30days prior and 120days before and after discharge for HF. A total of 4069 older adults were hospitalized for HF during the study period; almost 60% (n = 2435) received at least one medicine associated with an increased risk of harm before hospitalization, with the majority (66.7%, n = 1623) dispensed in the 30days prior. A small but significant reduction after hospitalization was observed, but 56% (n = 1638) received at least one of these medicines after hospitalization (p = 0.001). Over one-quarter received two or more medicines before hospitalization, and this only reduced to 22% post-hospitalization (p < 0.0001). Little change in the prescribing of potentially harmful medicines for HF was observed; 56% of older adults received at least one following hospitalization for HF, highlighting the therapeutic complexity of multimorbidity in HF. Use of the AHA list to facilitate identification of potentially harmful medicines, followed by prioritization of treatment goals and appropriate risk mitigation are needed to facilitate reduction in hospitalization for patients with HF with multimorbidity.

Feminist qualitative methods and methodologies in psychology: A review and reflection

How does the current state of the field of feminist qualitative psychological research reflect and enact the methodological characteristics and values of feminist research – principally, the values of reflexivity, methodological diversity and innovation, and the prioritisation of feminist political goals over procedural, epistemological and disciplinary orthodoxy? Using a review of the methods and methodologies used in qualitative research published in two key feminist psychology journals (Feminism & Psychology; Psychology of Women Quarterly) from 2005 to 2016 as our starting point, we reflect on practices, trends, and apparent norms in feminist qualitative researching. Despite methodological development, the absence of a fully realised feminist methodological vision raises important questions. We suggest a need to query and push back at canons or orthodoxies within the discipline, and advocate looking backward to go forwards: innovation does not have to be radical, and many of our methodological feminist foremothers have a lot to offer the present and the future of our discipline.

TIME MATTERS: THE ROLE OF AGE AND MOTIVATIONAL CHANGES IN DECISIONS ABOUT TIME USE

How we spend our time has important implications for well-being. Socioemotional selectivity theory postulates that the prioritization of exploratory vs. emotion-regulatory goals shifts across the life span as the finitude of life becomes more salient (Carstensen, 2006). Thus, developmental changes in motivational focus may influence younger and older adults’ decisions to engage in various activities, as well as the importance placed on those activities. This symposium examines motivational factors that underlie decisions people make about time-use across young, middle, and late adulthood. Chu and colleagues integrate socioemotional selectivity theory and Erikson’s theory of psychological development in their investigation of the influence of age and time horizons on bucket-list goal motives. Zhang and colleagues discuss age differences in the willingness to donate time to relatives and non-relatives of various social distances and highlight the role of social contextual factors in shaping prosocial behaviors at different points in the life span. Shavit and Carstensen discuss how emotional meaning and strength of affective response shape selectivity for particular activities across adulthood. Finally, Giasson and colleagues discuss motive profiles of everyday activities among middle-aged and older adults and associations between motive profiles and activity-related well-being. Dr. Laura Carstensen will conclude the session with an integration of common themes, practical implications, and future directions that emerge from the four studies.

The development of intergroup resource allocation: The role of cooperative and competitive in-group norms.

The present study investigated age-related changes in the intergroup allocation of resources depending on whether the ingroup norm was competitive or cooperative. Participants included children (Mage = 8.69), adolescents (Mage = 13.81), and adults (Mage = 20.89), (N = 263) who were inducted into simulated groups and informed about an ingroup norm of either cooperation or competition. The goal context for the resource allocation task was either prosocial (to benefit the welfare of animals in a charity event) or group focused (to win a national interschool competition). They were then asked to allocate resources between an ingroup and outgroup, and to justify their allocation. The findings showed that children allocated significantly more resources to their ingroup in order to achieve a prosocial goal, but only when the ingroup norm was competitive. In contrast, adolescents and adults allocated resources equally irrespective of the ingroup norm. These findings showed that children prioritized the moral goal of welfare over that of fairness when their ingroup favored competition, while adolescents and adults always prioritized fairness. Older participants justified their equal allocation with greater reference to the importance of fair competition. This study demonstrated an important developmental shift in how the prioritization of moral goals during intergroup resource allocation is influenced by ingroup norms of competition and cooperation. (PsycINFO Database Record