Goal Of Physical Education Research Articles

Does quantity make the difference? Associations between the amount of physical education and children’s basic motor competencies

Basic motor competencies (BMC) belong to the main learning goals of physical education (PE) in primary school and are needed to actively take part in the culture of sport and human movement. BMC levels between European countries differ widely and individual determinants like age, sex, and extracurricular physical activity participation consistently predict BMC levels (Wälti et al., 2022), but also structural aspects of PE are important factors of learning outcomes. In this study, we wanted to investigate if the weekly amount of PE accounts for differences in BMC levels across countries.
 We assessed BMC (object movement, self-movement), anthropometric data (sex, age, body-mass-index) and participation in extracurricular physical activity (ball sports, individual sports) in 3,069 6- to 10-year-old primary school children using the MOBAK-1-4 and structural aspects (amount of PE) in 179 teachers from eight European countries. Latent multilevel regression analyses were corrected for children’s sex, age, body-mass-index, extracurricular physical activity participation and region of assessment.
 Despite differences in the weekly amount of PE in the assessed samples, there were no significant associations between the amount of PE and object movement or self-movement in either the 6- to 8-year-old or the 8- to 10-year-old children. The covariates age, sex, body-mass-index and participation in ball sports were significant predictors of object movement in all children. Body-mass-index and participation in any kind of extracurricular physical activity were significantly associated with self-movement in children aged 6-8 years. In children aged 8-10 years, all anthropometric variables as well as participation in any kind of extracurricular physical activity were significant predictors of self-movement. Other country-specific or PE-related factors might be more crucial for the differences in BMC levels than the amount of PE (García-Hermoso et al., 2020). A focus on the quality and content of PE lessons as well as on the qualification and goals of PE teachers is suggested. Nevertheless, for children who do not participate in extracurricular physical activity, PE can be crucial for BMC development.
 References
 García-Hermoso, A., Alonso-Martínez, A. M., Ramírez-Vélez, R., Pérez-Sousa, M. Á., Ramírez-Campillo, R., & Izquierdo, M. (2020). Association of physical education with improvement of health-related physical fitness outcomes and fundamental motor skills among youths: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(6), Article e200223. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0223
 Wälti, M., Sallen, J., Adamakis, M., Ennigkeit, F., Gerlach, E., Heim, C., Jidovtseff, B., Kossyva, I., Labudová, J., Masaryková, D., Mombarg, R., De Sousa Morgado, L., Niederkofler, B., Niehues, M., Onofre, M., Pühse, U., Quitério, A., Scheuer, C., Seelig, H., Vlček, P., . . . & Herrmann, C. (2022). Basic motor competencies of 6- to 8-year-old primary school children in ten European countries: A cross-sectional study on associations with age, sex, BMI and physical activity. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 804753. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.804753

Research on the Embodiment and Implementation of the Value of Moral Education in College Physical Education

Since the convening of the 18th Party Congress, it has made the idea of moral education penetrate deeply in the field of education and become the main goal of moral education in all educational stages. Physical education occupies an important position in the curriculum system of colleges and universities, and is also a key channel to improve students' physical quality and athletic ability. Traditional physical education in colleges and universities pays too much attention to sports skills training and ignores the connection between it and moral education. Such a teaching method has failed to meet the development goals of modern college education. Therefore, this paper adopts literature method to analyze the value of "moral education" in college physical education, and proposes five ways to realize it: improving the comprehensive quality of college physical education teachers, integrating the concept of "moral education" into the goal of physical education, conveying the spirit of physical education to students, actively carrying out college physical education practice activities, and focusing on cultivating students' physical education. It is hoped that this will give strong support to the practice of moral education in colleges and universities.

The Inclusion of Sports Educational Activities in A Multicultural Educational Context. A Systematic Review of The Literature

The correlation between inclusion, sport and physical activity can be understood by policy agendas, as they place sport and physical activity as a means of enhancing social cohesion and as a means of facilitating cultural and linguistic empowerment of migrants trying to successfully settle in a new country. In the context of the present study, an attempt is made to demonstrate that participation in sports and physical activity is involved in the production and negotiation of cultural capital in various ways related to processes and experiences of cultural integration and exclusion. The systematic review of publications between the years 2010-2021 is attempted through the use of the preferred reference framework for systematic reviews and meta-analyzes (PRISMA). Existing findings support the role that sport can contribute in promoting integration. Nevertheless, there are different views. On the one hand, there is evidence to suggest that sport can promote interaction between people from different cultures. On the other hand, there are also indications that participation in sports can exacerbate cultural differences, thus causing tensions. Greece is, among many other countries, a country of intense diversity due to increased immigration. A clear National Curriculum should set the goals of physical education, which is an important part of schools and a compulsory subject in basic education. Physical education is a school subject that aims to contribute to the holistic well-being of students by supporting their physical, social and psychological functional ability and positive body image.

Features of the application of the differentiated approach during the programming of classes in physical education of school students

The article analyzes the peculiarities of the application of a differentiated approach during the programming of classes in the physical education of students. Literary sources were analyzed in order to determine the interpretation of the concepts "programming of classes in physical education", "differentiated approach". During the review of the literature, the insufficiency of the application of differentiation in practical activities was determined, which requires the development of modern methods and approaches to solving this issue. Programming is one of the variants of normative forecasting [98], since the norm is the goal of physical education – achieving an optimal state of physical health. Normative levels of physical condition can be presented in the form of models, the characteristics of which are functional indicators of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and nervous systems at rest or after physical exertion, physical capacity, physical fitness, etc.
 Programming in physical education is "the definition of a rational set and volume of means and methods of physical education, the sequence of their use at different stages of the health-improving process in accordance with the goals and objectives of using exercises for people of different ages, with different levels of health and fitness. Despite the antiquity of the question, the development of differentiated physical education has not yet received its final solution. This is evidenced by the interest shown by scientists in this issue to this day.

Investigating levels and determinants of primary school children’s basic motor competencies in nine European countries

Basic motor competencies (BMC) belong to the key learning goals of Physical Education (PE) in primary school curricula in Europe. These competencies are necessary to participate in sports inside and outside of school. Children should therefore achieve age-adequate BMC in PE and any need for educational motor support should be identified at an early stage. Studies in German-speaking countries showed that various endogenous and exogenous factors are related to children’s BMC, but international studies are missing. In the present cross-sectional study, the two BMC areas object movement (OM) and self-movement (SM) as well as the associations with endogenous (age, sex, body mass index) and exogenous (participation in extracurricular sports) factors were investigated in 1721 8‑ to 10-year-old primary school children from nine European countries. Over 25% of the children showed need for educational motor support in OM and over 20% in SM. BMC levels differed significantly between the country-specific subsamples. In all subsamples, boys showed better performances in OM, while girls scored better in SM. Older children performed better in OM and SM than younger children. Higher body mass index predicted lower BMC scores in both competence areas. Participation in ball sports was positively associated with OM and SM, and individual sports participation was a significant predictor of SM. As exogenous and endogenous variables consistently predicted BMC in all subsamples, there must be other reasons for variation in BMC levels. Future studies should address country- and school-specific characteristics like content and amount of PE.

Teaching Style, Motivational Climate, and Physical Education: An Intervention Program for Enhancing Students’ Intention for Physical Activity

Lifelong physical activity is one goal of physical education. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a 9-week designed intervention in physical education at promoting elementary school students’ intention for physical activity. The intervention was based on the creation of a task-oriented motivational climate during physical education via two teaching styles. The sample (n = 157) was assigned to control (n = 96) and two intervention (n = 39 and n = 22) groups. The intervention groups exhibited statistically significant greater intention for being physically active after the program. These findings indicate that an appropriate design of physical education could support students’ physical activity outside the educational framework.

Profile of Physical Fitness Level of Students Aged 10-12 Years in the Beach Area of Tomini Indonesia

Physical fitness is the goal of physical education in elementary schools which is charged by physical education teachers. The task of physical education teachers in educating students is mostly in the field so that they can motivate students to move. This study aims to determine the level of physical fitness of students aged 10-12 years in one of the coastal areas of Tomini Bay, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia, namely in Kabila Bone District, Bone Bolango Regency. This research is a non-experimental quantitative descriptive study with a survey method. The population in this study were all students aged 10-12 years who were in 11 public elementary schools, Kabila Bone District, Bone Bolango Regency, Gorontalo Province, amounting to 236 students. The sample in this study used purposive sampling technique, so the number of samples obtained was 67 students from 5 schools. The research instrument uses the Indonesian Physical Fitness Test (TKJI) standard instrument with a validity level of 0.92 and a reliability of 0.89, which in its implementation includes several test items, namely: 1) sprint to measure students' running speed; 2) pull ups to measure the strength and endurance of the arm and shoulder muscles; 3) sit ups to measure the strength and endurance of the abdominal muscles; 4) vertical jump to measure explosive power or explosive power of leg muscles; and 5) Running a moderate distance to measure students' cardiovascular. The results of this quantitative descriptive study are profiles of the physical fitness level of students aged 10-12 years in the coastal area of Tomini Bay, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia. The result, there is 1 student in the poor category, 44 students in the medium category, 22 students in the good category. The findings in this study are expected to be a future consideration for physical education teachers, especially the Tomini Bay area to be able to improve the quality of physical education in accordance with its objectives, namely physical fitness.

Exploring the intersection between students’ gender and migration background in relation to the equality of outcome in physical education in Sweden

ABSTRACT School grades are among the most common measurements used to analyze equality of outcome in education. Large or increasing ‘gaps’ in school grades between boys and girls and between students with different migration background are considered strong indicators of inequality. Based on students’ school grades, several studies have shown that equality in Swedish schools has decreased during the last two decades. Although equality has been described as one of the most important goals in physical education (PE), studies that focus on equality of outcome are lacking. Moreover, there have been no studies that focus on equality of outcome since the 2011 implementation of a new school grading system in Sweden. Therefore, the aim of this study is to contribute with new knowledge on equality in PE in Sweden – in regard to gender and migration background. The study is based on register data for all students enrolled in Swedish schools during the years 2012–2016 from Grades 6 and 9 and Year 1 in upper secondary school (N = 1,294,990). Based on a cross-sectional approach, analyses were conducted to explore general trends in students’ school grades in PE in the study period 2012–2016, and to calculate the percentage difference in PE grades between students with a Swedish background and both students with a foreign background and foreign-born students. After controlling for grade inflation, regression analyses with Wald tests were used to analyze how gender has moderated the relationship between migration background and school grades in PE in Sweden between 2012 and 2016. The results from this study suggest that (a) the intersection of gender and migration background is related to unequal school grades in PE, (b) there are gender equality issues in relation to students’ school grades in PE and, (c) the most prominent equality issues concern the group foreign-born girls.

Application of Network Information Technology in Physical Education and Training System under the Background of Big Data.

During the last two decades, rapid development in the network technology has been observed, particularly hardware, and the development of software technology has accelerated, resulting in the launch of a variety of novel products with a wide range of applications. Traditional sports training systems, on the other hand, have a single function and a complex operation that cannot be fully implemented in colleges and universities, causing China's sports training to stagnate for a long time. The goal of physical education and training is to teach a specific action to attain its maximum potential in a variety of ways. As a result, we should use the system to collect scientifically sound and trustworthy data to aid relevant staff in completing their training tasks. Therefore, in the context of big data, network information technology has become the main way to improve the physical education system. By applying cloud computing technology, machine vision technology, and 64-bit machine technology to the physical education training system, extract the video data of the physical education system, design the system video teaching process, and complete the construction of three-dimensional human model, so as to analyze the training situation of the trainers. In this paper, 30 basketball majors in a university are selected as the professional group and 30 computer majors as the control group. The average reaction time, scores, and expert scores of the two groups are analyzed. The results show that the test of the professional group is significantly higher than that of the amateur group. At the same time, the feedback results of students using physical education and training system and normal physical education teaching and training are compared and analyzed. One week later, the students trained by the physical education system have improved their thinking ability, movement accuracy, and judgment ability, indicating that the application of the physical education training system to the actual effect is ideal.

Physical education teachers’ perceptions and operationalisations of personal and social development goals in primary education

Personal and social development constitutes an important goal of physical education (PE) curricula worldwide. Few studies have analysed how PE teachers perceive and operationalise personal and social development goals in their lessons. This study sought to investigate the implemented curriculum of in-service PE teachers, that is, how PE teachers perceive and operationalise personal and social development goals. In sum, 12 experienced primary school PE teachers participated in semi-structured interviews. Deductive-inductive content analysis was used to analyse the data. Findings are discussed under three themes. The first theme, goal versus means, relates to personal and social development as a goal in itself or as a means to achieve other goals. This duality is discussed in relation with how teachers organise their lessons, the tasks and activities they provide, and how they divide children into groups. The second theme, the teacher's role versus children's role, relates to the struggle PE teachers face with delegating responsibilities to children. Under the third theme, (lack of) curriculum line, we discuss the structure or curriculum line that is missing in the pursuit of personal and social development goals. Future research and practice should devote time and effort to training PE teachers to realise personal and social development goals in a more structured and systematic way.

The Application of 5G Network Technology in the Innovative Development of Physical Education

The rapid development of information technology is changing people’s work, learning, and lifestyle and bringing new development space to education. Physical education is an important component of the university education system. The goal of physical education is to increase the physical fitness of the students and promote their advancement. In the context of the recent evolution of the social economy, the fifth-generation (5G) network technology is increasingly being deployed in many fields which may assist students to actively partake in physical education and promote successful physical education development. This study proposes an innovative framework based on 5G network technology for the development of physical education. The Internet of Things (IoT) technology is used to achieve long-term data collecting and real-time data monitoring, and a unique cuckoo search firefly optimization algorithm (CSFOA) is presented to improve data transmission efficiency. The performance of the system is assessed in terms of accuracy, energy efficiency, security level, error rate, and student satisfaction, respectively. Results confirm that the proposed system has certain practical effects and has the potential to optimize the process of physical education development.

Fostering Students’ Physical Literacy through Academic Conversations: Using Think-Pair-Share as a Teaching Strategy in Physical Education

According to SHAPE America, the goal of physical education “is to develop physically literate individuals.” Whitehead suggests that physically literate is a process that can be enriched with the development of the cognitive and affective learning domains through academic conversations. Although common to other content areas, the Think-Pair-Share teaching strategy in physical education is unique and can be utilized to develop Physical Literacy. Think-Pair-Share can be an effective way to engage students in academic conversations to achieve physical literacy and enrich a quality physical education with a little planning. This article introduces the Think-Pair-Share to foster students' physical literacy using a three-phase strategy.

Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Senam Lantai dengan Menggunakan Metode Demonstrasi Siswa Kelas III SD Negeri 2 Cakranegara

The purpose of this study was to improve learning outcomes of floor gymnastics by using the demonstration method for third grade students of SD Negeri 2 Cakranegara in the 2021/2022 academic year. Sources of data in this study were the third grade students of SD Negeri 2 Cakranegara totaling 27 students. Data collection techniques with assessment tests and observations. The data analysis technique used in this research is descriptive qualitative and the percentage is based on data from the results of tests conducted by students. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the application of the demonstration method can be considered for PJOK teachers to be applied in learning floor gymnastics. The results of this study are expected to be a concern for schools to provide encouragement to teachers to apply learning methods and use appropriate media as an effort to achieve quality learning to achieve the goals of physical education, sports, and health outlined in the curriculum. For further researchers, the results of this study can be used as input and insight into the use of games and image media in improving floor gymnastics learning.

Physical education in children of preschool age

The primary goals of physical education for young children in preschool settings, including in the home, are to help them become strong and healthy, to tame their bodies, and to correctly arrange their education and upbringing. Preschoolers’ health-improvement activities are the most fundamental physical education tasks, and they involve safeguarding a child's life, enhancing his health, developing his ability to defend himself by training his body, and boosting his resistance to various diseases. Children in the preschool years get feedback and feedback on physical education.

Development of On-line Physical Education Teaching Mode Based on Computer Multimedia and Network System

Online physical education is an important way to promote the high-quality development of physical education in the environment of wisdom education. By giving full play to the advantages of the application of computer multimedia and network system and integrating all kinds of high-quality physical education teaching resources, we can provide students with rich content and vivid process in physical education teaching classes, promote students to better integrate into physical education teaching activities, the real realization of physical education goals of teaching. This paper analyzes the advantages of online physical education based on computer multimedia and network system, and discusses the online physical education teaching mode according to the requirements of Physical Education Innovation.

ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN HAND DYNAMOMETRY INDICATORS AMONG FIRST-YEAR STUDENTS OF M. KOZYBAEV SKU

Leading experts noted that by means of physical culture it is possible to successfully influence the development of the types of activities necessary for the profession and effectively form the necessary competencies [1]. No matter how different the formulations of competencies in the standards for various areas of training of modern bachelors, the goal of physical education in higher education is to form the physical culture of the student's personality [2]. And this, in our opinion, implies the formation of a person's readiness to solve health and professional life tasks by means of physical culture. In connection with the above, the process of forming students' competencies implies changing and improving the system of monitoring the effectiveness of physical education. At the present stage, pedagogical control should solve the problem of determining the level of formation of competencies necessary for a particular future bachelor. The final level of competence formation is almost impossible to determine within the framework of traditional forms of tests and exams. Therefore, further improvement of the system of control over the formation of competencies should be based on a criteria-based approach, on specific gender, age and professional criteria. The presence of such criteria helps to predict the result to which the student should strive. This will significantly increase the motivation for the successful implementation of this process. Meanwhile, it is necessary that modeling, forecasting, planning and control over the individual process of competence formation become available to each student. It is worth noting the importance of quantitative criteria, since on the basis of a deep qualitative analysis of the results of activities, they form a general comprehensive picture of academic performance in physical culture. Quantitative criteria are important, first of all, as indicators of the quality of the process of physical education, physical development, and not only as an assessment and evidence of academic performance [3].

Media education role in achieving physical education goals in Poland

Indirect education found and is still finding its source in various media for a long time. Technological advancement results in the educators having an increased ability to use new tools in education. The goal remains the same but the social conditions impose a new identity – the subject teacher evolves into a media one. In the school system, necessary corrections have been introduced to the most important documents and the curricula, but there is still a lack of knowledge on what media education looks like in practice in specific national realities. The review article shows how goals determined by the curricula are already realized through new media in Poland and for which goals the didactic activities should be expanded. In the thematic block concerning physical activity, there is an entry: “The contents of this area have been enriched with modern forms of movement, physical activities from other European countries and use of modern technologies to monitor and plan physical activity” (MEN, 2017: 191). When organizing activities in the classroom area and with the right equipment, conducting lessons with the use of the media is not a problematic task. But are the PE teachers in a similarly comfortable position? It turns out that the development of information technology is conducive to the achievement of the objectives of this subject as well. The literature review and the solutions used so far in the school system are the basis for the thesis of a correlation between the ways in which modern media are used and the formation of the students’ attitudes towards physical culture.

Discussion on the Application Effect of Happy PE Concept in Primary School PE Teaching

The new curriculum standard points out that the ultimate goal of physical education is to guide students to establish a correct concept of lifelong physical education and promote students to extend physical exercise to practical life. In order to achieve the above goals, we must first enrich students' happy experience, so as to enhance students' inner motivation for physical education. For primary school students, they are in a critical period of life-long sports concept formation, which requires teachers must set up the happy physical education concept, make happy sports idea penetrated into each teaching link to rich students' happy experience, at the same time, also can optimize the elementary school sports teaching system and achieve the best teaching effect.

Physical education teacher motivation: A conceptual review and reconceptualisation

AbstractAccomplishing the goal of physical education requires a motivated teaching force. The goals of this article are to (a) provide a theoretical perspective that physical education teacher motivation is contextually constructed in close relation with their job demands and recourses, and (b) articulate a reconceptualised theoretical platform for future research based on the theoretical perspectives of extrinsic motivation and the job demand–job resource model. A literature search was conducted and followed by a conceptual review of theory‐driven, data‐based studies on physical education teacher motivation. The review has established a need to reconceptualise and consolidate the theoretical perspectives to enhance future research. The review outcome also suggests that examining the psychological and behavioural processes that influence physical education teacher motivation needs to incorporate an ecological perspective that assists in identifying and clarifying the sources of motivation and the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Based on the review and critique, I further articulate the implications, argue for the need of reconceptualising physical education teacher motivation research, and propose an alternative theoretical framework integrating the external‐regulation motivation and the job demand–job resource model for the future research. The proposed framework provides a conceptual lens that enables researchers to connect physical education teacher motivation to their job environment in future research. Context and implicationRationale for this studyBy delineating current motivation theoretical perspectives, the study argues that physical education teacher motivation can (and should) be considered extrinsic and the external‐regulation framework (Deci & Ryan, 1985) should be adopted as an effective framework to study teacher motivation.Why the new findings matterThe study proposes and discusses an alternative conceptual framework that combines external‐regulation and job‐demands/resources perspectives for future research on teacher motivation.Implications for educational researchers and policy makersThe proposed framework provides a conceptual lens that enables researchers to connect physical education teacher motivation to their job environment in future research.

Promotion of physical activity-related health competence in physical education: A person-oriented approach for evaluating the GEKOS intervention within a cluster randomized controlled trial

A central goal of physical education (PE) is to empower students to be physically active in a health-enhancing way. Therefore, using a competence-based approach, the objective of the health- and fitness-related PE intervention ‘Promotion of physical activity-related health competence in PE’ (GEKOS) was to address practical and theoretical content regarding training, fitness, and health. The aim of this person-oriented study was to examine differential effects of the GEKOS intervention on control competence and related knowledge, skills, abilities, and motivation. A total of 860 ninth graders were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group. Intervention group students received six PE lessons that combined practical and theoretical content regarding training, fitness, and health. Measurements were taken before, directly after, and with a follow-up after 8–12 weeks. Students completed a knowledge test and a fitness test, and filled out scales considering motivation and perceived control competence. Latent profile analysis and multinomial logistic regression were estimated. Five patterns of outcome measures were found. Intervention group students transitioned significantly more often to patterns with improved outcome values. The intervention was especially effective for a subgroup of students who initially had rather low outcome values. For a small proportion of students, the intervention entailed a loss of health-related motivation. The study indicated that students with low control competence and related knowledge, skills, abilities, and motivation can benefit from the GEKOS intervention. Future studies should investigate modes of actions and interventions that explicitly address motivation and vary the content and methods used in PE.