Goal Content Research Articles

Уточнення змісту завдань Кримінального кодексу України як важлива складова реформи кримінального права

Уточнення змісту завдань Кримінального кодексу України як важлива складова реформи кримінального права

目标内容的理论及应用研究综述

目标内容的理论及应用研究综述

Cognitive analysis and choice of an enterprise’s strategic goals

One of the most crucial and vulnerable stages of strategic management is the cognitive stage associated with the transformation of the strategic vision and of the enterprise’s mission into its strategic goals. At this stage, management is faced with the problem of developing a coordinated collective opinion on the content of the goals being formed and with the problem of objective assessment of their effectiveness. The difficulties here are due to the phenomenological features of the stage, such as the informal nature of the transformation procedure, the multi-criteria nature of goals, numerous uncertainties and risks exacerbated by the increased variability of business environments, cognitive barriers caused by linguistic discrepancies and differences in the professional experience of strategy developers. Such features of the stage ultimately lead to ambiguous decisions regarding the content of goals and ambiguous assessments of their effectiveness. In these circumstances, traditional support tools (numerous versions of expert methods, brainstorming, Norton and Kaplan's BSC, SMART technology, etc.) face serious limitations. This paper proposes a cognitive technology for forming a coordinated set of the enterprise’s business goals that to a large extent takes into account the features of the given stage. The technology is a single procedure integrating the capabilities of traditional support tools and expanding the creative potential of support based on psychosemantic models and nonmetric multidimensional scaling methods. The results of a real study conducted at a number of enterprises show that cognitive technologies open up new prospects for goal analysis. They can serve as a useful complement to existing support tools and contribute to the design of more effective and realistic business strategies.

생활체육 참여자들의 운동 목표내용, 동기 및 정서의 구조적 관계

이 연구는 생활체육 참여자들의 운동 목표내용, 동기 및 정서의 관계를 분석하고 운동 목표내용과 동기, 정서가 가지는 구조적 관계를 밝혀 생활체육 현장에서 보다 적극적인 참여를 유도하고, 지속할 수 있는 기초자료를 제공하기 위해 수행되었다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 2017년 12월 중 4회에 걸쳐 생활체육 대회 참여자, 대학교 전공 및 교양 수업을 수강하는 학생, 골프 연습장 회원 등 총 220명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며 이 중 불성실 응답, 질문지 훼손 등 13부를 제외한 207부를 최종 분석에 사용하였다 최종자료는 SPSS Statistics 20와 AMOS 20을 이용하여 빈도분석, 신뢰도분석, 요인분석, 상관분석 및 구조모형검증을 실시하였고, SPSS Process MACRO 2.16을 이용하여 매개효과 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 내재적 목표는 자율적 동기에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치고 통제적 동기에 유의한 부(-)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 외재적 목표는 자율적 동기에 유의한 부(-)의 영향을 미치고, 통제적 동기에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 자율적 동기와 통제적 동기는 긍정정서에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치고, 부정정서에는 자율적 동기만 유의한 부(-)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로, 운동 목표내용과 정서의 관계에서 동기의 매개효과를 살펴본 결과 내재적 목표가 자율적 동기를 경유하여 긍정정서에 미치는 간접효과와 외재적 목표가 자율적 동기를 경유하여 긍정정서와 부정정서에 미치는 간접효과만 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 생활체육 참여자들의 운동 목표내용, 동기 및 정서의 구조적 관계에서 통제적 동기가 부정정서에 미치는 영향을 제외하면 모두 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 자율적 동기는 목표와 정서 사이에서 유의한 매개효과를 나타냈고, 통제적 동기의 경우 유의한 매개효과가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 생활체육 참여를 유도하기 위해서는 운동 목표내용과 동기의 관계를 살피고 적용하는 것이 중요하고, 활동을 지속과 유지를 위해서는 긍정정서를 높이고, 부정정서를 줄이는 노력이 중요하다 볼 수 있으며, 이를 위해 자율적 동기를 강화하는 방안이 필요하다고 사료된다.

Reconstructing goals for transfer of training in faculty development programs for higher education teachers: A qualitative documentary method approach

Faculty development programs are often used in universities and higher education institutes to develop the knowledge and skills of their teaching personnel. At the same time, these faculty development programs often remain ineffective because lecturers are not fully using what they learned in their courses, classes, and seminars. The purpose of this case study was to explore the goals higher education teachers had after professional development programs for applying newly trained knowledge and skills. Grounded in 3 × 2 achievement goal model and Ryan and Deci's (2018) goal contents theory, the study addressed the research question: Which types of transfer goals do university teachers have after teacher education? Participants were three lecturers that were selected following the procedures of the maximum variation sampling schema. Adopting a mixed methods approach, data were collected with questionnaires (aimed at profiling the goal orientations of the teachers) and reflective interviews (aimed at reconstructing the goals and goal contents teachers had for transferring the trained skills). Triangulation of the quantitative and qualitative data using the documentary method resulted in a typology of intrinsic, mixed, and extrinsic transfer goals. Directions for future research associated with instrument development and theory building as well as implications for the educational practice in human resource development programs of higher education institutes are discussed.

Latent Profiles of Motives and Goal Contents: Differences Autonomy Support and Control of Parents and Teachers

Latent Profiles of Motives and Goal Contents: Differences Autonomy Support and Control of Parents and Teachers

Efectos del contenido de meta docente y la regulación motivacional académica sobre la creencia de eficacia docente del profesorado en formación inicial

Introducción: Basado en la Teoría de la Auto-Determinación, el objetivo del estudio fue examinar la relación entre los contenidos de meta y la creencia de la eficacia docente en profesorado en formación inicial, considerando el rol mediador de la regulación motivacional académica (autónoma y controlada) al inicio y final del master de formación del profesorado. Método: Los participantes fueron 379 profesores/as en formación inicial (180 hombres y 199 mujeres; Medad = 25.30, DT edad = 4.21) quienes completaron medidas de contenidos de meta en la docencia y regulación motivacional académica al inicio del máster en formación del profesorado (toma 1), así como medidas de regulación motivacional y creencia de eficacia docente al final del máster (toma 2). Las relaciones predictivas hipotetizadas fueron examinadas vía análisis de ecuaciones estructurales. Resultados: El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales mostró que los contenidos de meta intrínsecos al inicio del máster de formación del profesorado tuvieron un efecto positivo directo sobre la creencia de la eficacia docente al final del máster, estando dicha relación mediada por la motivación autónoma académica al inicio y al final del máster. En cambio, los contenidos de meta extrínsecos al inicio del máster de formación del profesorado mostraron un efecto directo y negativo sobre la creencia de la eficacia docente al final del máster. Discusión: Los resultados obtenidos subrayan la relevancia del contenido de meta en la explicación de la naturaleza dinámica de los procesos motivacionales relacionados con la creencia de eficacia docente durante el programa inicial de formación docente del profesorado en formación inicial.

Sexual goals and perceptions of goal congruence in individuals' PrEP adoption decisions: A mixed-methods study of gay and bisexual men who are in primary relationships.

Although health goals are recognized as a central feature of health behavior theories, the relational context through which goals are conceptualized is often overlooked. Interdependence theory represents a valuable framework for understanding goals in the adoption of health behaviors, such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), among gay and bisexual men in primary relationships. We examined the content and focus of men's sexual health goals, as well as whether goal content, goal focus, or perceptions of goal congruence with a primary partner were related to PrEP adoption among gay and bisexual men in primary relationships. Mixed-methods data were collected from a PrEP demonstration project from 145 HIV-negative gay and bisexual men in primary relationships. Participants reported their sexual health goals and completed measures of perceptions of goal congruence, relationship factors, and sociodemographic factors. Three main goal content categories were identified: prevention, satisfaction, and intimacy. In expressing these goals, participants framed them with either a self-focus or a relationship-focus. Men in serodiscordant relationships reported more intimacy goals and greater perceptions of goal congruence. There were no differences in goal content or focus by sexual agreement. In the multivariable logistic regression model, perceived goal congruence was associated with PrEP adoption, over and above covariates. Intimate relationships play a significant role in the formation of health-related goals. Goal content, focus, and perceived congruence with partners may represent important targets for HIV prevention interventions for gay and bisexual men in primary relationships, especially in the context of PrEP.

Analysis of Sociodemographic and Psychological Variables Involved in Sleep Quality in Nurses.

Background: Sleep quality is related to health and quality of life and can lead to the development of related disorders. This study analyzed the sociodemographic and psychological factors related to sleep quality in nurses. Methods: The sample comprised 1094 nurses who were assessed according to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Questionnaire, the Goal Content for Exercise Questionnaire, the Brief Emotional Intelligence Inventory, and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18. Results: The results confirm the impacts of diet, motivation for physical exercise, emotional intelligence, and overall self-esteem on sleep quality in nurses. Conclusions: Sleep quality in healthcare professionals is vitally important for performance at work; therefore, appropriate strategies should be applied to improve it.

Goal contents as predictors of academic cheating in college students

ABSTRACT The current study examined the longitudinal relationships between goal contents and academic cheating (serious versus minor cheating) among representative college students. Based on the framework of goal contents theory within self-determination theory, wealth, fame, affiliation, self-growth, social-concern, and leisure goals were tested as predictive factors of two types of academic cheating. Participants were 2,360 representative college students from the Korean Education Longitudinal Study majoring in business, humanities, social sciences, engineering, education, arts, and medicine. They answered survey questionnaires twice at 1-year intervals. Hierarchical regression analysis found that self-growth negatively predicted serious as well as minor cheating, and the wealth goal was positively correlated with minor cheating after controlling for previous cheating behaviors and gender. The results support goal contents theory and show that classifying academic cheating by severity permits a deeper understanding of students’ academic cheating. Educators and practitioners seeking to encourage students’ ethical behavior should pay closer attention to the goal contents they pursue to provide appropriate guidelines.

Russia in the Eyes of Islamic State: An Analysis of the Content of Dabiq and Rumiyah Magazines and Russia’s Involvement in the Fight against the Islamic State

ABSTRACT This paper analyzes a large content of the Islamic State (IS) English-language magazines Dabiq (fifteen issues, 2014–2016) and Rumiyah (13 issues, 2016–2017), which represent the largest text sample of IS propaganda prepared for English-speaking recipients. The author attempts to understand the propaganda methods and leading themes related to Russia exploited in the magazine. Research confirmed strong, omnipresent religious dualism between “believing” and “disbelieving” applied to non-religious entities, seen by Islamic State as enemies. Thus, military opponents, such as Russia are labeled with words such as Crusaders or unbelievers, while self-proclaimed caliphate is portrayed as the last Muslim bastion against the invaders. This article attempts to fill a gap in research on the Islamic State’s propaganda methods used in its flagship online magazines. Its major objective is to discover and understand the Islamic State’s approach to one of its biggest enemies—the Russian Federation. In order to reach this goal, quantitative and qualitative content analysis is used.

Determining whether occupational therapy goals match between pairs of occupational therapists and their clients: a cross-sectional study

Purpose This study examined the degree to which goals perceived by occupational therapists (OTs) matched those perceived by their clients. Methods A total of 100 clients and 79 OTs were recruited from seven subacute rehabilitation wards in Japan. Matched pairs of OTs and their clients were independently asked for their perception about the clients' occupational therapy goals through semi-structured interviews. Results Collectively, the OTs reported 239 goals, while the clients reported 161 goals. While both the OTs and the clients reported a high level of client engagement in the goal setting process, 79% of the goal statements were mismatched between pairs of OTs and their clients. Goal matching was slightly better for goals about activities of daily living or participation than for goals about body structure or body function. Conclusions Although most OTs and their clients perceived that they engaged in goal-setting together, only 21% of reported goals actually matched between OTs and clients. It would also be worth investigating whether there is any correlation between the content of goals, patient engagement in goal setting, degree of goal matching, and health outcomes achieved by clients following discharge from rehabilitation services. Implications for rehabilitation Although most occupational therapists (OTs) and their clients perceived that they engaged in goal-setting together, 79% of the goals independently reported by OTs and their clients did not match in seven post-acute rehabilitation wards across Japan. Goals were slightly more likely to match if the topic of the goals related to instrumental activities of daily living or participation (30.3%) or basic activities of daily living (24.7%) than if the topic of the goals were about body structure or body function (11.2%); however, the overall rate of goal matching was low. Japanese OTs need to develop more effective methods for recording or communicating goals in ways that clients can understand; this may be the same for other countries.

Hábitos y motivos de ejercicio físico en estudiantes universitarios y su relación con el valor otorgado a la Educación Física (Undergraduates’ physical exercise habits and motives and their relationship with the value given to Physical Education)

El potencial de la motricidad en Educación Infantil podría verse afectado por diversos factores, como la actitud de los docentes hacia el trabajo motor en Educación Infantil o su práctica de ejercicio físico. Por esta razón, el objetivo fue conocer los hábitos y motivos de práctica de ejercicio físico de los futuros docentes, comprobando si ello incide en el valor otorgado al desarrollo de la motricidad en Educación Infantil. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 196 estudiantes de los tres primeros cursos del Grado de Maestro en Educación Infantil, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 22 años. Para conocer sus motivos de práctica de ejercicio físico, completaron la Escala de Medida de los Motivos para la Actividad Física-Revisada. Además, se conoció su opinión respecto a la utilidad de la motricidad en Educación Infantil para el futuro de los niños, y a los aspectos a los que más contribuye la motricidad, así como su hábito de ejercicio físico. Los estudiantes de segundo y tercer curso son quienes consideran más útiles las clases de Educación Física. La mayoría practican ejercicio físico por motivos de fitness y disfrute. Se hallaron correlaciones positivas entre la subescala fitness y la utilidad otorgado a las clases de motricidad. Es posible concluir, por tanto, la alta importancia de las clases de Educación Física en Educación Infantil según los futuros docentes, así como la necesidad de promocionar la práctica de ejercicio físico entre éstos con el propósito de aumentar esta valoración, debido a los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo.Abstract. The potential of motor skills in Early Childhood Education could be affected by several factors, such as teachers’ attitude towards motor development in pre-schoolers or their physical exercise habits. For that reason, the aim was to know future teachers’ habits and motives to do physical exercise, assessing if this affects the value that teachers give to the development of psychomotricity in this stage. The sample was composed of 196 undergraduates from the first three years of the Degree in Early Childhood Education, aged between 18 and 21 years old. In order to know their reasons for doing physical exercise, they filled the Motives for Physical Activity Measure-Revised. In addition, their opinions regarding the usefulness of Physical Education lessons for the future of preschoolers, and the aspects to which motor skills contribute the most, were revealed, as well as their physical exercise habits. Undergraduates belonging to the second and third year were those who considered Physical Education lessons as more useful. The great majority of students did physical exercise for reasons such as fitness and enjoyment. Positive correlations were found between the fitness subscale and the usefulness given to Physical Education lessons by undergraduates. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that Physical Education lessons have great importance in Early Childhood Education according to future teachers. Furthermore, taking these findings into account, the need to promote physical exercise among them is also highlighted, with the aim of increasing the value of psychomotricity.

Coherence between goals and therapeutic homework of clients engaging in recovery-oriented support.

Our goal was to develop and pilot a methodology that could reliably identify therapeutic homework tasks that are coherent with the goals of individuals receiving mental health recovery support. The content of goals and therapeutic homework tasks of 66 clients were classified using the Camberwell Assessment of Need Goal-Action Plan (CAN-GAP) taxonomy. Goal-homework pairs were considered coherent if the content of the homework and goal were both independently assigned the same content domain. The content of the goals and homework tasks were found to be highly coherent, with a 75% match in categories. It is possible to simply, and reliably, determine whether the content of goals and homework tasks are coherent. Lower coherence would require support workers to spend more time making the connection between homework and goals more explicit. Future research should determine whether higher coherence leads to greater goal attainment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Goal statements in brain injury rehabilitation: A cohort study of client-centredness and relationship with goal outcome

AbstractBackground:Currently, there is increasing recognition of the need to use a client-centred approach to goal setting in rehabilitation. However, there is limited research to guide practice with community-dwelling clients with acquired brain injury. An understanding of the characteristics of client-centred goals and the extent to which client-centeredness influences goal outcomes is required.Objective:To examine the relationships between the client-centredness of goals and their characteristics, content, recall and outcomes of client-centred goals in brain injury rehabilitation.Methods:A prospective cohort design study was employed. Participants were 45 clients with brain injury receiving outpatient rehabilitation, who completed measures of client-centredness after goal setting. Each goal was classified according to whether it was specific, measurable, non-jargonistic, and participation-focussed, included a timeframe and was recalled by participants.Results:Participants set 223 goals with 20 clinicians from multiple disciplines. Levels of client-centredness did not differ according to the characteristics, content and recall of goals, with the exception of goal specificity (p< 0.01). Client-centredness was significantly and positively correlated with goal outcomes (p< 0.05).Conclusions:The use of client-centred goals is recommended for improved rehabilitation outcomes. Applying goal documentation criteria does not necessarily mean that goals will be client-centred, and highly specific goal statements may not reflect what is important and meaningful to clients.

Can goal attainment scaling (GAS) accurately identify changes in social communication impairments following TBI?

ABSTRACTThe overall aim was to assess the clinical utility of Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) as an outcome measure for individuals with social communication impairment secondary to Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in the post acute phase of recovery. The specific aims of the study were to (1) determine whether the content of the GAS goals would reflect problem areas identified on existing, specific communication measures (Profile of Pragmatic Impairment In Communication (PPIC) and La Trobe Communication Questionnaire (LCQ)), and (2) determine whether GAS was as sensitive or more sensitive to change when compared to the PPIC and LCQ. A pilot pre–post, cohort study design was conducted with seven participants. The PPIC and LCQ were administered and GAS goals were scored before and after a block of metacognitive goal based therapy. Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests were used to determine statistically significant changes on the measures. The content and change on the individual GAS goals and related items on the PPIC and LCQ were also compared. Participants showed a statistically significant improvement on 25 of the 27 GAS goals and no change on two GAS goals. The same change was not evident on the PPIC or LCQ. GAS may be a more sensitive measure of impairment and change in communication than the PPIC and LCQ. In a clinical context, the results of the current study suggest that GAS may be a superior measure for evaluating the effects of social communication treatments than PPIC or LCQ. Further research is required.

The Role of Goal Contents in the Relationship between Growth Mindset and Grit

The Role of Goal Contents in the Relationship between Growth Mindset and Grit

The effect of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on entrepreneurial intentions

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how and when intrinsic (personal growth, affiliation, community contribution, health) and extrinsic (financial success, fame, physical appearance) goals affect individuals’ entrepreneurial intentions (EIs). The study uses goal contents theory to propose that intrinsic and extrinsic goals positively influence individuals’ EIs. The authors further argue that the collectivism moderates the effect of intrinsic and extrinsic goals on individuals EIs.Design/methodology/approachA survey was designed to collect data from business graduates at a university in Pakistan. The measurement model and the hypothesized model were tested using the structural equation modeling technique in MPlus 7.0.FindingsThe results suggest that all four intrinsic goals and three extrinsic goals positively affect individuals’ EIs. However, financial success and fame appear to be the most prominent determinants of EIs. Similarly, personal growth and contribution to community are strong predictors of individuals’ EIs. Conversely, health, physical appearance and affiliation motives were found to have a weaker effect on individuals’ EIs. Moreover, the results show that collectivist orientation negatively moderates the effect of intrinsic goals on individuals’ EIs, but positively moderates the effect of extrinsic goals. These results suggest that the EIs of individuals with high collectivist orientation are mainly induced by extrinsic goals, whereas intrinsic factors play a greater role in stimulating the EIs of individuals with low collectivism.Originality/valueExtant research has paid little attention to intrinsic and extrinsic goals as determinants of individuals’ EIs. Thus, this study explores how and when intrinsic and extrinsic goals develop individuals’ EIs. This study is the first of its kind to highlight the importance of individuals’ cultural orientation (collectivism) to determine the alternative role of intrinsic and extrinsic goals in developing individuals’ EIs. In addition, this study was conducted in a different cultural setting (i.e. South Asia), which provides an opportunity to expand the boundary conditions of the phenomenon by offering an alternative perspective on this issue.

Rightly crossing the Rubicon: Evaluating goal self-concordance prior to selection helps people choose more intrinsic goals

We studied how people “cross the Rubicon” when making personal goal selections. In Studies 1 and 2 participants rated the self-concordance of four candidate goals, two with intrinsic and two with extrinsic content, before selecting two goals to actually pursue. Intrinsic goal content predicted higher self-concordance, as did matching between goal content and participant values and motives. Self-concordance in turn explained participants’ actual goal-selections. In longitudinal Study 2, intrinsic goal selection predicted increased well-being. In experimental Study 3, participants randomly assigned to rate candidate goals prior to selection made more intrinsic selections on average, compared to those not afforded this opportunity. We conclude that considering one’s motivations for various candidate goals prior to selecting among them can improve one’s goal choices.

WHAT MOTIVATES PEOPLE TO PARTICIPATE IN A NON-COMPETITIVE GYMNASTICS FESTIVAL? – A CASE STUDY OF WORLD GYMNAESTRADA

Sport participation might have very different goals, especially for non-competitive events. This study analyses the motivation of participants to join in the XV World Gymnaestrada in Helsinki in 2015, which is considered one of the largest international non-competitive gymnastics festival worldwide. Methods: The Goal Content for Exercise Questionnaire (GCEQ) was applied to 86 adults (56 female/ 30 male) and analyzed statistically. In addition, 24 short interviews were conducted and the data were analyzed by a Content Analysis. Results: “Social Affiliation” and “Skill Development” seem to be the principal motivations. Both are more important for women than for men. “Social Recognition” was also of particular relevance for the participants. Finally, the number of WG participations shows the same tendency in motivation for beginners and very experienced participants.