Goal Attainment Research Articles

Intensive early and sustained lowering of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol after myocardial infarction and prognosis: the SWEDEHEART registry.

Non-HDL-C provides an estimate of lipid-associated risk and is a secondary treatment target after myocardial infarction (MI). The aim was to study the relationship between non-HDL-C levels after MI and risk of adverse outcomes. From the SWEDEHEART registry, 56 262 patients with MI were included. Outcomes were major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE: death, MI, and ischaemic stroke), death, and non-fatal MI. Non-HDL-C was assessed at admission, 2 months, and 1 year. Target achievement (<2.2 mmol/L) of non-HDL-C, timing thereof, and outcomes were assessed. During median follow-up of 5.4 years, 9549 had MACE, 5427 died, and 3946 had MI. Long-term hazard ratio (HR) for MACE in the lowest vs. the highest quartile of achieved non-HDL-C at 1 year was 0.76 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.71-0.81]. Short-term results were consistent also when assessing non-HDL-C levels at 2 months, including early events up to 1 year (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.68-0.92). Similar results were observed for all outcomes. Patients achieving both early and sustained targets had lowest risk of outcomes (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.74-0.86) vs. patients achieving target early or late (HR for both 0.86, 95% CI 0.79-0.93). The lowest achieved levels both at 2 months and at 1 year of non-HDL-C were associated with better outcome. The lowest risk was observed when target was achieved within 2 months of MI and sustained thereafter. These findings challenge the current stepwise approach for cholesterol lowering after MI, which inevitably results in delaying goal attainment and possible harm.

Determinants of rural households’ food security status in South Africa: lessons from covid-19 social relief grant recipients in NIDS-CRAM wave 5

The world experienced an unprecedented health shock (COVID-19) which caught everyone by surprise, and destabilized many sectors, especially the agri-food sector. This unpleasant situation caused upset in the food production and distribution chain, and continues to threaten the attainment of Sustainable Development Goal 2 which underscores zero hunger in society. Many people in South Africa were disproportionately affected with severe consequences on their livelihood activities, food security status, health status, and general welfare conditions; and as a result, social relief intervention was put in place or expanded. This study examined the factors influencing rural households’ food security status among the recipients of social relief grants in rural areas of South Africa. The study used a secondary dataset from Wave 5 of National Income Dynamics Study - Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey (NIDS-CRAM). The research applied descriptive statistics to describe the respondents’ socio-economic characteristics, and pattern of income flow. Food Insecurity Access Scale was employed to investigate the respondents’ food security status, while multinomial logistic regression was used to explore the determinants of food security. The results showed that the majority of the respondents were black (99%), female-headed (54.15%), dwelling in flats (74.01%), with secondary education (88.6%), and heavily dependent on government grants (58.61%). Also, most households were food secure (71.69%) during the pandemic. Moreover, households headed by men were more food secure (62.84%) compared to the ones headed by the female counterparts (37.08). Multinomial regression estimates revealed that formal education (p&lt;0.1), employment status (p&lt;0.05), dwelling type (p&lt;0.01), as well as household size (p&lt;0.01) significantly determined rural households’ food security status. The study concluded that social relief grants significantly reduced the food insecurity situation among the rural households in South Africa, and recommended that the government should ensure the continuation of the social relief of distress grant to the vulnerable people who are mostly domiciled in the rural areas, especially women who are disproportionately affected by these health shocks. Key words: Covid-19, social grant, rural households, food security, South Africa

A novel multi-objective decision-making model to determine optimum resource and capacity configuration for hybrid electricity generation systems: A comparative case study in Türkiye

The rapid depletion of fossil fuels, their negative environmental impacts due to harmful carbon emissions, and the drawbacks of the sole use of intermittent renewable energy resources on system reliability necessitate the use of more advanced energy system technologies. As a result, hybrid electricity generation systems offer an innovative alternative to conventional energy systems. However, the technical complexity and variability of these systems require the application of multi-objective optimization techniques to determine the optimal sizing and system design. Therefore, in this study, we suggest a multi-objective decision-making (MODM) model that involves five conflicting objectives to find the optimal resource configuration and auxiliary source capacity allocation within the framework of the multi-source electricity production method in Türkiye. The MODM model aims to maximize the utilization of resource potentials and the jobs created, while simultaneously minimizing the levelized cost of energy (LCOE), construction duration, and carbon emissions. The MODM model was solved using fmincon and fgoalattain multi-objective optimization algorithms using the Goal Attainment Method in MATLAB and the model results were subsequently compared to the real-world data. According to the model results, the optimal capacity to be allocated for the auxiliary source units is 13,749.58 MWm, while the capacity allocated according to the real-world data as of March 2024 is 2495.49 MWm. In contrast to the model's prediction of 90.8 % solar-based auxiliary unit installations, 99.8 % of auxiliary units are based on solar PV in the actual case. Furthermore, hydro or geothermal-based auxiliary sources are not allocated any capacity, which is consistent with the actual situation. The capacity allocated for the wind (primary source) + solar (auxiliary source) configuration is 76.2 %, whereas in reality, it accounts for 65.6 % of the total installations. Consequently, the model findings suggest that the maximum capacity allocation is for the wind (primary source) + solar (auxiliary source) type hybrid electricity generation system.

Importance of Cardiac Rehabilitation in Post-myocardial Infarction

The benefits of cardiac rehabilitation have been demonstrated for several years by various studies showing a 25-35% reduction in mortality, fewer complications and improved physical capabilities and quality of life. In this article, we describe the beneficial effect of cardiac rehabilitation on post-myocardial infarction patients with coronary artery disease. Patient aged 60, chronic smoker, diabetic, hypertensive and dyslipidemic. Admitted for management of a post-infarction complicated by 35% left ventricular (LV) dysfunction related to a right coronary occlusion dilated by a stent. The patient was recruited 3 weeks after hospitalization for a cardiac rehabilitation program after an initial clinical and paraclinical evaluation. The final evaluation showed a marked improvement in cardiorespiratory and functional capacity, with improvements in VO2 (Oxygen uptake) peak, the first ventilator threshold VT1, maximum heart beat and VE (minute ventilation)/VCO2 (carbon dioxide output) ratio. We also noted an improvement in cardiovascular risk factors with goal attainment, quality of life based on the HAD (Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale) questionnaire, and adherence to treatment. Cardiac rehabilitation is aimed at all dilated, operated or medically treated coronary patients. It requires a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach, and helps to improve exercise performance, quality of life and psychological profile, as well as contributing to better socio-professional reintegration.

A real-world analysis of adherence, biochemical outcomes, and healthcare costs in patients treated with rosuvastatin/ezetimibe as single-pill combination vs. free combination in Italy.

To compare medication adherence, lipid goal attainment, and healthcare costs between patients receiving a single-pill combination (SPC) vs. a free combination treatment (FCT) of rosuvastatin/ezetimibe (ROS/EZE) in Italy. Administrative databases of healthcare entities covering ∼7 million individuals were used to identify adults prescribed with ROS/EZE as SPC or FCT between January 2018 and June 2020. Adherence was calculated as the proportion of days covered (PDC) after cohort balancing by propensity score matching. Patients with available LDL cholesterol testing were assessed for the proportion of those who at baseline were above lipid targets recommended by ESC/EAS Guidelines for their cardiovascular risk category and reached the target during follow-up. Among 25 886 patients on SPC and 7309 on FCT, adherent patients were more represented in SPC than FCT cohort (56.8 vs. 44.5%, P < 0.001), and this difference remained significant (P < 0.001) after stratification by cardiovascular risk (very high, high, and other). The proportion of patients reaching LDL cholesterol target at 1 year follow-up was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in SPC vs. FCT cohort: 35.4 vs. 23.8% for very high cardiovascular risk, 46.9 vs. 23.1% for high risk and 71.6 vs. 49.5% for other risk. Total healthcare costs per patient at 1 year follow-up were lower in SPC vs. FCT users (2337€ vs. 1890€, P < 0.001). In both cohorts, costs were mainly driven by drug expenses and hospitalizations. This real-world analysis in dyslipidaemic patients found that treatment with ROS/EZE as SPC resulted in better adherence, higher chances of reaching lipid goals, and cost savings over FCT, in all cardiovascular risk categories.

Robot-assisted gait training in patients with various neurological diseases: A mixed methods feasibility study.

Walking impairment represents a relevant symptom in patients with neurological diseases often compromising social participation. Currently, mixed methods studies on robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) in patients with rare neurological diseases are lacking. This study aimed to explore the feasibility, acceptability, goal attainment and preliminary effects of RAGT in patients with common and rare neurological diseases and understand the intervention context and process. A mixed-methods feasibility study was conducted at an Austrian rehabilitation centre. Twenty-eight inpatients after stroke in the subacute and chronic phases, with multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, spinocerebellar ataxia, acute/chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and motor neuron disease were included. Patients received RAGT for 45 minutes, 4x/week, for 4 weeks. Baseline and post-intervention assessments included gait parameters, walking and balance, and questionnaires. Semi-structured observations were conducted twice during the intervention period and analysed using thematic analysis. Descriptive statistics within the respective disease groups and calculation of effect sizes for the total sample were performed. Triangulation was employed to develop a deeper understanding of the research topic. Data from 26 patients (mean age 61.6 years [standard deviation 13.2]) were analysed. RAGT was highly accepted by patients and feasible, indicated by recruitment, retention, and adherence rates of 84.8% (95% confidence interval, CI 0.7-0.9), 92.2% (95% CI 0.7-1.0) and 94.0% (95% CI 91.4-96.2), respectively. Goal attainment was high, and only mild adverse events occurred. Improvements in walking speed (10-Metre Walk Test, effect size r = 0.876), walking distance (6-Minute Walk Test, r = 0.877), functional mobility (Timed Up and Go, r = 0.875), gait distance (r = 0.829) and number of steps (r = 0.834) were observed. Four themes were identified: familiarising with RAGT; enjoyment and acceptance through a trusting therapeutic relationship; actively interacting; and minimising dissatisfaction. Sufficiently powered randomised controlled trials are needed to validate our results. German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00027887.

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health and goal attainment scale approach as academic tools at student-run free clinic for diabetic patients with international collaboration

The prevalence of diabetes is rising globally these days. Multidisciplinary teamwork for diabetes patients in nursing care is essential to preventing both acute and long-term complications. Additionally, this method of providing services will give students access to modern medical practice while they are in school. 120 students were enrolled in the post-piloted courses and 133 students took the pre-test. Through the Erasmus+ project with international cooperation, we established a “student-run free clinic for diabetic patients” to support the treatment of diabetes, which makes use of the goal attainment scale method and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework. Students are ready to offer free services for educational opportunities for other new generations of medical students and medical care to diabetic patients, according to the questionnaire for the student evaluation of the quality insurance of the piloted courses. In addition to offering diabetic patients and their families access to ongoing medical education, the “student-run free clinic for diabetic patients” also offers diabetic patients medical care.

Hypocrisy moderates self-interest bias in moral character judgments

ABSTRACT Self-interest bias describes an observer’s tendency to judge moral transgression leniently when they benefit from it. However, what factors moderate the self-interest bias is an open empirical question. Here, we investigated to what extent hypocrisy moderates the self-interest bias. Preregistered Study 1a (N = 194) and replication in Study 1b (N = 193) demonstrated that observers’ interest impacts moral character judgments of hypocritical transgressors. This effect was explained by observers’ goal attainment due to transgression (Study 2, N = 713) and agreement to aid observers’ or ingroup interests (Study 3, N = 634). Importantly, transgressors’ hypocrisy moderated the impact of observers’ interests in moral character judgments (Studies 2 & 3). In summary, when judging hypocritical transgressors, peoples’ moral character judgments tend to be biased by their or their group’s interests. However, in comparison to non-hypocritical transgressors, this impact is less pronounced.

Implementation of the Naive Bayes Method in Looker Studio for data on the achievement of Great IDN in IDN Akhwat School

The IDN Hebat program is an important tool for schools to track and analyze student achievement data. However, with the targeted activities in the IDN program, challenges arise in managing and measuring achievement data efficiently. The research aims to develop a Web Cloud-based data management system for IDN Hisbat achievements at IDN Akhwat School by utilizing Google Looker Studio and the Naive Bayes Algorithm. The data source used in this study is by applying a classification dataset obtained from student achievement information data in the Great IDN Program. The results of this analysis show that the highest accuracy of teaching achievement fell on the status of exceeding the target with a percentage of 89%, and the highest class that placed the status above the target was class 9A with an average percentage of 35%. In addition, the results from this analysis can help coordinators and schools in planning more effective and strategic programs in the future. Overall, this study provides important benefits in improving the quality of teaching and student coaching, as well as supporting data-driven decision-making. This study is expected to enhance the efficiency, accuracy, and effectiveness of managing student achievement, while also supporting the attainment of optimal educational goals for each student to achieve extraordinary results.

Evaluation of a Multi-Site Cancer Health Disparities Research Training Program for Underrepresented Undergraduate and Medical Students.

Diversifying the biomedical research workforce is crucial for eliminating cancer health disparities. To address this need, Moffitt Cancer Center and Louisiana State University Health Sciences formed the Southeast Partnership for Improving Research and Training in Cancer Health Disparities (SPIRIT-CHD). A key component of SPIRIT-CHD is the Cancer Research Education Program (CREP), designed to train underrepresented undergraduate and medical students in biomedical science research. The CREP featured an 8-week summer internship with a web-based curriculum, community outreach, and mentored research experiences. Three cohorts (n = 39) completed the CREP. Students were evaluated before and after the internship using the Goal Attainment Scale (GAS), Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Instrument (STEBI), and Research Appraisal Inventory (RAI), modified to assess CREP outcomes. These scales measured students' intentions to pursue cancer research careers, self-efficacy in communicating scientific information, and perceived research abilities. Paired test results showed significant increases (p < 0.001) in scores across the scales (GAS, STEBI, RAI) pre- and post-training. Trainees reported heightened intentions to pursue cancer research careers (GAS; mean increase of 5.3, p < 0.001) and greater self-efficacy in relaying scientific information (STEBI; mean increase of 9.2, p < 0.001). They also showed increased self-confidence in conducting research (RAI; mean increase of 58.2, p < 0.001). These findings demonstrate the program's success in fostering interest in cancer research careers and enhancing research confidence. Results support the development of programs like CREP to positively impact the academic and professional trajectories of underrepresented students, ultimately creating a more diverse and inclusive biomedical research workforce equipped to address health disparities.

The Spinal Cord Injury Self-Management Program: A Pilot.

People with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) experience a higher rate of secondary health conditions (SHCs) which affect their health and well-being. Self-management (SM) is a proven intervention approach, but formal programs may need to be tailored for the SCI population to reflect their needs and values. We sought to examine the feasibility and acceptability of the Spinal Cord Injury Self-Management (SCISM) Program and estimate its effect. A total of 32 individuals with SCI participated in the program. The primary outcomes were feasibility, acceptability, SHCs, and goal attainment. Participants were assessed at baseline, postintervention, and 3-month follow-up. Findings indicated that the SCISM Program was feasible and acceptable for use with moderate positive effects on SHCs and large positive effects in goal attainment. People with chronic SCI want to continue improving SM skills. The SCISM Program is feasible, acceptable, and should be examined further to reduce SHCs following SCI.

Standardizing Attention Process Training-III for a Multisite Clinical Trial of Neuromodulation.

The Control Network Neuromodulation to Enhance Cognitive Training in Complex Traumatic Brain Injury (CONNECT-TBI) study is an ongoing randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled multisite clinical trial to determine the enhancing effects of noninvasive neuromodulation when paired with cognitive training in military participants (Veterans and active duty) with mild TBI. Attention Process Training-III (APT-III) was selected for its strong evidence base, manualized procedures, and computerized program. However, many aspects of APT-III that make it ideal for personalization make it less ideal for reliable implementation across participants, clinicians/technicians, and sites. The purpose of this feature article is to highlight APT-III procedures that require additional standardization for reliable administration across participants and sites. Ten studies using APT-III were reviewed for methodology of APT-III administration. The manual was also scrutinized; aspects of administration that involved clinical decision-making, subjectivity, flexibility, and/or that were identified by the APT-III developers as areas in need of "empirical evaluation" were flagged by clinicians. Literature and manual review findings were presented to the team for discussion and solution-finding. The authors created and refined a standardized process that would allow participants to move through APT-III training, including task movement algorithms and new materials drafts. Refining of algorithms and drafts continued until there was a consensus from team members. Many gray areas were identified, but we will limit our reporting to focus on (1) dosage, (2) adaptation, (3) metacognitive strategy instruction, and (4) goal attainment scaling. We present APT-III manual details, literature review findings, and CONNECT-TBI decisions and materials for each of these areas of focus. We have highlighted some of the major gray areas of APT-III administration so that fellow researchers can understand the need to take similar steps in clinical trials using APT-III. We provide examples of our standardization process and resultant rules and materials. Our algorithm, based on prior studies using the APT-III and our own iterative adjustments, allows for adjustment of the difficulty and speed of the training tasks (but within certain parameters) in order to achieve the best balance between individualization and consistency across participants and sites. We provide an example of a workflow and reporting process for future studies.

Frontrunning, Free-Riding and Over-Aspiring: A Case Study Exploring How Configurations of Involvement, Social Comparison and Organizational Goal Attainment Affect Perceived Network Goal Attainment

Background: Complex problems in healthcare (fragmentation, specialization, and increased costs) are often addressed by implementing collaborative interorganizational networks. Theoretical models prescribe organizational practices that should ensure the effectiveness of these networks. However, these models are mostly aimed at organizing networks to achieve optimal effectiveness. One of the mechanisms increasing effectiveness, is the involvement of network members. We argue that even though network involvement may be high, there are mechanisms at play that decrease the member’s perceived network goal attainment, resulting in dissatisfied and dissociated members. One of these mechanisms is the comparison of input and output versus the input and output of other members; while the other is the pursuit of organizational goals by network membership. In combination with each other, these may lead to low perceived network goal attainment. Methods: We apply a mixed method study in a local primary care network (PCN) in the Netherlands. We collect and analyse two types of data: (1) interviews, analysed using thematic analysis, and (2) surveys, analysed using crisp-set qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). Results: We found three different pathways to low perceived network goal attainment. Members that are highly involved with the network, can still feel dissatisfied with the network’s goal attainment if they engage in social comparison or if they pursue organizational goals rather than network goals by network membership. We called these pathways over-achieving, and frontrunning. The third pathway, freeriding, describes members that are not very much involved in the network, but pursue organizational goals rather than network goals, and are also dissatisfied about the network’s goal attainment. Conclusion: Network member involvement positively affects perceived network goal attainment. We argue however, that even high network involvement can result in low perceived network goal attainment. Member’s comparison of each other’s input and output, as well as the pursuit of organizational goals, result in low perceived goal attainment even if members’ involvement is high. Future research aimed at network level effectiveness should take member level characteristics and sociodynamic factors into account.

Can Africa–China cooperation influence African green growth to truly alleviate undernourishment? Evidence of the quadruple mediating effect

AbstractClimate change has significantly threatened the global economy and increased the risk of food insecurity. Despite humanitarian efforts, African countries continue to face huge challenges related to global warming and deep undernourishment to reach a sustainable future. In this respect, China and Africa engage in bilateral exchanges to overcome these difficulties. However, exploring sustainable partnerships between China and Africa is a complicated and multifaceted topic, notably in the green economy and treating undernourishment, which needs more pertinence scientific research. Accordingly, this paper aims to explore the combined effect of eco‐innovation, Chinese investment, and trade on green growth while simultaneously addressing the issues of undernourishment in the context of Africa–China cooperation. This study applies the generalized method of moments (GMM) to analyze a sample of 26 African countries over 11 years. This paper finds that eco‐innovations and FDI positively impact green growth, with p‐values below .046. The study reveals that Chinese exports have a detrimental effect on green growth, with p‐values below .033. This paper shows that green growth has a positive impact on undernourishment. This research finds a quadruple mediating effect of green growth between its driving factors and undernourishment. Therefore, our findings demonstrated that China's growing involvement in Africa, mainly through exporting natural resources, is likely to impede the attainment of sustainable development goals. However, countries can still gain from FDI and import sustainable products from China. Lastly, policymakers must consider the importance of the increasing interaction between China and Africa to achieve sustainable growth and reduce undernourishment.

Treatment of Acquired Deforming Hypertonia with Botulinum Toxin in Older Population: A Retrospective Study.

Acquired deforming hypertonia (ADH) affects the daily care of numerous nursing home residents. The aim of this study was to analyze the practice, aims, and effectiveness of botulinum toxin injections (BTxis) in the treatment of older patients with contractures, an indication for which BTxis are still underused. Data were extracted retrospectively from medical records regarding population, contractures, and injections. A prospective analysis was conducted to evaluate treatment goals set by goal attainment scaling (GAS) at T0 and at T1, to evaluate the therapeutic effects. We also recorded the occurrence of side effects, using a telephone questionnaire. This study included 41 patients older than 70 years who had received one or more BTxis for the first time between January 2018 and December 2021. Most of the older people we included lived in an institution (66%), manifested severe dependence, and presented significant morbi-mortality (37% of the patients died in the year after the last injection). The main objectives of these injections were purely comfort, without any functional goals. The GAS scores suggested effectiveness for comfort GAS scores. No complications were recorded. This study highlights the BTxis potential to address the needs of a larger number of older patients with ADH.

Focused, Flourishing, but Not in Flow: Achievement Strivers’ Experiences of Competence, Flow, and Well-Being During Personally Expressive Activities

One effective route to increasing well-being is through the pursuit of activities which suit a person’s personality strengths (i.e., person-activity fit). People who strive for achievement tend to organize their behaviors in ways that promote goal attainment and well-being. We tested the hypothesized process that achievement striving would lead to increased well-being over time through feelings of competence and flow. A secondary aim was to describe the types of personally valued activities and whether activity type facilitates competence and flow. Undergraduate students (N = 346 at Time 1; N = 244 at Time 2) completed an online survey measuring personality, personally expressive activities, basic psychological need satisfaction, flow, and well-being at two timepoints ~ 4 months apart. Two coders thematically coded activities into seven types (e.g., reading and writing, hobbies). We used cross-sectional and longitudinal serial mediation models to test our hypothesis with eudaimonic (life worth) and hedonic (life satisfaction) well-being, controlling for sample characteristics (recruitment source and term). Achievement striving was positively correlated to competence and well-being, but the indirect effects did not show that well-being is boosted by feeling competent and in flow during in personally expressive activities, cross-sectionally or longitudinally. Perceived competence was comparable across activity types, although flow was highest in reading and writing activities. While achievement strivers tended to feel happy and competent at personally expressive activities, the mechanistic pathway to well-being is not yet clear. Future studies might recruit larger sample sizes and utilize smaller time lags (e.g., ecological momentary assessment).

Lipid-lowering therapy use and LDL-C goal attainment in France: Results from 1-year follow-up of the European observational Santorini study

Lipid-lowering therapy use and LDL-C goal attainment in France: Results from 1-year follow-up of the European observational Santorini study

Simulation of ezetimibe and Bempedoic acid effect on LDL-C goal attainment in statin-intolerant patients across Europe: The 1-year follow-up Santorini observational study

Simulation of ezetimibe and Bempedoic acid effect on LDL-C goal attainment in statin-intolerant patients across Europe: The 1-year follow-up Santorini observational study

Upaya DP3APPKB Kabupaten Karanganyar dalam Memberikan Edukasi Kepada Masyarakat Akan Resiko Pernikahan Dini

Marriage is defined as an inner innate bond between a man and a woman to form a family that is sakinah, mawaddah, warahmah. Ideally, marriage is carried out by those who are mentally ready and old, but it is not uncommon to find many marriages under the age set by law. The marriage age limit is regulated in Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning Marriage, namely both men and women must be at least 19 years old. Data from UNICEF states that Indonesia alone has 1.2 million cases of underage marriage. The purpose of this study itself is to see the efforts made by the government in terms of overcoming the problem of early marriage in the Karanganyar area. The research method carried out is qualitative with a case study approach, or data is taken according to the stipulation of criteria that have been set previously. The results of the research obtained from the Karanganyar Regency DP3APPKB are efforts made by the government, namely by educating the public about the risks of early marriage and what negative impacts will be felt. The data is then processed using the structural perspective of Talcott Parsons' functionalism, in the concept of AGIL (Adaptation, Goal Attainment, Integration, Latency).

Pro-Independence Party Frames and Public Opinion: Do They Work?

By employing an experimental design in Catalonia and Scotland, the present article explores whether citizens’ exposure to different pro-independence party frames helps shape people’s attitudes to secession. The results indicate that individuals hold strong pre-existing beliefs on independence, and the way parties frame secession does not seem to influence public opinion. These insights suggest that secessionist parties might prioritise the attainment of vote and office goals over policy outcomes when choosing their rhetorical strategies. The findings have wider implications for the field of territorial party politics by showing the limits of secessionist parties’ rhetoric in shaping policy preferences.