GNP Growth Research Articles

Foreign Trade, Aid and Economic Growth in Less-Developed Countries by Gunnar Floystad. Oslo: Scandinavian University Books, Universitetsforlaget, 1968.

Gunnar Floystad's Foreign Trade, Aid and Economic Growth is concerned with the interrelations between foreign trade, foreign aid and economic growth of a group of less developed countries (LDC) comprising all of Latin America, Africa, the Middle East and Asia, excluding USSR, Japan and Mainland China. The book is divided into two parts: Part One uses a model of trade, aid and growth to deduce a relationship between GNP, exports and net capital inflows of the LDC. Assuming exports to be given exogenously and net capital inflows to grow at a constant rate over time, growth of GNP is projected corresponding to alternative postulates about growth of exports and growth of net capital inflows via the simple exponential function, E(t) = M0 [X(t) + B(t)]B, where E, X and B stand for GNP, exports and net capital inflows respectively, and M<> is a constant. Part Two analyses in some details the export prospects for a list of traditional products currently exported from LDC to developed countries.

Conditional Income Transfer Program as a Means to Development in Brazil: An Intersection With Amartya Sen’s Concepts

The paper aims to examine the ability of income transfer programs in promoting development. More specifically, it utilizes the conception of development defended by Amartya Sen, to confirm or not the hypothesis that the Brazilian approach with the structuring of the Bolsa Familia Program serves the purpose of promoting the economic and social development of the country. For this purpose, the methodology used will be deductive, based on bibliographic research and official data. The article begins by analyzing how income distribution policies operate in the expansion of real freedoms and, more specifically the Brazilian reality with the Bolsa Familia Program, a public policy of direct income transfer, aimed at families in situations of poverty and extreme poverty throughout Brazil, which seeks to guarantee these families the right to food and access to education and health. It then exposes Sen’s conception of what is development, which goes beyond narrower views that limits it to GNP growth or industrialization, encompassing this perspective in a broader concept of development as a process of expanding the real freedoms that people enjoy. In the end, the paper makes an intersection of the Bolsa Familia Programs with Sen’s concept of development, presenting as a final result the conclusion that the program proved to be a relevant tool in removing causes of deprivation of freedom and, therefore, is a move in the right direction of the development process.

Meta-Analysis: Why Many patients with COVID-19 reporting Neurological Symptoms and Psychoneurotic Complaints. Clinical Case Reports in Khartoum-Sudan

Sociologically speaking, drug abuse is the consequence of multiple factors. It may happen because of friends, loss of job, loss of spouse, and many other factors depending on socio-economic circumstances. In today's world, drugs have increased quantitatively and qualitatively. Industrial development has highly helped drugs to increase in any society. They have much been chemicalized which is widely injurious to health. Poor countries widely use the chemicalized drugs. Drug abuse usually takes place within younger generations. Inclusive economic growth on the other hand implies some sort of direct links between the macroeconomic determinants of economic growth. While the macro dimension refers to change and growth of GNP, sustainable economic growth requires inclusive growth. Based on a hypothesis, drug abuse decline would appear when there is an inclusive economic growth, poverty is minimized, and when the standards of living are raised. In a society with the least of corruption, a decline in drug abuse is expected.

Bootstrapping multivariate portmanteau tests for vector autoregressive models with weak assumptions on errors

This article discusses diagnostic checking for vector autoregressive models with uncorrelated but not independent innovations. In this situation, the multivariate portmanteau tests are severely over-sized due to the misspecification of critical values obtained from the χ2 distribution. To address this issue, a random weighting bootstrap procedure is proposed to approximate the null distribution when the error is assumed to be martingale difference sequence. When this assumption is violated, a blockwise random weighting is further applied to replicate the dependence structure of innovations. The first-order asymptotic validity of these bootstrap procedures is derived. Monte Carlo experiments under various scenarios suggest the effectiveness of the random weighting bootstrap approaches in comparison with existing approaches. Finally, the proposed testing procedure is illustrated in an application to analyze feedback dynamics between the real GNP growth and the unemployment rate in the US.

Determination of factors affecting the profitability variables by panel data analysis in the islamic banks: the case of Turkey

Islamic banks, which operate on the profit and loss sharing basis, have an important role in the financial system in terms of the collected funds bringing into the real economy. Therefore, for a strong economic structure, the market share of Islamic banks in the financial system needs to increase. The profitability level of banks is one of the most important financial performance indicators. Determining the factors that affect profitability indicates which issues are vital. The aim of this paper is to determine the factors that affect the profitability of participation banks operating in Turkey. In this context, panel data estimation methods were applied by using the data obtained from the financial statements (2006-2019) of three participation banks (Kuveyt Türk, Albaraka ve Türkiye Finans) and various macroeconomic indicators of the country. The most appropriate model was tried to be determined. In this study, the effect of capital adequacy ratio, bank size, credit risk, operational risk, operating effectiveness, inflation and GNP growth rate on return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) was analyzed. According to the results of the analysis, bank size, credit risk, operating effectiveness and inflation rates has an effect on ROA. Also, the effect of credit risk, operational risk, operating effectiveness and inflation rates on ROE is determined. Independent variables that do not have an impact on the profitability of banks are determined as capital adequacy ratio and growth. Also, according to the results of the analysis, it is possible to express that banks’ specific variables are more effective on the profitability of participation banks than macroeconomic indicators.

Whither growth? International development, social indicators, and the politics of measurement, 1920s–1970s

AbstractFew concepts in the history of twentieth-century history proved as important as economic growth. Scholars such as Charles Maier, Robert Collins, and Timothy Mitchell have analysed how the notion that an entity called ‘the economy’ (defined by metrics such as Gross National Product, or GNP) could be made to grow came to define economic thought and policy worldwide. Yet there has been far less attention paid to the fact that neither growth nor GNP went without challenge during their emergence and global diffusion. This article focuses on one set of growth critics: those who advocated for ‘social indicators’ in international development policy during the 1960s and 1970s. It advances three overlapping arguments: that advocates for social indicators harkened back to early twentieth-century transnational efforts to make workers’ ‘standard of living’ the primary statistical framework for policy-makers; that, while supporters of social indicators expressed frustration with technocratic governance, their reform efforts nevertheless represented technocratic critiques of modernity; and finally, that one of the major reform efforts, Morris David Morris’s advocacy on behalf of the ‘Physical Quality of Life Index’ (PQLI), as an alternative measure of national wellbeing, ultimately struggled to challenge the GNP growth paradigm, and yet proved influential in spawning subsequent research into new measures and approaches to development.

Misunderstanding of FDI in the Western Balkans: Cart before the Horse and Wheels without Suspension

ABSTRACTOne of the key characteristics of the world economy in the last few decades has been the rise of foreign direct investments (FDI), which represent the major and most desirable form of capital flows from developed to developing and transition countries. The aim of this paper is to investigate specificities of FDI inflow to six small open transition economies of the western Balkans over the 2004–2014 period. Formal econometric tests carried out in the paper imply that—contrary to widespread ideology—FDI inflows exhibit at best no impact whatsoever or indeed a statistically significant negative impact on both GDP and GNP (cumulative) growth rates in the western Balkans. After exploring stylized facts and contrasting them with theoretical predictions, the article goes on to debunk several misconceptions in regard to motives, modes of operation and economic effects of FDI confronted with inconsistent, partial or outright detrimental government policies. The authors therefore call for a considerably different attitude towards FDI and the growth-generating concept in the Balkans.

Inequality and Structural Change Under Non-Linear Engels' Curve

We analyze the relationship between income inequality and structural change in the sectoral composition of the tradable and the non-tradable sectors. We construct a small open economy two sector model where preferences imply non-linear Engel curves and we show that the relationship between income inequality and structural change crucially depends on the non-linearity of the Engel curves. We calibrate this model to the US economy in the period 1960-2010 and we show that it explains the observed patterns of structural change in terms of the sectoral composition of consumption and employment, it also explains the increase in inequality measured by the Gini index and, finally, it is consistent with the large reduction in the trade balance. From the analysis of several counterfactual exercises, we obtain the following insights: (i) income inequality contributes to explain structural change and reduces GDP when Engel curves are non-linear; (ii) asset accumulation and the time path of GNP do not depend on the level of inequality, but on the evolution of income inequality; and (iii) a rising inequality implies a faster accumulation of assets, a larger growth of GNP and a faster deterioration of the trade balance.

KINERJA PEMBANGUNAN PEMERINTAH DAERAH KABUPATEN PEKALONGAN

Developmental process has been implementasi sing in indonesia since 1969, about almost 45 years. As long as time developmental mean as physical developmental in any aspects meters as GNP, Income Percapita and Economic Growth the indicators coult not described the real developmental results in such country or such area it is needed another non eonomic variables as social variables whick some indicators as evendestribusion, evenhealth cares in one composite. Inditional social variabless ould describe development performence of Pekalongan lokal Government (Kabupaten Pekalongan) more comprehensive. Reminded that developmental performance the main pillar of state stability.

Hydrological hazard assessment: THE 2014–15 Malaysia floods

This paper intends to establish conceptual foundations on the identification of standards and metrics for assessing the impact of hydrological hazards. The economic evaluation of flood damage cost model (EFDC-Model) attempts to estimate the impact of water occurrence, movement, and distribution on GNP growth. The model is based on seven basic indicators: (i) the national precipitation growth rate (∆Pi); (ii) the main factors which generate large precipitation (∆Li); (iii) the sinking magnitudes levels rate (ST); (iv) the national floods recurrence rate (FT); (v) the floods devastation rate (Dk); (vi) the economic desgrowth from floods devastation rate (-δf); and (vii) the floods damage surface. The model investigates the recent floods in the Malaysian states of Kelantan and Terengganu for the period 2014–2015.

Regional aspects and priorities of development of industrial production in the Republic of Tajikistan

The article discusses issues regarding regional aspects and development priorities of industrial production inTadjikistanRepublic. The contemporary state of Tadjikistan industry and its position in republic’s GNP is analyzed. Disproportions in industry development both on the country’s as well as on regional levels are disclosed. It is shown that the uneven development of regions is connected with a number of factors, including different level of adaptation to market conditions, infrastructure specificity (logistic, labor resources, energy availability etc).. Besides, the uneven development of industry in regions depends substantially on the state management, to mention only the reduced investments volume and cancellation of economy and social compensations.. The statistics reveal a negative trend in the industrial production share in GNP, the share has fallen from 38,1 % in 2001 down to 13,6 % in 2014. The mathematic models expect the forecast GNP growth to outstrip the industrial production growth, thus pointing at the necessity to secure the outstripping industry growth.. The structural disproportion in industry development in different regions presents a factor hampering to introduce management decisions aiming to enhance the innovative development of regional economy and to ensure thus the necessary stabilization of social environment in the country.

Macroeconomic Impact of Population Aging in Japan: A Perspective from an Overlapping Generations Model

Owing to a sharp decline in the fertility rate and a rapid increase in longevity, Japan’s population aging is the furthest advanced in the world. This study explores the macroeconomic impact of Japan’s population aging from the 1980s to the 2000s using a full-fledged overlapping generations model. It finds that Japan’s population aging as a whole adversely affects GNP growth by dampening factor inputs. It also negatively impacts on GNP per capita and fiscal variables, especially in the future, mainly due to the decline in the fraction of the population of working-age. For these findings, fertility rate decline plays a dominant role as it reduces both labor force and saver populations. The effects of increased longevity on economic growth are expansionary, but relatively small. The simulations predict that the adverse effects will expand during the next few decades. In addition to closed economy simulations, the paper examines the consequences of population aging in a small open economy setting. In this case a decline in the domestic capital return encourages investment in foreign capital, mitigating the adverse effects of population aging on GNP.

A New Model to Evaluate the Economic Effects of Floods and Its Application to China

We set forth the macroeconomics evaluation of floods (MEF) model, a new model to assess and evaluate the impact of floods on GNP growth. This model points to a new, more concrete approach to measure the economic impact of floods. Up to now, the measurement has been subject to a great deal of uncertainty. The main contribution of the model is to significantly reduce this uncertainty by measuring the impact with four well-defined, economically intuitive indicators. To illuminate and demonstrate its promise, we employ the model to evaluate and analyze the impact of two major floods on the economy of the People’s Republic of China. Our MEF-model analysis indicates that the floods of Zhangshu and Jiangxi in 2010 caused greater economic damage than the floods of Central South China in 1931. Going forward, MEF-model simulations are a valuable tool for estimating the effect of potential future floods in the PRC and elsewhere.

A Photoresponsive azobenzene-graphene-gold nanocomposite using cationic azobenzene-surfactant as stabilizers and its electrochemical behavior

A novel photoresponsive azobenzene-reduced graphene oxide-gold nano particle (Azo-RGO-GNP) nanocomposite was prepared using Gemini-type Azo-surfactants as stabilizers and the electrochemical performance was investigated. The Azo-RGO-GNP nanocomposite features a uniform distribution of GNPs and was fabricated by electrostatic interactions, GNP growth and chemical reduction in one pot. The chemical structure and the photoresponse of the nanocomposite materials were measured by TEM, XRD, XPS, and UV–vis absorption. The electrochemical behavior of the nanocomposite was estimated using cyclic voltammetry. Results show that the Azo-RGO-GNP nanocomposite has the ability of photochemical behavior because of the presence of the Gemini Azo-surfactant stabilizers. Additionally, the electrochemical performance of this nanocomposites can be governed by light irradiation.

Determinants of Investment Opportunity Set (Degree of Internationalization and Macroeconomic Variables)

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of internal factors (i.e. the degree of internationalization, profitability, firm size, and financial leverage) and external factors (i.e. GNP growth and the inflation rate) on firms’ growth opportunities or their Investment Opportunity Set (IOS). The IOS is measured by the market-to-book assets ratio. The result shows that profitability and firms’ size have a positive impact on the IOS whereas the degree of internationalization and financial leverage has a negative influence on the IOS. Finally, the IOS is positively affected by GNP growth while the inflation rate has a negative impact on IOS.

Why Is the Growth of Economy and Welfare Different in China? A Theoretical and Empirical Study

Based on the hypothesis of consumption utility and capital utility, the paper testifies the existence of the sole point of equilibrium between consumption and investment, and constructs a resident micro-utility function. It further derives a general gross national utility function combining the function with Lorenz curve, and exploits it to simulate national utility function in China with the statistical data. Furthermore it calculates the national welfare growth over the years, and analyses the differences and reasons between national welfare growth and GNP growth. The result indicates that the GNP growth has not brought about corresponding resident welfare growth. It can attribute to the uneven distribution of wealth, the decease of the ratio of consumption to GNP, and the inflation of prices, etc.

Brazil: Has the Country of the Future Become the Country of the Present for Book Publishing?

This article analyses the growth of the Brazilian book market in the decade from 2004 to 2013 and compares it to Brazil’s GNP growth. It also studies the recent developments of three factors that should contribute to the performance of the Brazilian book industry: the growth of the middle class, the decrease of functional illiteracy and the higher number of college institutions and college students in the country. This article shows that despite these factors, the Brazilian book industry is underperforming and not living up to its potential.

Economic Growth, Employment and Rising Education Qualifications of Workforce in Indian Economy

The paper uses econometric models for analysing rising education qualifications of the manpower in the process of growth of GNP in India from 1972–73 to 2011–12. Period is classified into two parts: 1972–73 to 2003–04 and 2000–01 to 2011–12 for analytical purpose. Findings reveal that GNP grew 2.82 times more rapidly than total employment and employment of below graduates in first period, but GNP increased 8.03 and 4.85 times more rapidly than total employment and employment of graduates during the second period. GNP increased 19.4 times more rapidly than employment of below graduates, which declined during the second period. Employment of graduates and above rose 1.83 and 5.16 times more rapidly than GNP and employment of below graduates in first period. But, employment of graduates per below graduate increased in both the periods. Employment of below graduates declined in second period, suggesting replacement of less by more qualified personnel. Time series of GNP is found non-stationary, while time series of all three categories of employment emerges stationary on the Dickey-Fuller unit root test. Distributed lag specification of Solow's modified production function, with graduates per below graduates as determinant of output, yields satisfactory results. The function is also valid on Engel-Granger unit root test of residuals/co-integration. Results of the study lend support to the theses that (i) growth of employment has lagged behind the growth of economy and (ii) more qualified persons have been displacing the less qualified manpower in employment.

Bank failures and the cost of systemic risk: Evidence from 1900 to 1930

Abstract We measure the effect of bank failures on economic growth using data from 1900 to 1930, a period without active government stabilization policies and several severe banking crises. VAR model estimates suggest bank failures have long-lasting negative effects on economic growth. A bank failure shock involving one percent of system liabilities leads to a 6.5% reduction in GNP growth within three quarters and a measurable reduction for 10 quarters. Panel VAR model estimates for the 48 states show bank failures aggravate commercial non-bank failures. Institutional and regulatory features affect the intensity of the bank failure effect. We find that bank failures have a larger impact in states with deposit insurance, in states more heavily concentrated in agriculture, and in states with fewer large firms. However, because a number of states exhibit all three characteristics, we are not able to clearly identify the true marginal effects of these factors independently.

A Sociological Analysis of Economic Impediments of Development in Education Sector: A Case of Southern Punjab (Pakistan)

The rate of schooling success in adult population at primary, secondary and higher education has positive relationship with the growth of GNP. The acquisition and application of knowledge by different countries has been governed largely by whether their population has acquired traits and motivations associated with formal schooling. They are dependent heavily on the larger part of economic conditions and ideological influences. Government is encouraging private sector investment in education sector but it more focuses on the urban areas not only denying equitable admittance to basic education for people of backward areas but also perpetuating poor educational status of the people. There are various economic impediments that are hampering the process of development in education sector of Pakistan. These impediments comprise of disparities between region and gender, lack of trained teachers, deficiency of proper teaching materials, poor physical infrastructure of schools and low levels of public investment in primary education sector. A sample size of N1=600 respondents (n1=200 parents, n2=200 students and n3=200 teachers) was taken from n4=50 affiliated schools (from BISE) through multistage sampling technique. Data was collected through interview schedule and then statistical test of ANOVA was used for the purpose of establishing the causal relationship among the dependent and independent variables. Thus the researcher concluded that lack of well designed curriculum, underinvestment in education sector, corruption, inflation, low parental income and cost of schooling deprives the children from getting quality education. Thus increasing the allocation of funds to education sector, provision of administrative autonomy, lessening the direct cost of schooling and improvement in infrastructural facilities are the major remedies for reducing the negative impacts of these economic impediments on education sector of Southern Punjab (Pakistan).