Gnetum Research Articles

Development of Water Management System Used IoT in Oil Palm Plantations

The objective of this research was to develop a prototype of a water management system in an oil palm plantation using the Internet of Things (IoT) and solar energy to be used with the automatic watering controller. In this research, the Internet of Things (IoT) was utilized to control automatic watering in an oil palm plantation by using soil moisture sensors to control the on-off of the automatic watering system, which can reduce labor and use the right amount of water. In addition, it can also display moisture, temperature, pH, and macronutrients of plants such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil through the Blynk application on a smartphone. The users can control the operation of the automatic watering controller from any location, at any time, that connected a Wi-Fi signal to the Internet network. This automatic watering controller used solar energy by installing a water supply system with 22 sprinklers covering an area of 70 x 45 meters. The test results showed that the automatic watering controller can control the opening and closing of water distribution with 100% accuracy. The soil moisture content after watering had the same average moisture content covering the study area. The automatic watering control and the water distribution system are designed to be suitable for application in oil palm plantations where crops are planted between rows of oil palm trees, for example, peppers, and gnetum gnemon.

Development of Encapsulated Nanocarotenoid from Melinjo Peel (Gnetum gnemon L.) as an Alternative of Food Products Fortificants

The trend of natural food products free from synthetic additives has been experiencing rapid and dynamic growth in the global food industry. Nanocarotenoid-encapsulated compounds have been developed to increase stability, solubility, and industrial applications, especially for the design of carotenoid delivery systems and improving their bioavailability. This study aims to apply carotenoid nanoencapsulation technology from gnetum peel as an alternative food nutrient fortifier product. Nanoemulsion was prepared by homogenization using ultraturrax (11,000 rpm) combined with ultrasonication (1-3 h). The best nanoemulsion formulation was obtained from 1-hour sonication, showed by a minor diameter of the nanoparticles (99.54 ± 0.03 nm) and a low value of the polydisperse index (0.37 ± 0.03). The color properties and encapsulation efficiency of maltodextrin were also characterized. The greater the concentration of maltodextrin encapsulating material added, the better the carotenoid nanostructure. The higher percentage of maltodextrin influenced the color parameter.

Nutritional Content and Microbial Load of Fresh Liang, Gnetum gnemon var. tenerum Leaves.

Liang (Gnetum gnemon var. tenerum) leaves are widely consumed as a green vegetable in Southern Thailand, and the plant is valued for its nutritional benefits. However, like other leafy greens, liang is vulnerable to microbial contamination, generating foodborne illnesses. This study examined the nutritional content and microbial load of liang leaves at different maturity stages and the effects of washing with chlorinated water. Various growth stages were analysed for proximate composition, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Results revealed distinct nutritional profiles, with tip leaves rich in protein and fat and intermediate leaves high in dietary fibre. Liang leaves are abundant in essential amino acids and proteins. Washing with chlorinated water increased leaf weight due to water retention but also caused physical damage, fostering microbial growth and spoilage. Microbiological analysis showed marginal reductions in total viable counts after washing with chlorinated water and significant decreases in coliform and Escherichia coli counts. However, stem detachment during washing increased the coliform and E. coli counts. Liang leaves exhibited favourable nutritional content, especially in the intermediate stage. Proper handling and storage of liang leaves are crucial to preventing physical damage and microbial contamination. Improved food safety measures, including appropriate post-harvest washing and handling of leafy vegetables, will ensure that consumers can safely enjoy the nutritional benefits of liang leaves.

Uji Aktivitas Antidiabetes Ekstrak Kulit Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) pada Mencit (Mus musculus)

Diabetes is one of a number of diseases that result in too much sugar levels in the blood (high blood glucose), treatment with the example of the drug Glibenclamide can reduce blood sugar levels gradually, so alternative treatment is needed from natural ingredients. One of the natural ingredients that contain chemical compounds Flavonoids, Coumarins, and Triterpenoids, which have activity lowering blood sugar levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the activity of melinjo peel extract against antidiabetes in mice to determine the most effective dose of lowering blood sugar levels in male mice, in this study using this research method using melinjo peel extract (Gnetum gnemon L) with a dose of 200mg/kgBB ,250mg/kgBW and a dose of 42mg/kgBW which aims to determine the effect of melinjo peel extract as a decrease in blood sugar levels in male mice, shows that melinjo peel extract (Gnetum gnemon L.) is the most effective in reducing sugar levels at a dose of 42mg/kgBW, compared with positive control and doses of 28mg/kgBW and 35mg/kgBW. The results of the study concluded that melinjo peel extract (Gnetum gnemon L) in the 28mg/kgBW, 35mg/kgBW and 42mg/kgBW dose groups were the most effective in reducing blood sugar levels. 42 mg/kg body weight. The conclusion is that there is antidiabetic activity in the extra skin of melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) both at doses of 28mg/kgBW, 35mg/kgBW and 42mg/kgBW but the most effective for reducing blood sugar levels is at a dose of 42mg/kgBW compared to the positive control. This data is supported by repeated ANOVA test with a significant value of p=0.012 (p>0.05), which means that all groups have significant differences in both the extract and the comparison group used.

Anatomical Structure and Histochemical Study Male Strobilus of Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.)

Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) is a plant from the Gymnospermae has many benefit, one of them is the melinjo male strobilus which is used as a vegetable. In melinjo plants there are various kinds of secondary metabolite compounds, especially the organs of leaves, seeds and seed coats, so that apart from being used as food ingredient it can be used as traditional medicine. This study aims to determine the anatomical structure and content of secondary metabolites in melinjo male strobilus. Observations of anatomical structures were made using paraffin methods, and observations of secondary metabolite content used histochemical tests using reagents on slices of fresh preparations then observed with a light microscope and were documented using OptiLab. The results of the observations revealed that anatomical structure of the nodes and internodes at the base, middle, and tip does not revealed that there was structural differences that composed of epidermal tissue, parenchyma tissue, and vascular bundle with xylem and phloem, but there were differences in size that are getting smaller from the base to tip. The structure of the male flowers revealed that there were structural differences with differentiation from the tip to the base of the anther with increasingly size of the cells epidermal tissue, degradation of parenchyma tissue at the middle layer and tapetum, and pollen have been formed. Histochemical test at melinjo male strobilus contained secondary metabolites such as phenolics, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins.

Anticancer Activity of The Ethanol Fraction of Gnetum gnemon L. Seeds on HeLa Cell Lines

Cervical cancer results from abnormal cell development in the cervix and is caused by the Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Cancer treatment with chemotherapy drugs has dangerous side effects because it can attack normal cells. Gnetum gnemon L. seeds are known to possess anticancer potential. Therefore, natural ingredients are necessary to develop new cancer drug strategies with minimal side effects. This study aims to determine the anticancer activity of the ethanol fraction of Gnetum gnemon L. Seeds (EFGS) against HeLa cells. The research method used in this study was an identification test to detect compounds from EFGS using the TLC method and the HeLa cell cytotoxic test using the MTT Assay method. The results showed that EFGS contained stilbenoid group compounds based on TLC-Densitometry, with an Rf value of 0.22 cm. The cytotoxic test results on HeLa cells indicated an IC50 value of 784 µg/mL, classifying it as having the potential as a moderate category anticancer agent. Therefore, this study indicates that EFGS can be utilized as a chemopreventive agent.

Quality changes during storage in Thai indigenous leafy vegetable, Liang leaves (Gnetum gnemon var. tenerum) after different preparation methods

Liang or Gnetum gnemon var. tenerum, an indigenous southern vegetable has recently attracted increasing interest due to its high nutritional value, creamy taste and lack of smell. The leaves with or without stem are washed with chlorinated water at 100 ppm for 15 min, stored at 4°C and investigated for physiochemical, chemical and sensory evaluations over time. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were higher in treatments with stems (P < 0.05). Washing significantly increased moisture content and water activity (aw) in all treatments (P < 0.05). In addition, washing resulted in significantly higher DPPH and ABTS activity (P < 0.05). However, washing and stem detachment had no effect on sensory and physicochemical qualities. The sensory score of the 8-days stored sample was comparable to the fresh one (Day 0).

Fecal fermentation and gut microbiota modulation of dietary fibre and polyphenols from Gnetum gnemon Linn. leaves

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of Gnetum gnemon var.tenerum leaf powder, dried using a vacuum microwave, on gut health properties. The two alternative drying conditions were 3600 Watts for 12 min (G1) and 2400 Watts for 15 min (G2) compared to the commercial Japanese green tea matcha powder (M) and the gut health effects were assessed by human fecal fermentation in a one-stage colon system. The enumeration of gut microbiota at 24 h of fermentation by next generation sequencing (NGS) confirmed elevated Bacteroides levels and significantly (P < 0.05) higher numbers of Bifidobacterium with G1 (33%) and G2 (37%) compared to M (31%). Additionally, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profile for acetic, propionic and butyric acids was analysed using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID), and especially butyric acids was significantly (P < 0.05) higher with G1 (4.698 ± 0.61 mM) and G2 (2.768 ± 0.10 mM) compared to M, 1.805 ± 0.01 mM at 24 h. The Gnetum leaf powders G1 and G2 were investigated for promoting γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) microbial metabolite, which was detected using liquid chromatography-mass/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Thus, Gnetum gnemon var. tenerum leaf powder could provide gut health benefits with good potential for use as a functional food ingredient in the future.

Socialization of The Use of Melinjo Leaf Ethanol Extract (Gnetum gnemon L.) on Growth Salmonella typhi Bacteria

Gnetum gnemon L. has antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi because it contains flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and steroids. Where these compounds play an important role as an antibacterial. The purpose of this service is to provide information to the public regarding the benefits of melinjo leaves which can act as an antibacterial agent. This service activity is carried out in the form of socialization using lecture, question and answer, and demonstration methods. The number of participants in this community service activity was 20 pharmacists at Grandmed Lubuk Pakam Hospital. Based on the results of the PkM activities carried out, it can be stated that there has been an increase in public knowledge regarding the efficacy of melinjo leaves as an antibacterial substance. This can be proven by the increase in post-test scores when compared to pre-test scores. The average increase in the knowledge of PkM participants was 21.5. On the other hand, the highest post-test score obtained was 85, while the lowest post-test score was 60. Meanwhile, based on the PkM material that had been socialized, the PkM participants understood that the results of phytochemical tests on melinjo leaf Simplicia showed that melinjo leaf extract contains compounds alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, and tannins. Meanwhile, the antibacterial test showed that the inhibition zones of various concentrations included a moderate concentration of 40%, a moderate category of 60%, and a strong category of 80%. The average diameter of the inhibition zone increased with each concentration of melinjo leaves.

PENINGKATAN EFEKTIVITAS DAN TINGKAT PRODUKSI TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN ALAT PRESS SERTA PENGEMBANGAN PRODUK INOVATIF DARI CEPLIS MELINJO

Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) is a plant that can grow anywhere such as yards, gardens, or between residential areas, making melinjo one of the plants that has considerable potential to be developed. Melinjo tree is a common tree in Sasahan Village, Waringin Kurung District. To improve the economy of the people of Sasahan Village, especially housewives, it is important to have this melinjo product. The implementation of this community service activity is in the form of mentoring Ceplis MSMEs in Sasahan Village. Innovations made by ceplis, especially by making press tools to support the ceplis production process

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY TEST OF N-HEXANE AND ETHANOL EXTRACT OF MELINJO PEEL (GNETUM GNEMON L.) AGAINST SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE AND BACILLUS CEREUS

Melinjo peel (Gnetum gnemon L.) contains secondary metabolites with antibacterial characteristics such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of 96% ethanol and n-hexane extract of melinjo peel resulting from the multilevel maceration against Shigella dysenteriae and Bacillus cereus bacteria. This research is an experimental study to test the antibacterial activity of melinjo peel extract as measured by the Diameter of Inhibition Zone (DIZ) and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) at concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, and 50%. The results found that the extract resulted from maceration with 96% ethanol solvent as much as 70.95 g with a yield of 14.19% and n-hexane solvent as much as 7.07 g with a yield of 1.41%. The 96% ethanol extract of melinjo peel gave the highest DIZ at a concentration of 50% against Bacillus cereus compared to Shigella dysenteriae. In contrast, the DIZ of n-hexane extract of melinjo peel had no inhibitory power against both of bacteria in all concentrations. MIC of 96% ethanol extract of melinjo peel extract against Shigella dysenteriae and Bacillus cereus at concentrations of 50% and 25%, respectively, whereas n-hexane extract melinjo peel had no MIC value against both bacteria.

Antioxidant, Cytotoxic Activity and Protein Target Inhibition of Ethyl Acetate Fraction Melinjo Seed (Gnetum gnemon L.) by In Vitro and In Silico Studies on HeLa Cervical Cancer Cells

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancer suffered in women. Chemotherapy usage often causes physical and psychological side effects in patients. This study aims to determine the antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of melinjo seeds (Gnetum gnemon L.) on HeLa cervical cancer cells through in vitro and in silico assays. Melinjo seed was extracted by maceration using ethanol 70% and fractionated with ethyl acetate to obtain the Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Melinjo Seed (EAFMS). The identification of the active compounds group was done using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method. In vitro studies were conducted on antioxidant tests using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and cytotoxic activity test using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) Assay. In silico test for molecular docking analyzed by Autodock Vina method. The TLC analysis of EAFMS showed the presence of the stilbenoid compounds group. The antioxidant activity of EAFMS is weak, with an IC50 value of 175.8 g/ml. Cytotoxic activity of EAFMS is categorized as toxic to HeLa cancer cells with an IC50 value of 21.69 g/ml, while EAFMS has a synergistic effect combined with doxorubicin as a standard drug with a combination index (CI) value of 0.24-0.80. A molecular docking test of gnetin C with VHR receptor found a strong and stable bond with a docking score of -8.3 kcal/mol. Thus, EAFMS has the potential to be used as a chemopreventive agent for cervical cancer and can be combined with doxorubicin.

Screening Nos-bar gene of Transgenic Rice Callus (Oryza Sativa L.) Containing Antihypertensive Gene Encoding Gg-7pAH

Peptides derived from food protein have the potential to become antihypertensive agents with relatively few adverse side effects. The Gg-7pAH gene encoding antihypertensive is a gene containing the Cys-Met-Try-Leu-Ala-Ser-Gly (CMYLASG) heptapeptide, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor peptide from Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L) seeds. This study aimed to investigate the expression of the tandem repeat heptapeptide (10x peptides, Gg7-pAH) and Nos-bar genes through callus resistance to phosphinothricin (PPT) in 4 different phases of callus: co-cultivation, elimination, screening, and regeneration. The Gg7-pAH gene was constructed in the pGreen II 0229 vector containing the Nos-bar gene and&nbsp; Gg7-pAH gene under the control of the Glu4 promoter and transformed into rice callus using an Agrobacterium tumefacient vector. PPT was used in the screening at precise concentrations of 0, 20, 50, and 100 ppm. The screening efficiency was then evaluated by calculating the putative callus. As a result, 37 putative callus were developed with a concentration of 0 ppm PPT, 36 putative callus with a concentration of 20 ppm PPT, and none at 50 and 100 ppm PPT. The Gg-7pAH gene was identified by PCR analysis in putatively transgenic rice callus. According to PCR data, a positive callus with an antihypertensive gene insertion was detected at four phases: media, co-cultivation, elimination, screening, and regeneration. These findings suggest that the recombinant Gg-7pAH gene, which is transformed into rice plants to produce rice plants that can treat hypertension, has some potential.

Analysis of protease activity of melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) skin on the tenderness of buffalo meat

To enhance the tenderness of meat, it can be accomplished physically or chemically. In chemical way, the process can be accomplished using protease enzymes that can be obtained from fruit, the higher the protease enzyme activity, the softer the meat. In this experiment, the extract and juice of melinjo skin (Gnetum gnemon L) was used to examine the protease enzyme activity. Papaya (Carica papaya) and pineapple (Ananas comosus) were used as a comparison. The research was conducted to understand the influence of incubation time (t) and incubation temperature (To) towards the optimum activity characteristic of protease enzyme on the juice and the extract of melinjo skin, papaya and pineapple. The incubation time of juice and extract was from 0 to 90 minutes with incubation temperature of 37 C and incubation time at 20 minutes with incubation temperature range from 20 to 80C. The protease enzyme activity of juice and extract expand significantly (p0.05) in conjunction with the increase of incubation time and temperature. The research results revealed that the maximum activity of protease enzyme detected at incubation time of 90 minutes for melinjo juice and pineapple skin, and 10 minutes for papaya. The optimum incubation temperature of melinjo skin at 70 C, papaya at 60C and pineapple juice at 60C. Meanwhile, the maximum activity of protease enzyme from melinjo extract identified in the incubation time at 80 minutes, papaya at 90 minutes and pineapple 60 minutes, whereas the incubation temperature of melinjo skin juice at 60 C, papaya at 80 C and pineapple at 30C.

Vegetation Analysis of Target Species for Feeding Lesser Yellow Bird of Paradise (Paradisaea minor jobiensis Rothschild, 1897) in the Imbowiari Forest Area of Barawai Village, Yapen Islands District, Papua Province, Indonesia

The research aims to determine the plant species, structure, and composition of the food sources of P. minor jobiensis in the Imbowiari Barawai forest area, Yapen Islands Regency. The method used in this research the method of observation, interviews, documentation, literature, and the checkered line method. Data analysis techniques used are density, dominance, frequency, relative density, relative dominance, relative frequency, important value index, and diversity index. The results of the study found 6 species of plants as food for P. minor jobiensis and spread at the level of seedlings, poles, saplings, and trees namely Elaeocarpus sphaericus, Ficus benjamina, Gnetum gnemon, Syzygium sp., Myristica sp., and Palaquium ambounense

Activity of Ethanol Fraction Melinjo (Gnetum Gnemon L.) Seed on Colonic Cancer (Widr) Cells as Co-Chemotherapy Agent

Cancer deaths increase every year, including in Indonesia. The low selectivity of chemotherapy agents and the resistance of cancer cells against chemotherapy agents is the main cause of chemotherapy treatment failure. It causes serious side effects in sufferers. Beside that, plants produce secondary metabolites which are being investigated for the anticancer activity that is used as new clinical drugs. Therefore we need research that uses plants as co-chemotherapy agents. Melinjo seeds (Gnetum gnemon L.) contain gnetin C has the potential to apoptosis WiDr colon cancer cells. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of Ethanol Fraction Melinjo Seed (EFMS) as a co-chemotherapy agent for colon cancer. The sample was maceration using 70% ethanol and fractionated with ethanol. Phytochemical screening with thin layer chromatography (TLC)-Densitometry, antioxidant test used the DPPH, while the cytotoxic activity of WiDr colon cancer cells and their combination with 5-Fluorouracil chemotherapy agent using the 3-(4,-5-dimethylthiazo-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) Assay, and also in silico test used molecular docking between gnetin C on EFMS and IKK and COX-2 proteins with the 5-FU. The results showed that EFMS contains gnetin C based on Rf value, has weak antioxidant activity with IC50 1227 μg/mL, weak cytotoxic activity in WiDr colon cancer cells with IC50 681 μg/mL and has combined activity synergistic with 5-Fluorouracil. Molecular docking showed gnetin C strong binding affinity against IKK and COX-2 proteins with scores -12.2 kcal/mol and -9.6 kcal/mol. The result concludes that EFMS has the potential to inhibit the development of cancer cells, especially WiDr colon cancer cells.Keywords: Gnetum gnemon L., Colon Cancer, Cytotoxic, Molecular docking, WiDr.

Effect of Melinjo Seed Extract on GSH Levels of Hyperuricemic Wistar Rats

Background: Hyperuricemia is a condition where uric acid levels are above normal. The biosynthesis of uric acid by the enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO) produces free radicals that cause oxidative stress. Oxidative stress lowers cellular GSH levels. Gnetum gnemon L. or melinjo seeds contain stilbenoids and flavonoids that can act as natural XO inhibitors. Objective: To study the effect of melinjo seed extract on GSH levels.Methods: This research was a true experimental with pre and post-test controlled group design. Thirty six male wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups consisting of a healthy control (KS), negative control (K1), positive control (K2), treatment 1 (P1) extract 250 mg/kgBW, treatment 2 (P2) extract 500 mg/kgBW, treatment 3 (P3) extract 2000 mg/kgBW. Hyperuricemia was induced by the administration of Maggie® block broth and potassium oxonate. Measurement was carried out on the 21st and 35th day of treatment, then analyzed using Paired-Sample T Test, continued with One-Way Anova test and Post Hoc LSD test. Results: Administration of melinjo seed extract at P1, P2, and P3 significantly increased GSH levels (P&lt;0.05) from 1.23±0.10 to 1.55±0.16; 1.22±0.06 to 1.73±0.16; and 1.21±0.08 to 1.88±0.08. There was significant difference between the three doses with a dose of 250 mg/kgBW melinjo seed extract being more effective than allopurinol 90 mg/kgBW. Conclusion: Melinjo seed extract could increase GSH levels with the most effective dose of 250 mg/kgBB.

Comparison of Antioxidant Power Extract of Ethanol Extract, Hard Shell and Seeds on Melinjo ( Gnetum gnemon L.) with DPPH Method (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl)

The human body cannot be avoided from exposure to free radicals in everyday life. Free radicals are very dangerous for the body, one of which causes degenerative diseases. One of the plants that is thought to be able to inhibit free radicals is the melinjo plant. The processing of melinjo plants in the community is only used as a vegetable, so there is a need for research on the benefits of antioxidants in melinjo plants. The purpose of this study was to explore the parts of melinjo which had the best antioxidant activity found in the soft shell, hard shell and seeds of melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) with different solvent concentrations. The research method used was to prepare test samples by maceration process using 50% and 70% ethanol, then the extracts were tested for antioxidants using the DPPH method. Data analysis was performed using the ANOVA statistical test with a 98% confidence level. The results showed that the optimal percentage of free radical inhibition was obtained in 50% ethanol solvent, the outer shell of melinjo was 53.29%, and the IC50 was 318.18 ppm. Based on the One way Anova test (p&gt;0.02) there was no difference between the use of 50% and 70% ethanol solvent on the antioxidant activity of the outer shell, hard skin and melinjo seed samples.

The stingless bee species Trigona spp. on various species of flowering plants in Baturaja City, Ogan Komering Ulu District, South Sumatra

Trigona bee (Trigona spp.) is a species of honey-producing bee that does not have a sting (Stingless bees). This bee is small in size and plays an important role as a pollinator of flowering plants. Research was conducted from June to July 2021 in Baturaja City, Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, South Sumatra. The purpose of this research was to study the species of Trigona bees (Trigona spp.) visiting various flowering plants and the species of flowering plants visited by these bees. The research method involved purposive sampling and direct observation in the field. Observations were made by identifying bee species present on several flower plants. Trigona bees predominantly used plants in the flowering phase as a food source due to their abundant nectar and pollen production. The field observations revealed 11 species of flowering plants favored by Trigona bees, namely Kembang kertas (Zinnia elegans), Jambu air (Syzygium aqueum), Air mata pengantin (Antigonon leptopus), Kelengkeng (Dimocarpus longan), Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon), Cabai (Capsicum annuum), Seri (Muntingia calabura), Palem (Dypsis lutescens), Matahari (Helianthus annuus), Santos lemon (Xanthostemon chrysanthus), and Belimbing (Averrhoa carambola). The most commonly found species of Trigona spp. was Heterogona itama, observed on the bridal tears flower (Antigonon leptopus).

The stingless bee species Trigona spp. on various species of flowering plants in Baturaja City, Ogan Komering Ulu District, South Sumatra

Trigona bee (Trigona spp.) is a species of honey-producing bee that does not have a sting (Stingless bees). This bee is small in size and plays an important role as a pollinator of flowering plants. Research was conducted from June to July 2021 in Baturaja City, Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, South Sumatra. The purpose of this research was to study the species of Trigona bees (Trigona spp.) visiting various flowering plants and the species of flowering plants visited by these bees. The research method involved purposive sampling and direct observation in the field. Observations were made by identifying bee species present on several flower plants. Trigona bees predominantly used plants in the flowering phase as a food source due to their abundant nectar and pollen production. The field observations revealed 11 species of flowering plants favored by Trigona bees, namely Kembang kertas (Zinnia elegans), Jambu air (Syzygium aqueum), Air mata pengantin (Antigonon leptopus), Kelengkeng (Dimocarpus longan), Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon), Cabai (Capsicum annuum), Seri (Muntingia calabura), Palem (Dypsis lutescens), Matahari (Helianthus annuus), Santos lemon (Xanthostemon chrysanthus), and Belimbing (Averrhoa carambola). The most commonly found species of Trigona spp. was Heterogona itama, observed on the bridal tears flower (Antigonon leptopus).