Glyoxylate Research Articles

Synthesis and Characterization of the Potential Energetic Propellant Plasticizer 3-Nitratoethyl-N-nitramino-5-nitratomethyl Isoxazole.

The synthesis of 3-(nitratoethyl-N-nitramino)-5-(nitratomethyl) isoxazole (C6 H7 N5 O9 , 1) is presented, and its energetic properties were ascertained and analyzed for energetic applications potential. 1 was found to be a solid without melting behavior, begins to decompose at 140 °C, and has a thermal onset decomposition temperature of 171.5 °C. 1 was synthesized in 5 steps from glyoxylic acid, and was found to exhibit acceptable sensitivities to impact, friction, and electrostatic discharge. The presence of the nitratoethyl nitramino (NENA) moiety, coupled with the high density (1.71 g cm-3 ) and superior calculated specific impulse (247.6 s) over the commonly employed gun propellant n-butyl NENA (density=1.22 g cm-3 , specific impulse=221 s), makes 1 a potential energetic plasticizer for next generation gun and rocket propellants. In addition, a modified procedure for the synthesis of dibromoformaldoxime (DBFO) was developed to provide this material in respectable yields on one mole scale. The safety considerations of DBFO are also highlighted, in which this compound sublimes, and must be handled with care, as it will cause burns upon contact with the skin.

MP05-03 HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE PROLYL HYDROXYLASE INHIBITOR (ROXADUSTAT) SUPPRESSES KIDNEY STONE FORMATION

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 May 2022MP05-03 HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE PROLYL HYDROXYLASE INHIBITOR (ROXADUSTAT) SUPPRESSES KIDNEY STONE FORMATION Kengo Kawase, Shuzo Hamamoto, Tatsuya Hattori, Ryosuke Chaya, Tomoki Okada, Yutaro Tanaka, Takeru Sugino, Rei Unnno, Kazumi Taguchi, Ryosuke Ando, Atsushi Okada, Takahiro Yasui, and Takahiro Yasui Kengo KawaseKengo Kawase More articles by this author , Shuzo HamamotoShuzo Hamamoto More articles by this author , Tatsuya HattoriTatsuya Hattori More articles by this author , Ryosuke ChayaRyosuke Chaya More articles by this author , Tomoki OkadaTomoki Okada More articles by this author , Yutaro TanakaYutaro Tanaka More articles by this author , Takeru SuginoTakeru Sugino More articles by this author , Rei UnnnoRei Unnno More articles by this author , Kazumi TaguchiKazumi Taguchi More articles by this author , Ryosuke AndoRyosuke Ando More articles by this author , Atsushi OkadaAtsushi Okada More articles by this author , Takahiro YasuiTakahiro Yasui More articles by this author , and Takahiro YasuiTakahiro Yasui More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002522.03AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: In the process of creating a mouse model of kidney stone formation, we discovered that calcium oxalate stones form at the medullary border of the kidney. The anatomy of the medullary border of the kidney is more prone to hypoxia than the other parts of the kidney. In this study, we investigated the effect of a hypoxia-inducible prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor (Roxadustat), which promotes a hypoxic response, on kidney stone formation. METHODS: In vitro: Mouse renal tubular cells were exposed to Roxadustat (0, 25, and 50 μmol/L) for 6 h. Thereafter, calcium oxalate crystals(20 μg/cm2) were added. Inflammation and oxidative stress were determined by quantitative PCR using Ccl2, TNF, Il6, Spp1, and Sod1. Additionally, the extent of crystal adhesion was examined. Next, a negative control group and a group in which siRNA was used to knock down Hif1α was then created and Roxadustat was administered to both groups and the same parameters were studied.In vivo: A PBS-treated group and a Roxadustat-treated group (5 mg, 10 mg/kg/day) were administered to C57BL/6J mice, and 80 mg/kg of glyoxylic acid was administered for 6 days. Stone formation was measured by polarized light microscopy, and Ccl2, Il6, Tnf, Sod1, and Spp1 were examined by PCR. In addition, macrophage infiltration was evaluated by immunostaining for F4/80, a macrophage surface antigen, and PCR for Emr1. RESULTS: In vitro, Ccl2 and Spp1 were significantly suppressed by Roxadustat, and crystal adhesion was decreased as well. In contrast, knockdown of Hif1α increased Ccl2 and Spp1 and significantly increased crystal adhesion. In vivo, Roxadustat significantly suppressed stone formation by inhibiting Ccl2 and Spp1. Additionally, the macrophages infiltration was significantly inhibited. CONCLUSIONS: Roxadustat not only exerted anti-inflammatory effects via HIF1α in renal tubular epithelial cells, but also inhibited the formation of kidney stones by suppressing macrophage infiltration into the kidney. Source of Funding: none © 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 207Issue Supplement 5May 2022Page: e68 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Kengo Kawase More articles by this author Shuzo Hamamoto More articles by this author Tatsuya Hattori More articles by this author Ryosuke Chaya More articles by this author Tomoki Okada More articles by this author Yutaro Tanaka More articles by this author Takeru Sugino More articles by this author Rei Unnno More articles by this author Kazumi Taguchi More articles by this author Ryosuke Ando More articles by this author Atsushi Okada More articles by this author Takahiro Yasui More articles by this author Takahiro Yasui More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...

Year-round observations of stable carbon isotopic composition of carboxylic acids, oxoacids and α-Dicarbonyls in fine aerosols at Tianjin, North China: Implications for origins and aging

To better understand the origins and photochemical processing (aging) of organic aerosols (OA), we studied fine aerosols (PM2.5) collected at urban (Nankai District (ND)) and suburban (Haihe Education Park (HEP)) Tianjin, North China over a one-year period (2018–2019) for stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of water-soluble diacids, oxoacids, α-dicarbonyls and fatty acids. Maleic (M, −18.3 ± 10.9‰ at ND and −23.5 ± 10.2‰ at HEP) and fumaric (F, −22.0 ± 12.1‰ at ND and −22.5 ± 10.5‰ at HEP) acids were found to be most enriched with 13C followed by oxalic acid (C2, −24.7 ± 3.9‰ at ND and −25.9 ± 4.7‰ at HEP) during the campaign. Based on seasonal changes in δ13C of selected marker species: C6 and C9 diacids, phthalic, glyoxylic and pyruvic acids and glyoxal, and their comparison with the source signatures, we found that water-soluble OA in Tianjin were mainly originated from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning emissions and were subjected for significant aging. The contribution from fossil fuel combustion including coal combustion was high in autumn and winter, especially at ND. Considering the enrichment of 13C in specific species together with linear relations of δ13C of selected species with their concentrations, with mass ratios and with the relative abundance of C2 diacid, we inferred that the photochemical transformations of longer-chain diacids, oxidation of α-dicarbonyls (Gly and mGly), preferably in gas phase, were important in warm period (March–September), whereas the oxidation of Gly, mGly and other precursors in aqueous phase were major in cold period (October–February).

Application of partially aromatic ortho-quionone-methides for the synthesis of novel naphthoxazines with improved antibacterial activity

Starting from naphthols and morpholine and using ethyl glyoxylate as the aldehyde component in the modified Mannich reaction, new aminonaphthol derivatives substituted with 2- and 1-naphthol were synthesised. The stabilization of precursor bifunctional compounds via partially aromatic ortho-quinone methide intermediate was tested with different cyclic imines in [4 + 2] cycloaddition. Based on 1H NMR analysis, in the case of new α-amino acid esters the formation of a single product has been assumed. The NOE spectrum proved that the relative configuration of the newly formed stereogenic centres was trans. The compounds have also been tested in bacteria in order to reduce or reverse antibiotic resistance. Compounds 13 and 14 could inhibit the efflux pump system in susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains.

Evaluation of hydrazine, dimethylamine borane and glyoxylic acid as reducing agents in reductive precipitation.

The mechanisms of heavy metal removal (Fe, Al and Mn) from acidic mineral effluents (pH <3) by reductive precipitation using basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) as a seeding agent was studied. The mechanisms of removal were determined using spectroscopic techniques (FTIR, XRD and XRF) to study the microstructural and composition changes of the seeding material. It was established that the sorption process occurred predominantly by chemisorption for trivalent cations i.e. Al3+ and Fe3+, while for divalent cations i.e. Mn2+ removal occurred through ion exchange and chemisorption. Furthermore, the results showed that the incorporation of metal ions in the BOFS structure caused chemical changes in the FTIR spectra. The results showed that the removal of metal ions from effluents using hydrazine as a reducing agent was thermodynamically feasible with the following removals: 99.9% for Fe (III) and Mn (II), 99% Al (III) using synthetic solutions. The% removals of Fe (III) and Mn (II), Al (III) using DMAB as a reducing agent were not significantly different from those obtained using hydrazine. Metal removal using glyoxylic acid as a reducing agent was not thermodynamically feasible; hence the% metal removals were the lowest i.e. Al (85%), Fe (97.5%) and Mn (94%) compared to hydrazine and DMAB.

Discovery of a Novel Inhibitor Structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isocitrate Lyase.

Tuberculosis remains a global threat to public health, and dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis leads to long-term medication that is harmful to the human body. M. tuberculosis isocitrate lyase (MtICL), which is absent in host cells, is a key rate-limiting enzyme of the glyoxylic acid cycle and is essential for the survival of dormant M. tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate natural compounds as potential MtICL inhibitors through docking and experimental verification. Screening of the TCMSP database library was done using Discovery Studio 2019 for molecular docking and interaction analysis, with the putative inhibitors of MtICL, 3-BP, and IA as reference ligands. Daphnetin (MOL005118), with a docking score of 94.8 and -CDOCKER interaction energy of 56 kcal/mol, was selected and verified on MtICL in vitro and M. smegmatis; daphnetin gave an IC50 of 4.34 μg/mL for the MtICL enzyme and an MIC value of 128 μg/mL against M. smegmatis, showing enhanced potential in comparison with 3-BP and IA. The interactions and essential amino acid residues of the protein were analyzed. In summary, natural daphnetin may be a promising new skeleton for the design of inhibitors of MtICL to combat dormant M. tuberculosis.

Cobalt Precipitation from Glyoxylic Acid Cobalt Complex by Irradiating Femtosecond Laser Pulses

Cobalt Precipitation from Glyoxylic Acid Cobalt Complex by Irradiating Femtosecond Laser Pulses

Effect of environmental temperature on semen quality and seminal plasma metabolites of Mediterranean buffalo bulls

High-quality semen with high viability is critical to improving the in-vitro fertilization efficiency. This study aimed to understand the effect of ambient temperature and humidity on semen quality and seminal plasma biochemical parameters of Mediterranean buffalo in March and July. The metabolites of seminal plasma in two seasons were detected using the UPLC-MS/MS method. The results showed that temperature and humidity index (THI) in March were 66.86 ± 2.98, and 82.94 ± 3.52 in July. Compared with in March, breath frequency, rectal temperature, and heat shock protein 70 expressions of seminal plasma were significantly increased in July (p < 0.05), motility of sperm was dramatically reduced, and sperm deformity rate was significantly increased (p < 0.05). Fructose, acid phosphatase and α-glucosidase in seminal plasma were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in July, while testosterone level was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Six different metabolites were found in the two groups, which involved in three metabolic pathways, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycerophospholipid, glyoxylic acid and dicarboxylic acid. The above results indicate that the increased ambient temperature has obvious side effects on the semen quality of Mediterranean buffalo, and the compromised quality is associated with the change of metabolites related to male hormone secretion, energy metabolism and fatty acid oxidation.

Molecular distributions of dicarboxylic acids, oxocarboxylic acids, and α-dicarbonyls in aerosols over Tuoji Island in the Bohai Sea: Effects of East Asian continental outflow

Field measurements of the concentrations of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds (oxocarboxylic acids and α-dicarbonyls) in PM2.5 were conducted on a background island (Tuoji Island, China) over the Bohai Sea to better understand the effects of pollution downwind of the East Asian continental outflow. Air mass backward trajectory calculations demonstrated that the distributions of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds at Tuoji Island depended strongly on the East Asian continental outflow and correlated with the hours spent by an air parcel in the polluted boundary layer. Based on the data analysis, the sampling period was categorized into heavy aerosol pollution periods (HAPPs) and light aerosol pollution periods (LAPPs). The average concentration of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds during HAPPs (1280 ± 503 ng m−3) was approximately seven times higher than that during LAPPs (189 ± 90.8 ng m−3). The order of the major species of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds, ranked by concentrations, was oxalic acid (C2) > glyoxylic acid (ωC2) > succinic acid (C4) > terephthalic acid (tPh) during HAPPs, and C2 > malonic acid (C3) > ωC2 > C4 during LAPPs. Results of positive matrix factorization (PMF) showed that secondary sources were the dominant source of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds, with contributions of 38% and 57% during HAPPs and LAPPs, respectively. Primary sources of biomass burning and plastic waste burning were also significant during HAPPs (contributions: 26% and 20%, respectively) and LAPPs (contributions: 18% and 12%, respectively). The concentration ratios of C3 to C4 (C3/C4), C2 to C4 (C2/C4), fumaric acid to maleic acid (F/M), phthalic acid to azelaic acid (Ph/C9), adipic acid to azelaic acid (C6/C9), and the positive correlations of Ph or tPh with dicarboxylic acids, and levoglucosan with dicarboxylic acids and related compounds further support the PMF results.

Bismuth-catalyzed arylation of ethyl glyoxylate with aniline via N-H insertion.

Glycine derivatives such as ethyl 2-(4-aminophenyl)-2-(phenylamino) acetate is an exciting and essential non-proteinogenic class of amino acids. Herein, we report an efficient and novel route to synthesize glycine derivatives using ethyl glyoxylate, aniline, and its derivatives catalyzed by bismuth salts. In our scheme, mild, non-toxic, and commercially viable reagents were utilized. The synthesized moieties were characterized by ESI-MASS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and XRD techniques. The target glycine derivatives were successfully obtained with a maximum yield of 87%. Moreover, the reaction is very green as water is the only byproduct.

Transition Metal Catalyst-Free C-3 Sulfonylmethylation of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines with Glyoxylic Acid and Sodium Sulfinates in Water.

Herein, we describe an efficient and benign protocol for direct C-3 sulfonylmethylation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines with glyoxylic acid and sodium sulfinates. Various sulfonylmethylated imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines were synthesized in water under transition metal catalyst-free conditions. This multicomponent reaction featured available substrates, good functional group tolerance, moderate to excellent yields, and mild reaction conditions.

Enterobacter cloacae: a villain in CaOx stone disease?

To explore the roles microbiome of urinary tract played in calcium oxalate stones (CaOx) formation, we collected two sides’ pelvis urine of patients with unilateral CaOx stones to set self-control to diminish the influence of systemic factors. Patients with unilateral CaOx stones were recruited in our study according to strict criteria. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was applied to every pair of pelvis urine. Bacterial genome sequencing of Enterobacter cloacae was conducted and bioinformatic analysis was applied to explore the possible pathways of Enterobacter cloacae inducing CaOx stones formation. In vivo experiments were conducted to validate our claims. Von Kossa staining, TUNEL assay and Western Blot were applied to SD rats exploring the mechanism of stone formation. We found 26 significantly different bacteria between stone sides and non-stone sides’ pelvis urine, among which Enterobacter cloacae ranked the most different. Bacterial genome sequencing of Enterobacter cloacae revealed that its virulence factors included Flagellin, LPS and Fimbrial. GO and KEGG analysis revealed it probably induced CaOx stone formation via ion binging and signaling transduction pathways. The results of animal experiments indicated that Glyoxylic Acid could promote apoptosis and crystal depositions of kidney comparing with control group while pre-injected with Enterobacter cloacae could apparently compound the effects. While Western Blot demonstrated that Glyoxylic Acid or Enterobacter cloacae could increase the expression of IL-6, Mcp-1, BMP2 and OPN in rats’ kidney, Glyoxylic Acid and Enterobacter cloacae together could aggravate these increases. These findings indicated that Enterobacter cloacae might play important roles in CaOx stones formation. However, this study is just a preliminary exploration; further studies still need to be conducted.

Structure, conformations, vibrations and quantum chemical investigations of 2–(1H–indol–3–yl)–2–oxoacetic acid

Detailed structural, electronic and vibrational properties of 2–(1H–indol–3–yl)–2–oxoacetic acid or 3–indoleglyoxylic acid (3IGA) have been analysed with the help of FT–IR, FT–Raman and FT–NMR spectra along with the support of the theoretical investigations by B3LYP method. The conformational investigations on 3IGA showed that s–trans–I conformer with intramolecular hydrogen bonding is the most stable one. The range of total electron density of the molecule 3IGA is found to be +7.383e × 10–2 to – 7.383e × 10–2 and the electrostatic potential of 3AI is in the range +1.167e × 10–2 to –1.167e × 10–2. The energy gap ΔE = (ELUMO–EHOMO) of 3IGA is 4.1008 eV. The n(O20) → π*(C18–O19) is strongly stabilized by 54.01 kcal mol–1. Significant lowering and broadening of the stretching O–H band indicates the presence of intramolecular O–H···O hydrogen bonding. The chemical shift of C2 (138.00 ppm) and C3 (112.57 ppm) is much higher in 3IGA when compared to indole 125.07 and 100.84 ppm, respectively. The atoms C3, C4, C7, C6 and N1 are favourable for the nucleophilic attack while C16, C18, C2, C9, C5 and C8 are favourable for electrophilic attack.

Surface engineered environment-stable red-emitting fluorides for white light emitting diodes

Poor water stability is the main problem of commercialized Mn 4+ -doped fluorides for white light emitting diode (WLED) application. This work proposes a surface engineering strategy to rebuild a Mn 4+ -free fluoride shell on fluorides to effectively resist the destruction from water molecules. By simple processing using glyoxylic acid (GA) solution, the moisture resistance of the red-emitting fluorides can be significantly improved. The photoluminescence (PL) quantum efficiency (QE) of the surface-engineered K 2 SiF 6 :Mn 4+ (KSFM-GA) still maintain 98.43% after water immersion for 360 h, in sharp contrary to the untreated one (its PLQE decreases to 59.79%). Additionally, PL intensity of the hydrolyzed KSFM can be recovered to 99.1% through the treatment of the reducing GA solution. By using the high-stability KSFM-GA red phosphor, the as-fabricated high-performance warm-WLED device can still maintain 84.6% in luminous efficacy, higher than that (79.6%) with the untreated KSFM, after 500 h of aging in a high temperature (85 °C) and high humidity (85%) environment. • The surface engineering strategy is very simple for processing the commercial fluorides. • The surface reconstructed fluorides well remain the morphology and photoluminescence (PL) properties. • The PL intensity of the surface-engineered fluorides is almost unchanged even after being immersed in water for 360 h. • The reducing glyoxylic acid solution can fully restore the photoluminescence intensity of the hydrated fluorides. • The white-LED device with the surface-engineered fluoride shows improved color stability.

Capillary electrophoresis applied for the determination of acidity constants and limiting electrophoretic mobilities of ionizable herbicides including glyphosate and its metabolites and for their simultaneous separation.

Thermodynamic acidity constants and limiting ionic mobilities were determined for polyprotic non-chromophore analytes using capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. It was not necessary to work with buffers of identical ionic strength as ionic strength effects on effective electrophoretic mobilities were corrected by modeling during data evaluation (software AnglerFish). The mobility data from capillary electrophoresis coupled to conductivity detection were determined in the pH range from 1.25 to 12.02 with a high resolution (36pH steps). With this strategy, thermodynamic acidity constants and limiting ionic mobilities for various acidic herbicides were determined, sometimes for the first time. The model analytes included glyphosate, its metabolites, and its acetylated derivates (aminomethyl phosphonic acid, glyoxylic acid, sarcosine, glycine, N-acetyl glyphosate, N-acetyl aminomethyl phosphonic acid, hydroxymethyl phosphonic acid). The obtained data were used in simulations to optimize separations by capillary electrophoresis. Simulations correlated very well to experimental results. With the new method, the separation of glyphosate from interfering components like phosphate in beer samples was possible.

Facilitated series electrochemical hydrogenation of oxalic acid to glycolic acid using TiO2 nanotubes

In this study, the electrochemical reduction of oxalic acid (OX) was performed at electrodes made of TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) in an aqueous medium under potentiostatic control in a two-compartment cell. The competing H2 evolution was almost non-existent at an applied potential of −1.0 V vs Ag/AgCl. Thus, complete conversion of OX was achieved in high chemical (95%) and Faradaic (67%) yields. The selectivity of glycolic acid (GC) formation over that of glyoxylic acid (GO) is controlled by the length of the TNTs. A high selectivity (GC/GO ≈ 10) was obtained (glycolic acid/glyoxylic acid ≈ 10). The physical properties of the TNTs, such as length, uniformity, and mechanical strength, were controlled by varying the anodization time and the electrolyte composition.

A new method for C(sp2)-H sulfonylmethylation with glyoxylic acid and sodium sulfinates.

We herein describe a C4 sulfonylmethylation of pyrazol-5-amines with glyoxylic acid and sodium sulfinates. The reaction only needed water as a solvent, and it featured mild reaction conditions, simple operation, and high regioselectivity. Various C4 sulfonylmethylated pyrazol-5-amines were obtained in good to excellent yields. Moreover, this sulfonylmethylation method was applicable for C(sp2)-H sulfonylmethylation of other substrates such as enamines, indoles, and antipyrines by adding a catalyst and changing the solvent. Biological evaluation revealed that some products had antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines.

Application of the Cu@PET Composite Track-Etched Membranes for Catalytic Removal of Cr(VI) Ions

This research examines the features of obtaining composite track-etched membranes based on copper microtubes using various compositions of a deposition solution and various types of reducing agents, such as formaldehyde (Cu_CHOH@PET), dimethylamine borane (Cu_DMAB@PET), glyoxylic acid (Cu_Gly@PET). The structure and composition of the membrane composites were studied by scanning elec-tron microscopy and X-ray phase analysis. It was shown that in the case of using dimethylamine borane as a reducing agent, the obtained composites consisted of copper(I) oxide (37.4 %) and copper(0) (62.6 %), in other cases single-component copper microtubes were obtained. The reduction reaction of chromium(VI) ions was used to evaluate the catalytic ability of prepared composites. It was found that the removal efficiency of chromium ions reached up to 95–97 % in the case of single-component composites; the presence of a cop-per(I) oxide phase in the structure of the Cu_DMAB@PET composites significantly reduced the activity of catalysts and under similar conditions, only 41% of the contaminant was removed from the reaction system. The degradation reaction of Cr(VI) was found to follow the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism and a pseu-do-first-order kinetic model. The calculated value of the reaction rate constant ka for composites of the Cu_DMAB@PET composition (0.017 min–1) was more than 9 times less than that of composites obtained us-ing glyoxylic acid (0.156 min–1) and more than 15 times less than the ka value of Cu_CHOH@PET samples (0.249 min–1). Effect of temperatures on the catalytic ability of composites was studied in the temperature range of 10–38 °C. Some thermodynamic characteristics such as activation energy, enthalpy, and entropy of activation were calculated. It was found that the minimum value of the activation energy was obtained for the Cu_CHOH@PET samples.

Effects of chitosan on chloroplast protein of vegetable soybean under NaCl stress

Chitosan (CTS) can effectively enhance the tolerance of plants to salt stress, but its role in driving the responses of vegetable soybean seedlings to salt stress at proteomic level is still unclear. Here, both 200 mmol·L-1 CTS and distilled water were used to spray the leaves of vegetable soybean 'Lvlingtezao' seedlings. After 5 days of induction, NaCl stress and nutrient solution without NaCl were treated. Chloroplast proteins were extracted from leaves on the third day of NaCl treatment and analyzed by using the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ). The result showed that CTS significantly increased net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of vegetable soybean seedlings under NaCl stress. Totally 549 reliable quantitative information proteins were identified, of which 442 existed in at least two biological repeats, including 26 up-regulated proteins and 4 down-regulated proteins associated with the effects of CTS on vegetable soybean response to NaCl stress. In addition, enrichment analysis of molecular function and metabolic pathway showed that up-regulated proteins were mainly related to molecular functions, including electron transport, chlorophyll binding, electron carrier activity, and were enriched in the pathways of photoreaction, carbon reaction and glyoxylic acid and dicarboxylic acid metabolism. Down-regulated proteins were mainly related to poly (U) RNA binding. Our results suggested that CTS could affect photosynthesis of vegetable soybean seedlings under NaCl stress through multiple pathways.

Influence of Slice Condition on the Distribution of Glyoxylic Acid in Human Hair

Influence of Slice Condition on the Distribution of Glyoxylic Acid in Human Hair