Glycyrrhiza Research Articles

CARACTERIZACIÓN PALINOLÓGICA DE LAS MIELES DE LA LLANURA DEL RÍO SENGUERR (CHUBUT-ARGENTINA)

In order to know the plants used by honeybees in the Senguerr river plains, a palynological analysis of 19 samples of honey was made. Most samples had less than 2000 grains/g. Fifty-seven types of pollen were identified. Main sources of nectar belong to the following families: Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Brassicaceae and Asteraceae. Honeys were classified as monofloral Melilotus sp. (8 samples), monofloral Rosaceae (wild and cultivated, 2 samples) or of mixed floral origin (9 samples). The analized honeys may be distinguished by a pollen association of Trifolieae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceae, Acaena sp., Glycyrrhiza astragalina Gillies ex Hook. & Arn. and Cyperaceae.

Study on the quality standard of Qingre-Chushi granules

Objective To study the quality standard of Qingre-Chushi granules, including TLC identification of main components and ultra performance liquid chromatography determination of main components, so as to lay a foundation for further development of new drugs. Methods Seven constituents, including Gentianae Radix et Razoma, Scutellaria Radix, Plantaginis Herba, Rehmanniae Radix, Imperarae Rhizoma, Poria and Glycyrrhiza Radix et Rhizoma, were determined by TLC. The content of gentiopicroside and Baicalin in Gentiana officinalis and Scutellaria baicalensis was determined by UPLC on Acquity UPLC HSS T3C18 column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm) with acetonitrile-0.01% formic acid water as mobile phase and gradient elution. Results TLC was highly specific and could effectively identify Gentian, Scutellaria baicalensis, Plantain, Rehmannia glutinosa, Rhizoma cocos, and licorice. The results of UPLC assay showed that there was a good linear relationship between gentiopicroside and Baicalin in the range of 0.014-0.028 μg and 0.015-0.449 μg, and the recovery of the three concentrations were all up to standard. Conclusions TLC can be used to identify the seven components of Qingre-Chushi granules, and UPLC can be used to determine the contents of three indicators, which can control the quality of Qingre-Chushi granules. Key words: Quality control; Chromatography, thin layer; Ultra performance liquid chromatography; Qingre-Chushi granules

Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch L. crude polysaccharides enhance mouse immunity and immune responses induced by HPV-DNA vaccine

Objective To investigate the effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch L. crude polysaccharides (GUCP) as an adjuvant on the immunity of mice and the immune responses induced by human papilloma virus (HPV)-DNA vaccine. Methods ICR mice were injected with different concentrations of GUCP by different ways to detect the influences of GUCP on body weight, organ indexes and the numbers of immune cells in spleen. C57BL/6 mice were co-immunized with HPV-DNA vaccine and GUCP to detect the adjuvant efficacy on antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses. Results GUCP in all injected groups had no side effect on mouse body weight and liver, heart, lung and kidney indexes, but intraperitoneal injection of GUCP significantly increased spleen and thymus indexes and the numbers of B cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells in spleen. Subcutaneous injection of GUCP significantly increased the numbers of B cells and macrophages in spleen and intragastric administration significantly increased the numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in spleen. Furthermore, GUCP as an adjuvant enhanced the antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses and the levels of IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a induced by HPV-DNA vaccine at a certain degree. Conclusion GUCP enhanced the immunity of mice and the antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses induced by HPV-DNA vaccine. These results suggested that GUCP might be used as an adjuvant for DNA vaccine. Key words: Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch L.; Crude polysaccharides; Immunity; DNA vaccine; Immune response

Meyan Kökü (Glycyrrhiza glabra) Ekstraktı ve Sıvıcam Karışımı ile Boyanan Bazı Odun Türlerinin Yanma Özellikleri

Bu çalışmanın amacı; Meyan kökü (Glycyrrhiza glabra) bitkisinden elde edilen ekstraktlar ve sıvıcamkarışımı ile ağaç malzemenin boyanması ve yangın geciktiricilik özelliklerinin belirlenmesidir. Bu kapsamda;deneylerde üç odun türü sarıçam (Pinus sylvestris L.), kestane (Castanea sativa Mill.) ve maun (Khaya ivorensis)kullanılmıştır. Meyan kökü ekstraksiyonu kaynatma metoduyla elde edilmiş, mordan maddeleri; alumiyumsülfat (KAl2(SO4)3.18H2O), demir sülfat (Fe2(SO4)3.7H2O) ve üzüm sirkesi ile sırasıyla 5%, 3% ve 10% oranındakarıştırılmış ve %20 oranında sıvıcam maddesi ilave edilmiştir. Elde edilen çözeltiler, ahşap örneklere daldırmametoduyla uygulanmıştır. Yanma testleri ASTM-E 69-02 (2002) standardına uygun olarak yapılmıştır. Deneylersonucunda yanmada ağırlık kaybı, CO, O2 ve sıcaklık ºC verileri elde edilmiştir. Sonuçlar incelendiğinde meyan köküekstraktı, mordan ve hatta sıvıcam katkısının yanmada ağırlık kaybı değerlerine herhangi bir etkisinin olmadığını,fakat sentetik boyaya yakın sonuçlar elde edildiği gözlenmiştir. Bu sebeple sentetik boyaların kullanılabildiğiyangın riskinin bulunmadığı yerlerde doğal boyaların kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılabilir.

RETRACTION: Revealing the Effects of the Herbal Pair of Euphorbia kansui and Glycyrrhiza on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Ascites with Integrating Network Target Analysis and Experimental Validation.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.14151.].

English

English

Water extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. enhanced the activation of RAW264.7 cells through TLR4 signaling pathway

Objective To investigate the effects of water extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (GUWE) on the activation of RAW264.7 cells and the possible mechanism. Methods RAW264.7 cells were treated with GUWE containing different concentrations of polysaccharide (10, 50, 100, 500 μg/ml). Viability of these cells was analyzed by MTT assay. Phagocytic activity and surface molecules expressed on these cells were detected by flow cytometry. Levels of cytokines were analyzed by ELISA. Western blot assay was performed to analyze the activation of key molecules in TLR4 signaling pathway. Results GUWE at the concentration of 500 μg/ml significantly decreased the viability of RAW264.7 cells, but significantly increased the viability of RAW264.7 cells at concentrations of 50 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml. GUWE significantly enhanced the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells as well as the expression of cytokines and costimulatory molecules in a dose-dependent manner. Further analysis indicated that the activation of RAW264.7 cells induced by GUWE was suppressed by TLR4 inhibitor. Moreover, GUWE enhanced the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and TLR4 downstream mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK). Conclusion This study indicates that GUWE promotes the activation of RAW264.7 cells through TLR4 signaling pathway. Key words: Water extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.; RAW264.7 cell; Costimulatory molecule; Cytokine; TLR4

Glycyrrhiza withdrawal

Glycyrrhiza withdrawal

One new Aculus species (Acari: Trombidiformes: Eriophyidae) on Glycyrrhiza glabra from Lorestan province, Iran

During the study on eriophyid mites associated to Fabaceae plants in Naghare village, Lorestan province (Iran), one new Aculus species (Acari: Eriophyidae), A. lorestaniensis sp. nov. , was found on Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and herein described and illustrated. This is the first Aculus mites associated to a host plant of the genus Glycyrrhiza .

A Study on in vitro antiviral activities of lyophilized extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra on Hepatitis B Virus

The present study is to determine the effect of lyophilized extracts of different solvents of Glycyrrhiza glabra on Hepatitis B. The lyophilized plant extracts were collected and studied for its cytotoxicity in HepG2 cell line and in vitro antiviral activity of these extracts was investigated by HBs Ag binding Inhibition Assay, Hepatitis B Virus DNA Polymerase Inhibition Assay using fluorescent probes. The results from Glycyrrhiza glabra were promising in acting as a potent antiviral agent.

Evaluation of the Interactive Effects of Glycyrrhiza Glabra Hydroalcoholic Extract and LNAME Drug on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate of Male Rats

Evaluation of the Interactive Effects of Glycyrrhiza Glabra Hydroalcoholic Extract and LNAME Drug on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate of Male Rats

Effect of Glycyrrhiza on the Diuretic Function of Euphorbia kansui: An Ascites Mouse Model

We investigated the therapeutic role of the herbal combination Euphorbia kansui (GS) and Glycyrrhiza (GC) in ascites during hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The AVPR2 and AQP2 expression in kidney tissues of ascites mice in different groups was determined by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and real-time PCR analyses. When the dose of GS was less than 0.70 g/kg at a ratio of GC : GS not exceeding 0.4 : 1, the combination of GS and GC exhibited synergistic effects on HCC ascites and significantly elevated the expression levels of AVPR2 and AQP2 (all P < 0.05). On the contrary, when GS ≥ 0.93 g/kg and GC ≥ 1.03 g/kg with the GC-to-GS ratio exceeding 1.11 : 1, the combination of GS and GC displayed antagonistic effects on HCC ascites and dramatically reduced the expression levels of AVPR2 and AQP2 (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, the administration of herbal pair GS and GC at different ratios did not exacerbate the pathological changes in liver and kidney tissues of HCC ascites mice. The different combinations of GS and GC exerted synergistic or antagonistic effects on HCC ascites, partially by regulating the expression of AVPR2 and AQP2.

Revealing the Effects of the Herbal Pair of Euphorbia kansui and Glycyrrhiza on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Ascites with Integrating Network Target Analysis and Experimental Validation.

Although the herbal pair of Euphorbia kansui (GS) and Glycyrrhiza (GC) is one of the so-called "eighteen antagonistic medicaments" in Chinese medicinal literature, it is prescribed in a classic Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula Gansui-Banxia-Tang for cancerous ascites, suggesting that GS and GC may exhibit synergistic or antagonistic effects in different combination designs. Here, we modeled the effects of GS/GC combination with a target interaction network and clarified the associations between the network topologies involving the drug targets and the drug combination effects. Moreover, the "edge-betweenness" values, which is defined as the frequency with which edges are placed on the shortest paths between all pairs of modules in network, were calculated, and the ADRB1-PIK3CG interaction exhibited the greatest edge-betweenness value, suggesting its crucial role in connecting the other edges in the network. Because ADRB1 and PIK3CG were putative targets of GS and GC, respectively, and both had functional interactions with AVPR2 approved as known therapeutic target for ascites, we proposed that the ADRB1-PIK3CG-AVPR2 signal axis might be involved in the effects of the GS-GC combination on ascites. This proposal was further experimentally validated in a H22 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ascites model. Collectively, this systems-level investigation integrated drug target prediction and network analysis to reveal the combination principles of the herbal pair of GS and GC. Experimental validation in an in vivo system provided convincing evidence that different combination designs of GS and GC might result in synergistic or antagonistic effects on HCC ascites that might be partially related to their regulation of the ADRB1-PIK3CG-AVPR2 signal axis.

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FIRST REPORT OF FUSARIUM WILT OF LICORICE BY FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM IN IRAN

In September 2011, licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) plants were observed in a field in the Iranian province of Yazd that showed symptoms consisting of wilting, leaf necrosis, vascular discoloration, and death of the plant. Fragments of vascular tissues plated on potato dextrose agar amended with 0.5 g/l streptomycin sulfate yielded white to pale-violet fungal colonies that produced macro- and microconidia. In carnation leaf agar medium, the macroconidia were three-septate and sickle-shaped whereas microconidia were elliptical, and formed abundantly in false heads. The 5.8S subunit and flanking internal transcribed spacer of the rDNA gene were amplified using the ITS1/ITS4 primers (White et al., 1990) and sequenced. The ITS sequence was 99% similar to that of F. oxysporum (GenBank accession No. JQ045558.1), hence confirming the observed morphological traits typical of this species (Nelson et al., 1983). Wounded roots of 4-week- old plants of G. glabra were dipped for 10 min in a conidial suspension (1x105 spores/ml), while control plants were dipped in sterile tap water. Seedlings were transplanted into pots (13x15 cm) and maintained in a growth chamber at 25°C. Typical symptoms on the leaves developed after five weeks and F. oxysporum was successfully re-isolated from artificially infected plants. Control plants remained symptomless. Previously, F. oxysporum had been reported as a root rot agent of Russian licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) in China (Cao et al., 2013). To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. oxysporum causing wilt of G. glabra in Iran.

Comparison of biological activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra and G. uralensis

The biological activities of Glycyrrhiza (GLs) extracts (GL-1, Glycyrrhiza glabra from Eumseong, Korea; GL-2, G. uralensis from Eumseong, Korea; GL-3, G. uralensis from Yeongcheon, Korea; GL-4, G. uralensis from Neimenggu, China: GL-5, G. uralensis purchased from Korea Medicine Herbal Association, Korea) were investigated. G. uralensis (GLs-2, -3, -4, and -5) extracts exhibited higher free radical scavenging activity against DPPH and OH radicals than G. glabra (GL-1). In addition, all GLs had antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, and H. pylori. GL-3 inhibited the growth of E. coli and S. aureus, while GL-1 had antibacterial activity against H. pylori. All GL extracts tested inhibited the lipopolysaccharide- and interferon-γ-induced inflammatory activity of RAW 264.7 cells. G. glabra and G. uralensis reduced NO generation. GL-3 also inhibited the growth of AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells. GLs-3 and -4 showed the inhibition of rat lens aldose reductase. GL-4 had a higher total content of glycyrrhizin (1), glycyrrhetinic acid (2), glabridin (3), and isoliquiritigenin (4). G. uralensis (GLs-2, -3, -4, and -5) is thus more effective than G. glabra (GL-1).

Effects of licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis F.) commercial extract on the biodistribution of the radiopharmaceutical sodium pertechnetate, radiolabeling of blood constituents and on some biochemical parameters in Wistar rats

This study investigated the influence of a licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) commercial extract on the biodistribution of the radiopharmaceutical sodium pertechnetate, on the radiolabeling of blood constituents and on selected biochemical parameters of Wistar rats. The animals were treated with licorice for 7 days and the assays were performed. A biodistribution assay was performed by administering sodium pertechnetate and determining its activity in organs and tissues. Blood samples were also withdrawn from the animals, the radiolabeling procedure was carried out and the biochemical parameters determined. A decrease of the radiopharmaceutical uptake was found in bladder and testis. No changes on the radiolabeling of the blood constituents neither on the biochemical parameters were found. In conclusion, licorice showed effect on the biodistribution of the sodium pertechnetate in rats. Moreover, as the licorice has not interfered on the Technetium-99m radiolabeling of blood constituents (depends on the presence of a reducing agent), this finding reinforces the antioxidant property of the licorice. Although this study was carried out with rats treated with licorice commercial extract, a precaution is suggested in the interpretation of nuclear medicine examinations with the radiopharmaceutical sodium pertechnetate involving the excretory system in patients that are undertaking licorice. Key words: Licorice, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, biodistribution, radiopharmaceutical, sodium pertechnetate, interaction, rats.

Effect of Zingiber officinal (ginger) and Glycyrrhiza uralensis (licorice) on experimental S. mansoni life cycle and investing the composition (metabolites) changes in different tissues

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of both ginger (Zingiber officinal) and licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) on different S. mansoni life cycle; miracidia, cercariae, schistosomula and adult worm in vitro. In addition, this study aimed at separation and quantification of pyruvic, lactic, succnic, fumaric, malic, acetic, propionic and acetoacetic acids in the tissue of each parasite life cycle using ion-suppression reversed -phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after treatments of the different S. mansoniparasites with the lethal doses of plant extracts. Using such data, we can then evaluate in a broader manner, the physiological processes that cannot permit the parasites to survive under these treatment, and to test the potentiality of these extracts to produce disturbances in these metabolites, as they refer to different metabolic pathways to be used as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers. Key words: Zingiber officinal, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, metabolites, life cycle.

Yokukansan inhibits morphine tolerance and physical dependence in mice: The role of α2A-adrenoceptor

Yokukansan (YKS) is a traditional Japanese medicine consisting of seven medicinal herbs that is used for the treatment of neurosis, insomnia, and the behavioral/psychological symptoms of dementia. This study examined the effects of YKS on morphine tolerance and physical dependence in mice. Daily oral administration of YKS (0.5 or 1.0g/kg) for 3weeks significantly attenuated morphine tolerance and naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal signs (jumps and body weight loss) without affecting the analgesic effect of morphine. The inhibitory effect of YKS on withdrawal jumps in morphine-dependent mice was blocked by a single pretreatment with an α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine, but not by an α1-adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin. A similar inhibitory effect on withdrawal jumps was observed by repeated administration of yohimbine. The membrane expression of α2A-adrenoceptors in the pons/medulla was decreased in morphine withdrawn animals; this reduction was prevented by repeated administration of YKS or yohimbine. Competitive radioligand and [35S]guanosine-5′-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) binding assays revealed that YKS and its constituent herbs, Glycyrrhiza (GR) and Uncaria hook (UH), had specific binding affinity for and antagonist activity against the α2A-adrenoceptor. Certain chemical constituents, including GR -derived glycyrrhizin and its metabolite, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, and UH-derived geissoschizine methyl ether (GME), shared such activities. Repeated administration of GR, UH, glycyrrhizin or GME significantly inhibited morphine withdrawal signs. These results suggest that YKS and its active constituents inhibit morphine tolerance and physical dependence, and that the latter is due at least in part to the prevention of the decreased membrane expression of the α2A-adrenoceptor in the brainstem by its prolonged blockade.

Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Action of a Polyherbal Preparation through Ethanol and Galactosamine Induced Hepatotoxicity

The present study explores the hepatoprotective mechanism of a polyherbal preparation. Initially the polyherbal preparation was prepared by extracting the three herbs were choosen as Glycyrrhiza glabra, Clerodendrum serratum and Allium cepa with hydroalcoholic (50:50) solvent and further combined it to prepare a polyherbal preparation (F1). Further F1 at 200 and 400 mg/Kg were evaluated for acute toxicity and hepatoprotective activity in comparison with Silymarin as standard against Ethanol and Galactosamine induced liver toxicity in albino wistar rats and mice. Parameters like AST, ALT, Bilirubin, TBARS, Lipid peroxidation, ALP, GGTP and GSH were assessed. These biochemical observations were supplemented by the histopathological examination of liver sections. Experimental data suggested that the treatment with F1 protects the liver damage to a significant level from Ethanol and Galactosamine hepatotoxicity. From these results it may be concluded that the preparation significantly showed a dose dependent hepatoprotective effect. KEYWORDS: Ethanol; Galatosamine; polyherbal preparation; Silymarin hepatoprotection