Glycyphagus Destructor Research Articles

<p class="Body">Mites in dried figs of Turkey: diversity, species composition and density

This study was conducted to determine mite species in dried figs in Aydin, Turkey between August 2014 and November 2016. A total of 141 dried fig samples were taken from producers’ storage, commercial storages and fig processing factories in Buharkent, Germencik, Incirliova, Kocarli, Kosk, Kuyucak, Merkez, Nazilli, Sultanhisar and Yenipazar districts. In addition, 24 dried fig samples were kept in storage for 8 months and the changes in mite species composition and their densities in stored figs were determined. As a result, 8 mite species belonging to 3 orders and 5 families were identified from the dried figs. Acarus siro L., Carpoglyphus lactis (L.), Glycyphagus destructor (Schrank), G. domesticus (De Geer) and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) as pest species, and Blattisocius tarsalis (Berlese), B. mali (Oudemans) and Cheyletus eruditus (Schrank) as predatory mite species were found. Out of 141 samples, 133 were infested with mites and the infestation ratio was 94.3%. Tyrophagus putrescentiae was the most common pest species with an infestation rate of 72.3%, followed by C. lactis with 34.8%, A. siro, G. destructor and G. domesticus with 0.7% contamination, respectively. Carpoglyphus lactis was found to have the highest density with 10,488 individuals/kg in contaminated fig samples. Blattisocius tarsalis was the most common predatory mite species with an infestation rate of 77.3%. Blattisocius mali and C. eruditus were found in 9.2% and 4.3% of dried figs, respectively. This study showed that the dried fig samples kept in storage were always vulnerable to contamination with mites. Mite species composition and their densities also fluctuated over time.

Acaros del polvo de habitaciones enla ciudad de Punta Arenas, Chile

In medicine, the importance of mites in house dust gains importance from day to day. The close relation between these arthropods and man is the cause of a series of health problems such as allergic asthma, rhinitis and/or dermatitis. House dust samples were collected between January and December 1991 in Punta Arenas, city, Chile. Samples were processed by the Artigas and Casanueva (1983) technique, modified by Muñoz et al. (1983). The isolated specimens were subsequently identified using the Artigas and Casnueva (1983) pictorial key. Of the 134 samples study, 29.1% presented one or more mite species. A total of 13 species were classified. Eight of them were registered for the city of Punta Arenas for the first time. Average weight of the dust analysed was 8.4 g. Mites were found from 0.2 g. onwards. A total of 1768 specimens was collected. The species more representative were: Blomia tjibodas (30.1%), Glycyphagus destructor (22.5%) and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (10.8%). The seasons that presented the higher proportions of mites were autumn (39.4%) and spring (37.1%).

The efficacy of Dryacide, an inert dust, against two species of Astigmatid mites, Glycyphagus destructor and Acarus siro , at nine temperature and moisture content combinations on stored grain

Dryacide, an inert silicaceous dust, was tested for efficacy on wheat after 14 and 28 days exposure against the mites Acarus siro and Glycyphagus destructor at doses of 1, 3 and 5 g kg−1, moisture contents (MCs) of 14.5, 15.5 and 16.5% and temperatures of 10, 17.5 and 25°C. After 28 days at 10°C, all doses were effective against A. siro with the exception of the lowest dose at the highest MC, but against G. destructor complete control only occurred at 3 g kg−1 and 14.5% MC and at 5 g kg−1 and 14.5 and 15.5% MC. After 28 days at 17.5°C, the dust was fully effective against A. siro at 3 and 5 g kg−1 but only at 14.5% MC. Glycyphagus destructor was only completely controlled after 28 days at 5 g kg−1 and 14.5% MC. After 14 days at 25°C, A. siro was completely controlled at 3 and 5 g kg1 and 14.5% MC as was G. destructor after 28 days. Neither species appeared to ingest the dust but considerable quantities adhered to their cuticles. The high mortalities observed under the range of experimental conditions, particularly the lowest temperature, suggest that a dose of 3 g kg−1 may be effective as a replacement for organo-phosphorous (OP) pesticide surface treatments in an integrated storage strategy based on grain cooling. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998

The use of an aspirated sieve to remove insects, mites and pesticides from grain

A series of experiments examined the removal of insects, mites and insecticide residues from grain passed through a grain-cleaner comprising a de-awner and aspiration chamber and a sequence of inclined, reciprocating sieves. The cleaner was evaluated for its ability to remove adult insects from 1 kg grain samples by comparing the removal of 30 and 200 insects of each of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Sitophilus granarius (L.) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) using 1.0 and 2.0 mm sieves. Pest-free samples were reliably produced using a 2.0 mm sieve at the cost of a loss of about 4.5% in weight of dockage or cleanings removed. Cleaning produced a 90% reduction in live mite numbers but populations partially recovered afterwards, although still reaching only one-fifth of the uncleaned controls. After cleaning, 90% alive and dead Glycyphagus destructor were recovered from the cleanings but only 30% of Acarus siro were in the cleanings with a further 10% in the prime grain, leaving about 60% unaccounted for. Removal of about 1.6% dockage or cleanings resulted in a loss of approximately 20% of pesticide in half of the tests using etrimfos and pirimiphos-methyl emulsifiable concentrates and dust at 2 and 4 mg/kg.

Integrated pest management in stored grain: Combining surface insecticide treatments with aeration

Three aerated, commercial stores of 5000–10,000 t of wheat in England were discovered to have surface infestations of Sitophilus granarius in mid-winter when the grain temperature was 4–9°C. The infestations were monitored using pitfall and probe traps and catches dropped to zero after the application of etrimfos or pirimiphos-methyl 2% dust into the top 0.3 m at 50g/m 2. The effects of surface treatments in cooled bins were also examined in a farm scale experiment. Six, 20 t bins of wheat, were each aerated at 10 m 3/h/t with an 0.02 kW fan and infested with 1/kg each of S. granarius and Oryzaephilus surinamensis and 0.5/kg of Cryptolestes ferrugineus as well as the mites Glycyphagus destructor and Acarus siro. The surface of three bins were treated with 45 g/m 2 of 2% pirimiphos-methyl dust. Insect numbers, as determined by pitfall traps and probe traps at the surface, 1 and 2 m, fell in all bins during the winter as temperatures fell to 5°C. As the bins warmed up in the spring, numbers of O. surinamenis rose again in the untreated bins. In the second year, S. granarius reached peak numbers in the untreated bins in mid-winter. The much lower numbers of insects trapped in the treated bins were a result of the surface treatment and the few found may have been attributable to migration from the untreated bins. A. siro and G. destructor, together exceeded 1500/kg at the surface of untreated bins, but were less than 10/kg in treated bins. In the second year, few of either species were found and the predatory mite, Cheyletus eruditus, reached 200/kg in all bins, before declining. The experiment showed some of the shortcomings of an integrated pest management system for stored grain, based on cooling, storage at 15% m.c. and monitoring of pest numbers. These were surface populations of mites in the first winter, spring surface re-occurrence of O. surinamensis and surface populations of S. granurius in the second winter. These were overcome by adding surface admixture to the other elements of the IPM system. The IPM programme cost less than half of the cost of admixing the bulk with the cheapest insecticide and used 10% of the insecticide.

Comparison of the fecundity of three species of grain store mites on fungal diets

The egg production of isolated pairs ofAcarus siro, Glycyphagus destructor andTyrophagus longior fed on a control diet of wheatgerm and yeast was compared with that on mycelial pellets from shake cultures ofCladosporium cladosporiodes, Aspergillus repens, A. ruber andPenicillium cyclopium as well as spores ofP. cyclopium andA. repens. The mites always produced fewer eggs on the fungal diets than on the ideal diet.Tyrophagus longior usually did best of the three mite species on the fungal diets, andG. destructor worst.Aspergillus ruber proved the most suitable fungus for all mite species, whileC. cladosporiodes was the least suitable. Spores were a less suitable diet than mycelial pellets from shake cultures, which were predominantly mycelium.

Population increase and damage by three species of mites on wheat at 20�C and two humidities

Twenty bisected grains of wheat infested with five pairs of the three commonest British grain-storage mites, Acarus siro L., Glycyphagus destructor (Shrank) and Tyrophagus longior (Gervais), were examined every week for 20 weeks. Mite populations, the resulting damage to germ and endosperm, and visible fungal growth were observed at 20 degrees C and relative humidities (r.h.) of 90% and 75%. At 90% r.h., A. siro populations reached nearly 14,000 per test-tube before slowly dropping to 5000. The mites ate the germ before the endosperm, leaving an impenetrable layer of crushed endosperm cells between these regions. The G. destructor population reached only 800 before declining to 300; these mites ate over 75% of the germ and small amounts of endosperm. Tyrophagus longior populations rose to 2200 mites before crashing at week 12 to the initial population level; these mites ate over 75% of the germ and small amounts of endosperm. At 75% r.h., both A. siro and T. longior populations were lower than at the higher r.h., peaking at 3000 and 1000 respectively and decreasing to 500 and 600 mites respectively. Glycyphagus destructor did markedly better than at 90% r.h., reaching 1500 before falling to 400. The damage at this humidity was slower to occur but was similar to that at 90% r.h. at the end of 20 weeks. At both humidities visible fungus was always less abundant on infested grain that uninfested grain.

Allergenic and antigenic relationship between three species of storage mite and the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus

We have explored the antigenic and allergenic relationship between the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and three species of storage mite, Glycyphagus destructor, Acarus siro, and Tyrophagus longior. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis demonstrated that all the mite extracts contained multiple antigens but that there was only limited cross-reactivity between the different species. Six sera were obtained from workers exposed to storage mites and with occupationally related lower respiratory tract symptoms. All workers had specific IgE to D. pteronyssinus and to one or more of the storage mites. The pattern of reactivity varied between the different sera, two responded primarily to D. pteronyssinus and A. siro and four sera to D. pteronyssinus and G. destructor. Only weak responses were observed to T. Longior. RAST-inhibition and affinity-absorption experiments demonstrated that D. pteronyssinus had at least three groups of distinct allergenic determinants, determinants specific to D. Pteronyssinus, determinants shared with A. Siro, and determinants shared with G. Destructor. Similarly, both A. siro and G. destructor have specific allergenic determinants and determinants shared with D. pteronyssinus. The findings demonstrate the complexity of the immunologic responses to the different mite species.

The effect of three species of mites upon fungal growth on wheat.

Every week, for 20 weeks, the growth of naturally occurring grain storage fungi on wheat infested with the three commonest British grain storage mites, Acarus siro, Glycyphagus destructor and Tyrophagus longior, was compared with that on uninfested wheat. The number of colonies of the Aspergillus glaucus group per gram were always less on grain infested with mites than on uninfested grain. Penicillium spp. were also less numerous on grain which was infested with A. siro but did not appear to be affected by the other mites. In contrast, two fungi which are pathogenic to mites, Aspergillus restrictus and Wallemia sebi, were more abundant in the presence of certain mites. The former was associated with G. destructor, the latter with G. destructor and A. siro. The three species of mites either feed on the A. glaucus group and Penicillium spp., or inhibit them by an unknown secretion. Pathogenic fungi are probably avoided. Mites are therefore an important variable in studies on fungal growth during grain drying and storage.

A comparison of sieving and oil flotation methods for quantitative assessment of mite populations in grain

Separate populations of two species, Acarus siro L. and Glycyphagus destructor (Schrank), were used to inoculate grain with a known number of mites. Regardless of differences in species and original levels of infestation, recovery by oil flotation was never less than 75%, whereas that by sieving never exceeded 43% of true mite population. Moreover, flotation extraction from the sieved wheat recovered up to 60% of the population not extracted by the sieving technique. Sieving efficiency was also shown to be strongly biased by species differences, whereas flotation extraction varied little between the two species at a fixed density. Thus, sieving grossly underestimated the true level of infestation and was inconsistent and unreliable for quantitative estimation of mite populations in grain.

Amylase and esterase polymorphisms in economically important stored product mites (Acari: Astigmata)

1. 1. Ten populations representing six species of economically important astigmatid mites, Acarus siro (L.), Glycyphagus destructor (Schrank), Glycyphagus domesticus (De Geer), Rhizoglyphus callae (Oudemans), Rhizoglyphus robini Claparede and Tyrophagus longior (Gervais) were investigated for amylase and non-specific esterase polymorphisms using polyacrylamide gel iso-electric focusing. 2. 2. All populations showed multiple enzymic forms for both amylase and esterase. Some differential levels of activity were detected. 3. 3. A simple phenetic technique is given whereby dendrograms of sample affinities can be constructed from densitometric scans of zymograms (using unweighted average linkage cluster analysis on a Gower-type general similarity coefficient). Amylase scans gave a more interpretable clustering than esterase scans. 4. 4. A critical discussion and suggestions for improvement of the technique are given.

Dispersion and distribution of mites and beetles in stored grain

The dispersion and distribution of mites and beetles in grain was studied. Dispersion studies were carried out under constant conditions (20°C, 80% r.h.) in metal cylinders (height 60 cm, dia. 30 cm) containing 30 kg of wheat, for periods of 1–15 days. These laboratory experiments showed that dispersion of the mite Acarus siro L. was not constant and that no uniform pattern of mite dispersion existed. One part of the population of mites seemed to move all the time and migrate from the surface to the bottom and back. Most of the mites were concentrated either at the surface or at the bottom, or at both, or the mites were uniformly dispersed. The beetles, Tribolium confusum Duv., were mostly (80%) concentrated at the surface of the wheat. Distribution studies were carried out in two silo cells (height 45 m, dia. 6 m) each containing 900 t of wheat with a moisture content of around 13–14% and the temperatures of different layers ranging from 16–36°C. The beetles Cryptolestes pusillus (Schönherr), psocids Liposcelis sp. and mites Cheyletus eruditus (Schrank) were distributed at the surface and around the outlet of the silo, although the depth from the surface and height above the outlet to which various species penetrated varied. The beetles, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), were distributed only at the surface whilst the mites, Glycyphagus destructor (Schrank), were distributed in the middle of the silo cell.

Polysaccharidases in astigmatid mites (Arthropoda: Acari)

1. 1. Assays for amylolytic, cellulolytic and chitinolytic activity were carried out on 6 species of economically important Astigmatid mites, Acarus siro L., Glycyphagus destructor (Schrank), Glycyphagus domesticus (De Geer), Rhizoglyphus callae Oudemans, Rhizoglyphus robini Claparede and Tyrophagus longior (Gervais). 2. 2. Amylase and chitinase were found in all species examined whereas cellulase was detected only in those of Rhizoglyphus and Tyrophagus. 3. 3. No significant differences in specific activity between species were found for amylase. T. longior (Gervais) and Rhizoglyphus spp. showed similar cellulase levels. A. siro L. and Glycyphagus spp. possessed significantly higher levels of chitinase compared to Rhizoglyphus spp. and T. longior (Gervais). No intraspecific differences for any of the three enzymes were detected. 4. 4. Trophic specialization is discussed in relation to digestive abilities.

The toxicity of twelve fumigants to three species of mites infesting grain

Eggs of Tyrophagus longior, Acarus siro and Glycyphagus destructor were highly tolerant of each fumigant tested at 10°C while mobile stages were susceptible. Some eggs of T. longior survived the highest test dosages of methyl bromide, phosphine, ethylene oxide, ethyl formate, methallyl chloride and ethyl bromide. The ascending order of toxicity for the other fumigants, as judged by the ct product needed to kill all eggs, was methyl chloroform (MC), carbon tetrachloride (CTC), ethylene dichloride (EDC), methyl formate, ethylene dibromide and acrylonitrile. The toxicity of EDC was generally enhanced by the addition of MC or CTC, though dosages for control were still high, and a single fumigation can only be expected to provide a short-term absence of mobile stages. If complete control is required, this can be achieved by two treatments at a low dose if these are separated by an interval during which the surviving eggs hatch but do not reach the adult stage. The length of this interval depends on temperature and at 10°C is about 7 weeks, at 15°C 3 weeks and at 20°C 2 weeks.

Lysozyme activity in six species of economically important astigmatid mites

1. 1. Lysozyme activity was detected for the first time in populations of Acarus siro L., Glycyphagus destructor (Schrank), G. domesticus (De Geer), Rhizoglyphus callae Oudemans, R. robini Claparede and Tyrophagus longior (Gervais) (Arthropoda: Acari). 2. 2. No significant differences between the activity in different populations was observed.

Hide protease in stored product mites (Astigmata:acaridae)

1. 1. Hide protease activity was detected in 6 species of stored product mites; Acarus siro Linnaeus, Glycyphagus destructor (Schrank), Glycyphagus domesticus (De Geer), Rhizoglyphus callae (Oudemans), Rhizoglyphus robini Claparede and Tyrophagus longior (Gervais). 2. 2. Significant differences in specific activity were found between, but not within, species. 3. 3. A. siro L. and Glycyphagus spp. show relatively high activity, Rhizoglyphus spp. and T. longior (Gervais) relatively low activity. 4. 4. Possible explanations for these results are discussed.

The effectiveness of some recently developed pesticides against stored-product mites

Ten recently developed pesticides have been tested against Tyrophagus longior, T. putrescentiae, and susceptible and HCH-resistant strains of both Acarus siro and Glycyphagus destructor. They were applied as dusts or emulsion concentrates to wheat and the mortality of added mites was evaluated 2 weeks later. Etrimfos at 20 ppm and profenofos at 10 ppm killed all mites of all strains. Propargite at 20 ppm killed all strains except HCH-resistant A. siro, whereas methacrifos at 4 ppm killed all except HCH-susceptible A. siro. Heptenophos at 2 ppm controlled susceptible and resistant strains of G. destructor. ‘Cycloprate’ at 200 ppm, and U42662, ‘isoprothiolane’, fenbutatin oxide and ‘xymiazol’, all at 20 ppm, failed to give complete mortality of any strain. Several compounds reputedly effective against plant-feeding mites or ticks were ineffective against the storage mites tested.

Studies on the mites(Order Acarina) in Korea: I. Suborder Sarcoptiformes

Acarid mites were isolated from samples collected in Seoul during the period of October 1975 to August 1978. Samples consisted of stored foods such as rice, flour, sugar, dried fishes, dusts of houses and freight offices. The identified mites were classified into 12 species belonging to 12 genera, 5 families as following lists, of which 4 species (*) are newly recorded in Korea. Family Acaridae Ewing and Nesbitt, 1942 1. Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank, 1781) 2. Acarus siro Linnaeus, 1758 *3. Aleuroglyphus ovatus Troupeau, 1879 4. Suidasia nesbitti Hughes, 1948 5. Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Fumouze and Robin, 1868) 6. Caloglyphus berlesei (Michael, 1903) 7. Lardoglyphus konoi (Sasa and Asanuma, 1951) Family Carpoglyphidae Oudemans, 1972 8. Carpoglyphus lactis Linnaeus, 1927 Family Glyphagidae Berlese, 1887 9. Glycyphagus destructor (Schrank, 1781) *10. Gohieria fusca (Oudemans, 1903) Family Chortoglyphidae Berlese, 1897 *11. Chortoglyphus arcuatus (Troupeau, 1879) Family Pyroglyphidae Cunliffe, 1958 *12. Euroglyphus maynei (Cooremant 1950)

HOUSE DUST MITES IN SWITZERLAND

The allergenic properties of the nine mite species prevalent in the house dust of northwestern Switzerland (Basel and surroundings) were studies. For the preparation of mite extracts, the average weight of each species was first determined and then the number per culture glass counted. Thus the extracts were prepared according to the weight of the mites. They were tested on 115 patients with ashma and/or rhinitis. Tests with patients own house dust and with a human dander/yeast mixture, which served as culture medium for the mites, were carried out simultaneously. Test results were either positive or negative for all substances in 93 patients (80 per cent). Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. farinae and Euroglyphus maynei caused the most frequent and most severe reactions. The species Glycyphagus destructor, G. privatus, Chortoglyphus arcuatus, Gohieria fusca, Tyrophagus putrescentiae and Acarus siro seem to play a less important role, if any, in house dust allergies.

House dust mites in Switzerland: II. culture and control

Abstract The 9 of the 12 mite species prevalent in house dust of northwestern Switzerland (Basel and environs) were cultured on a 1: 1 mixture of human skin-scales and yeast at 25±2°C and a relative humidity of 78±2 %. Trials to rear the mites on simple media such as monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides failed. The cultured mites were Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. farinae, Euroglyphus maynei, Glycyphagus destructor, G. privatus, Chortoglyphus arcuatus, Gohieria fusca, Tyrophagus putrescentiae and Acarus siro . Methods of controlling mites in house dust are discussed. All stages of D. pteronyssinus are destroyed at a relative humidity of 20-50 % within 18 to 26 days and at temperatures of 50-55°C within 1–4 hours.