Glycol Adipate Research Articles

The Determination of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters in Biodiesel from Rapeseed Oil by Gas Chromatography with a Packed Column

A method for the determination of fatty acid methyl esters in biodiesel was investigated by gas chromatography using a stainless steel column packed with polydiethylene glycol adipate coated on 102 white support and a flame ionization detector. The linear correlation coefficient was above 0.998, the relative standard deviation was less than 0.46%, and the recovery of standard addition was found to be within 96.8–105.4%. It has good separation efficiency, accuracy, and reproducibility.

Thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of polylactide/poly(1,2‐propylene glycol adipate)

AbstractPolylactide (PLA) was melt blended with poly(1,2‐propylene glycol adipate) (PPA) in a Thermo‐Haake mixer. Thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of the blends were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, tensile test, and small amplitude oscillatory shear rheometry. PPA lowered the glass transition temperature and increased the ability of PLA to cold crystallization. With the increase in PPA content (5–25 wt%), the blends showed decreased tensile strength and Young's modulus; however, impact strength and elongation‐at‐break along were dramatically increased due to the plastic deformation. Morphological results of PLA/PPA blends showed that PPA was good compatible with PLA. The plasticization effect of PPA was also manifested by the lowering of dynamic storage modulus and viscosity in the melt state of the blends compared with neat PLA. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers

Study on the Micro-Phase Structure of Hydrophilic Polyurethane with Mixed Polyester and Polyether Soft Segments

Polyether-polyester nonionic hydrophilic polyurethanes with amorphous soft segment phase are prepared from 4,4’- diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), polybutylene adipate glycol 2000 (PBA2000) and polyethylene glycol 1000 (PEG1000) with 1,4-butanediol (BDO) as chain extender. Further more, the relationships between micro-phase structure and chemical structure of samples is investigated. The studies show that the chemical structure has remarkable effects on the micro-phase structure of hydrophilic polyurethane and micro-phase separation degree of the mixed soft domains.

Fabrication of High Toughness Poly(lactic acid) by Combining Plasticization with Cross-linking Reaction

A new method to produce high toughness Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was introduced in this study. The blends of low molecular weight triacetin (TAC) and oligomeric poly(1,3-butylene glycol adipate) (PBGA) were first used as multiple plasticizers to lubricate PLA and then the plasticized PLA cross-linked with triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) through electron beam irradiation. In this way, a kind of stable PLA material with high elongation at break was obtained. The elongation at break of the prepared material is more than 260% with a tensile strength of 23.5 MPa when the irradiation dose is 10 Mrad. Detailed studies of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and viscosity experiments revealed that both the self-cross-linking of the PLA molecular chains and the cross-linking between the molecular chains of PLA and PBGA could occur. This results in the remarkable improvement in the performance of the obtained materials.

Synthesis of high‐solid content sulfonate‐type polyurethane dispersion by pellet process

AbstractA novel method to prepare polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) is introduced in this article. Water dispersible polyurethane ionomer pellets were synthesized without solvent; these pellets were then dissolved in acetone and dispersed in water. Then PUDs were obtained after acetone was distilled off. Polyurethane ionomers were synthesized from polyether diol containing sulfonate as hydrophilic monomer and poly(1,4‐butylene adipate glycol) with an average molecular weight of 3000 as soft segments, isophorone diisocyanate and 1,4‐butanediol as hard segments, and dibutyltin dilaurate as catalyst. The properties of PUDs were measured by Laser particle size analyzer, Brookfield viscosity, and TEM analysis. High‐solid content and low viscosity PUDs were obtained. Meanwhile, PUDs exhibited excellent stability and polydispersity according to the above analysis. Tensile tests and dynamic mechanical analysis showed good mechanical and thermodynamic properties of PUD films. Some typical characteristics of crystalline polymers were revealed in the tensile stress–strain curves of PUD films. Peel strength test (PVC/PVC) yielded a maximum initial peel strength value of 6 N/mm and T‐peel strength value of 10 N/mm. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013

Synthesis and Characterization of a New Magnetic Polyurethane Material

Magnetic polyurethane was synthesized by a prepolymerization body method using poly(1,4-butylene adipate glycol), 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 1,4-butyl glycol, and a magnetic chain extender. The magnetic chain extender is synthesized by a method involving the use of dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) and ferrous powder in dimethyl formamide as solvent conditions. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy is used to characterize the magnetic chain extender, and the rheological properties of magnetic Polyurethane are measured by a torque rheometer.

Effects of poly(1,2‐propylene glycol adipate) and nano‐CaCO3 on DOP migration and mechanical properties of flexible PVC

AbstractNano‐CaCO3 was used as nano‐scale filler and poly(1,2‐propylene glycol adipate) (PPA) was used as polymeric plasticizer in flexible poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) sheets for the partial replacement of di(2‐ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DOP) in this paper. The effect of PPA and nano‐CaCO3 on restraining DOP migration was evaluated via extraction tests. The results showed that the introduction of nano‐CaCO3 can decrease the extraction rate of DOP in the PVC matrix. The tensile strength and elongation at break of CaCO3‐1/PPA‐20/DOP‐30/PVC were similar to those of DOP‐50/PVC, and CaCO3‐1/PPA‐20/DOP‐30/PVC exhibited the superior suppression of DOP migration compared with DOP‐50/PVC. Thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) indicated that the addition of nano‐CaCO3 effectively improved the thermal stability of the nanocomposites. Therefore, the combination of PPA and nano‐CaCO3 is an effective approach to suppress the migration of DOP. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

A Novel Long-Life Air Working Electro-Active Actuator Based on Cellulose and Polyurethane Blend

In this paper, electro-active actuator made with cellulose and polyurethane blend film is prepared, which can show high bending displacement in the air with room humidity condition. To fabricate this actuator, cotton cellulose was dissolved into a N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and lithium chloride (LiCl) solvent system. Polyurethane prepared by poly[di(ethylene glycol) adipate] and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) was mixed with DMAc cellulose solution by stirring. The mixed solution was cast to form a film followed by depositing thin gold electrode on both sides of the film. The actuator was actuated under AC voltage at an ambient condition by changing the actuation voltage, frequency and time. The actuator revealed a large bending displacement under low activation voltage, low electrical power consumption and good durability at room condition. This cellulose- polyurethane blend actuator is suitable for dry and durable actuator and promising for many biomimetic applications in foreseeable future.

Study on the Influences of Domain Structure of Hydrophilic Polyurethane with Partially Crystalline on its Moisture Permeability

Multiphase, segmented polyurethanes with mixed soft segment phase were prepared from 4,4’- diphenylmethane diisocyanate (Pure MDI), polybutylene adipate (glycol) 2000 (PBA2000) and polyethylene glycol 1000 (PEG1000) with 1,4-butanediol (BDO) as the chain extender. Further more, the relationships between domain separation structure, crystallizability of soft segment and moisture permeability, hydrophilic property, phase inversion temperature (PIT) of the polyurethanes were investigated. The studies show that the chemical structure, concentration of hydrophilic soft monomers and the microphase separation degree of the mixed soft segments from hard segment domain have remarkable effects on the application properties of polyurethane.

Synthesis and Characterization of one Component Heat Cured Polyurethane-Acrylate Sealants

Stable one component heat cured polyurethane-acrylate (PUA) sealants were synthesized using dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as an initiator with high decomposition temperature. The PUA sealants were synthesized through the reaction of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) with poly(ethylene buthlene glycol adipate) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and the PUA sealants were stably stored under accelerated aging test at 60°C . The structure of polyurethane prepolymer, PUA prepolymer, PUA sealant and its cured film were characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and Raman spectra.

Tough Thermoplastic Starch Modified with Polyurethane Microparticles: Effects of Molecular Weight of Soft Segments in Polyurethane

In this work, polyurethane prepolymers (PUP) were synthesized using different weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of poly-1,4-butylene glycol adipate (PBA), and then used to prepare modified thermoplastic starch (TPS) in an intensive mixer. The effects of Mw of polyurethane soft segments on the structure/properties of the modified starch sheets were investigated. Results showed that the reaction ratio of PUP used for preparing the modified TPS was 96.7%, indicating that PUP was almost cross-linked to starch matrix and the special structure of microparticles with multifunctional groups was essential to increase the reaction efficiency of modifiers during the solid modification. With the decreasing molecular weight of soft segments in PUP, the NCO content of PUP would increase, and the compatibility of the two polymers was also improved due to increasing number of urethane bonds between starch and PU, resulting in the improvement of breaking elongation. A similar trend was also observed by WXRD. Therefore, the relatively low molecular weight of PUP was beneficial for improving the miscibility of the modified starch materials.

Thermal Properties of Ester-Type Easy Cationic Dyeable Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) (ECDP) Polymers

This study investigated the thermal properties of ester-type easy cationic dyeable poly(ethylene terephthalate) (ECDP) polymers using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), therogravimetric analysis (TGA). The mass ratios of 5-sodium sulfo bis(-hydroxyethyl) isophthalate(SIPE) for ECDP polymers were 2.8%, 5.5%, 6.8%, respectively. The fourth monomers were diethylene glycol adipate (DGA), diethylene glycol succinate (DGS) and diethylene glycol subacate (DES) with different contents. The results suggested that the Tg of ester-type ECDP decreased with the increasing the molecule weight of the fourth monomer at fixed SIPE and fourth monomer contents. The Tch of ECDP polymer to be lower than that of the CDP polymer with the same SIPE content. And it decreased as SIPE and fourth monomer contents increased, it also decreased with the increasing of the molecule weight of the fourth monomer given the same SIPE content. The effect of the ester-type soft segments reduced the Tm of ECDP. The thermal stability of ECDP polymer was less than PET and CDP polymers, and it decreased with increasing SIPE content, but increased with the ester-type fourth monomer content increasing.

Development and characterisation of flame-retardant fibres from isotactic polypropylene melt-compounded with melamine-formaldehyde microcapsules

Intumescent flame-retardant textiles have been developed from flame-retardant microcapsules. The work is based on the synthesis of different melamine-formaldehyde microcapsules containing di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate and/or poly(1,6-hexamethylene adipate) by in-situ polymerisation. Two types of shell have been produced, composed of melamine formaldehyde or melamine formaldehyde–poly(hexamethylene adipate glycol). The microcapsules obtained were melt-compounded at 5%-wt with an isotactic polypropylene matrix using a twin-screw extruder, and multi-filaments have afterwards been spun from the various extrudates. The manufactured fibres were mechanically characterized by measuring their tensile properties, and their thermal properties were investigated by DSC and TGA. Finally, knitted fabrics were processed from the multi-filaments: their flame-retardant properties were evaluated by performing a fire test with a cone calorimeter, and their thermal conductivity measured with a Hot Disk. The different thermal behaviours are discussed in terms of the influence of system formulation on the overall thermal degradation, due to interactions between the different components of the flame-retardant microcapsules. The results showed that for one of the structures, an intrinsic intumescent flame-retardant system has been achieved.

Effects of soft monomers on the water resistance and moisture permeability of hydrophilic polyurethane

Six groups of segmented polyurethanes with amorphous soft segment domains based on mixed hydrophobic polyester and hydrophilic polyether soft monomers were prepared from 4, 4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), polybutylene adipate glycol 2000 (PBA2000), polytetramethylene glycol 1000 (PTMG1000) and polyethylene glycol 1000 (PEG1000) with 1,4-butanediol (BDO) as the chain extender. Furthermore, the representative properties of the hydrophilic polyurethanes, moisture permeability and water resistance, were investigated. The results show that the chemical structure, molecular weight and concentration of soft monomers have remarkable effects on the main application properties of hydrophilic polyurethane. The important factors in diffusion are the content of hydrophilic ether bond and the mobility of hydrophilic chain in the soft phase, which is represented with a good approximation by the average mean molecular weight of soft segment. On the contrary, the functional properties of the hydrophilic polyurethane are almost not affected by its hard segment.

Effect of DMPA Content of Polyurethane Dispersion on Coating Properties

Polyurethane dispersions were synthesized from poly(neopentyl glycol adipate), isophorane diisocyanate (IPDI), and dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA) using conventional acetone process. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and particle size analysis were utilized to characterize the above-synthesized dispersion. The effect of DMPA contents were studied on glass transition temperature (Tg), particle size, stability, and gloss; as well as, the effect of pH on gloss and drying time was also studied. It was found that gloss was inversely proportional to particle size and pH.

Using a multi-sensor gas analyzer for investigating the change in the aroma of an Agar matrix with natural ingredients

The adsorption of a mixture of highly volatile compounds, vapors found in the equilibrium gas phase of natural fruits and berries, on thin films of adsorbents was studied using a multi-sensor gas analyzer “piezoelectronic nose”. Polyethylene glycol adipate, polyethylene glycol sebacate, polystyrene, dicyclohex-ane-18-crown-6 ether were used as sorbents. Changes in the composition of the equilibrium gas phase upon the formation of the aromatic composition of an agar matrix with natural ingredients and the storage and spoilage of the product were revealed. A test method allowing the detection the first signs of the microbiological spoilage of the product was developed to assess the drift in the aroma of jelly confectionery containing various natural fruits (orange, apple), berries (blueberry, blackberry, cowberry, cranberry, sour cherry), and lemon and orange peel.

Polyurethane-based Actuators with Various Polyols

This study dealt with the electrostrictive responses of polyurethane (PU) actuators with different microphase separation structure, which was a promising candidate for a material used in polymer actuators. In order to construct PUs with different higher-order structure, PUs with various types of polyol were synthesized: poly(neopentyl glycol adipate) (PNAD), poly(tetramethylene glycol) (PTMG), and poly(dimethyl siloxnae) (PDMS). Synthesized PU was characterized by Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Thermal analysis and mechanical properties of PU films were carried out with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and UTM (universal testing machine), respectively. And PU actuator was formed in a type of monomorph, which was made by carbon black electrodes on the both surfaces of PU film by spin coating method. Actuation behavior was mainly influenced on microphase separation structure and mechanical property of PU. In result, PU actuator with PNAD, polyester urethane, had the largest field-induced displacement.

Effects of microparticles on isotactic polypropylene: Thermomechanical and thermal properties

AbstractFive types of melamine‐formaldehyde microcapsules, that is, with shells of different compositions [melamine formaldehyde shell or a melamine formaldehyde‐poly(hexamethylene adipate glycol) shell] and containing or not a flame retardant, diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAHP), have been prepared by an in situ polymerization method and have been added to an isotactic polypropylene matrix (iPP) by melt blending at 5 wt %. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry were employed to investigate the crystallization behavior of the prepared iPP/microparticles composites. The tensile properties and the thermal stability were also evaluated. It was stated that the morphology and the shape of the microparticles not only influence the crystallization behavior but also the thermomechanical properties of these composites. Thus, rougher microparticles act as a nucleating agent for the iPP, and in the presence of microparticles containing DAHP, the α‐ and the β‐crystals are formed. Moreover, the presence of microparticles improves the thermal stability of the iPP. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 2566–2576, 2008

Preparation and Properties of Hyperbranched Polyurethanes via Oligomeric A2+bB2 Approach

Hyperbranched polyurethanes (HPUs) were synthesized from isocyanate end-capped poly(1,4-butylene adipate glycol) and diethanolamine via oligomeric A2 + bB2 approach. The structures of the resulting polymers were characterized by FT-IR, 13C NMR. The degree of branching (DB) was calculated according to the 13C NMR spectra. The properties of HPUs were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), adhesion strength tests. It was found that the thermal stability of the HPU decreased with the increase of hard segment content. The HPU could be used as hot melt adhesive, and the maximum lap shear strength was up to 6.84 MPa.

Improved Adhesion of Waterborne Polyurethanes by Hybridizations

Aqueous polyurethane dispersions based on isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), poly (tetramethylene adipate) glycol (PTAd), and dimethylolproprionic acid (DMPA) were synthesized by a prepolymer mixing process. Effects of the molecular weight of PTAd and types of hybridizations, viz. blending, semi-interpenetrating polymer network (IPN), and full IPNs with polybutylacrylate have been determined. It was found that thermal, mechanical, and adhesion properties of the polyurethane dispersions increased with increasing molecular weight of polyols. Regarding the effects of hybridization, full IPNs gave the greatest tensile strength and elongation at break with a fast drying rate, whereas semi-IPNs gave the greatest initial as well as final adhesion, implying that a certain degree of chain mobility would augment the penetrations of adhesive molecules into the soft polyurethane foam substrates.