Glycoalkaloid Content Research Articles

Glyphosate-based herbicide has soil-mediated effects on potato glycoalkaloids and oxidative status of a potato pest

Glyphosate is the most used herbicide worldwide, targeting physiological pathways in plants. Recent studies have shown that glyphosate can also cause toxic effects in animals. We investigated the glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH)-induced changes in potato (Solanum tuberosum) plant chemistry and the effects of a GBH on the survival rate and oxidative status of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). The beetles were reared on potato plants grown in pots containing soil treated with a GBH (Roundup Gold, 450 g/l) or untreated soil (water control). The 2nd instar larvae were introduced to the potato plants and then collected in 2 phases: as 4th instar larvae and as adults. The main glycoalkaloids of the potato plants, α-solanine and α-chaconine, were measured twice during the experiment. The α-solanine was reduced in potato plants grown in GBH-treated soil, which can be detrimental to plant defenses against herbivores. GBH treatment had no effect on the survival rate or body mass of the larvae or the adult beetles. In the larvae, total glutathione (tGSH) concentration and the enzyme activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-S-transferase were increased in the GBH treatment group. In the adult beetles, CAT activity and tGSH levels were affected by the interactive effect of GBH treatment and the body mass. To conclude, environmentally relevant concentrations of a GBH can affect the potato plant’s glycoalkaloid concentrations, but are not likely to directly affect the survival rate of the Colorado potato beetle, but instead, modify the antioxidant defense of the beetles via diet.

Impact of Post-Harvest Processing and Storing of Potato Tubers on Toxic Compounds Accumulation

Abstract Despite a long-term reduction trend, the potato production in Poland compared to EU countries is still very high. Therefore, the aim of the paper was to investigate the impact of mechanical damages and light for various genotypes on glycoalkaloids accumulation. Glycoalkaloids are toxic steroid glycosides that naturally occur in the family of Solanaceae. According to many authors, their presence in plants is related to resistance to a physiological stress inflicted by mechanical damages and infections caused by some microorganisms and insects. The TGA content above 200 mg∙kg−1 in a fresh mass of potatoes is an upper limit that guarantees health safety of food. Studies were carried out on 28 potato cultivars divided into 4 groups. The studies that were carried out after harvesting and after 5 months of storage in the experimental storage room in the temperature of 8°C showed an impact of damages and exposition to light of potato tubers on the content of glycoalkaloids.

The Effect of Light Exposures on the Content of Harmful Substances in Edible Potato Tuber

Background: The impact of light on the content of undesirable substances is particularly important in the case of potatoes available in store where the tubers are exposed to continuous light access. Both washed and unwashed potatoes are available, hence the hypothesis that the amount of harmful substances stored in tubers depends not only on the time of their exposure to light, but also on whether they were washed or not. Methods: In order to verify the hypothesis, laboratory tests were carried out on the tubers of five potato varieties originating from a univariate field experiment. The aim of the study was to analyse the change in the content of total glycoalkaloids (TGA) and nitrates (V) in tubers of five potato varieties depending on the time of light exposition (0, 7, 14 days) and pretreatment of tubers. Results: It has been demonstrated that the content of glycoalkaloids and nitrates in potato tubers depended significantly on the variety, time of exposure to light and pretreatment. Most glycoalkaloids were accumulated in the tubers of the Lord (89.67 mg·kg−1) and Irga (89.05 mg·kg−1) varieties. The time of light exposure significantly influenced the increase in glycoalkaloids and nitrates in the studied potato tubers. The increase in TGA after 14 days ranged from 20.67 mg∙kg−1 for variety Vinieta to 54.67 mg∙kg−1 for variety Irga. The increase in nitrates ranged from 11.67 mg∙kg−1 for variety Bellarosa to 27.50 mg∙kg−1 for variety Irga. Exposure time affected the content of glycoalkaloids in a parabolic manner and the content of nitrates in a linear manner.

Biochemical and functional attributes of raw and boiled potato flesh and peel powders for suitability in food applications.

Four different potato cultivars, namely, Kufri Chipsona 1 and Kufri Frysona (processing purpose), Kufri Jyoti and Kufri Bahar (table purpose) were converted into flesh and peel powder (raw and after boiling) and studied for their respective biochemical and functional attributes to get an idea of possible dynamics of their utilization in different food formulation as bioadditives. The 16 variants of powder obtained retained less than 10% moisture content and demonstrated 'very good' to 'fair' flowability. Peel powders recorded a higher total mineral, fiber, phenolic contents and total antioxidant activity than the flesh powders which were significantly affected by boiling. Among raw and boiled flesh powders, highest reducing and total sugars were recorded for Kufri Bahar while least was observed in Kufri Chipsona 1. Colour coordinate showed that boiling imparts brightness to flesh powder while peel powder got darkened. Boiling of the tubers resulted in an increase in the resistant starch (~ 29% maximum) and flavour (~ 180% maximum) component. Peel exhibited a total glycoalkaloid content in the range of 0.75 (Kufri Frysona) to 1.7mg/100g (Kufri Bahar) that is well within the acceptable limits. Rheological study of the flesh powders revealed a reduction of about 11-18°C in pasting temperature and about 87-90% in peak viscosity, setback, breakdown value and final viscosity upon boiling. This study revealed that the traditional processing method such as boiling can significantly modify the techno-functional characteristics of potato flesh and peel powders which can further govern their end use in various food formulations.

Effect of acid on glycoalkaloids and acrylamide in French fries

ABSTRACT The effects of acid soaking as a pre-treatment on the glycoalkaloid and acrylamide levels in raw and cooked potatoes (French fries) were examined. Soaking raw potato cuts in 1.0%, 2.5% or 5.0% acetic acid solutions for at least 8 hours resulted in >90% reduction of α-solanine and α-chaconine in potato samples. Processing of pre-acid soaked potato cuts into French fries resulted in an additional >50% decrease in the glycoalkaloid contents in the samples. Soaking time was found to be a more important factor in reducing glycoalkaloid levels compared to the acid solution concentrations. Over a 95% reduction in acrylamide was also observed in potato cuts pre-soaked in acetic acid before cooking. The reduction in acrylamide formation in the pre-soaked French fry samples was attributed to the lowered pH and the removal of reducing sugars and asparagine in the raw samples prior to cooking. Findings in this study demonstrate that pre-treatment using acid soaking provides a simple and effective way to mitigate glycoalkaloid and acrylamide levels in potatoes.

Conventional breeding of potatoes for resistance to bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum): Any light in the horizon?

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the third most important food crop in the world after wheat and rice while bacterial wilt is the second most important disease of potatoes after late blight. In high latitudes and high altitudes in the tropics, bacterial wilt is caused by race 3/biovar 2A (R3bv2A) (phylotype IIB, sequevar 1) while in the tropical lowlands, the disease is caused mainly by race 1 and biovar 2T. Control of bacterial wilt has proven to be very difficult. Breeding for resistance has been going on for long in many places such as the International Potato Center (CIP), University of Wisconsin, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Hortaliças, Brazil), Uruguay and Peru. Classical breeding has achieved moderate unstable level of resistance/tolerance due to host-pathogen-environment interaction. In addition, hybridisation of the cultivated potato with the wild relatives have showed wild traits such as high glycoalkaloid content in addition to moderate levels of resistance to bacterial wilt. In recent years, genetic engineering for disease resistance has been employed such as the use of potent antimicrobial peptides and pattern recognition receptors. However, most of this work is in experimental stages. The purpose of this review is to document the progress made in breeding for resistance to bacterial wilt of potatoes. Though great strides have been made, there is still a long way to go before varieties with stable resistance coupled with good agronomic characteristic are released. There is light in the horizon though a bit far.

Effect of Magnesium Supply and Storage Time on Anti-Nutritive Compounds in Potato Tubers

The nutritional quality of potato tubers is cultivar-specific and depends on climate-soil conditions and agrotechnical practices, as well as the conditions during long-term storage. Studies were performed from 2009–2011 to determine the effects of magnesium fertilisation and storage duration on the contents of the anti-nutritive compound nitrates, nitrites and total glycoalkaloids (TGA) in potato tubers of mid-early cultivar “Bila” (Solanum tuberosum L.). Magnesium (Mg) was applied in doses of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg MgO ha−1, respectively, in the form of kieserite–magnesium sulphate (26% MgO). Potato quality after harvest and after three and six months of storage was determined. The content of nitrates in tubers after harvest ranged from 303 to 356 mg kg−1 FW and nitrites from 1.59 to 1.67 mg kg−1 FW. Increasing magnesium fertilisation reduced the nitrate and nitrite content of tubers but increased TGA content. Possible explanations for the TGA increase after Mg supply are discussed. Tubers that contained less TGA after harvest also had less glycoalkaloids after storage. However, physical damage during harvest or transportation, exposure to light and bad storage conditions increase the concentrations of glycoalkaloids in tubers. The consumption of cultivar “Bila” would not exceed the acceptable daily intake of harmful substances.

Growth and alkaloid production along with expression profiles of biosynthetic pathway genes in two contrasting morphotypes of prickly and prickleless Solanum viarum Dunal.

Growth and production kinetics of three important glycoalkaloids viz. α-solanine, solanidine, and solasodine in two contrasting prickly and prickleless plants of Solanum viarum Dunal were evaluated under in vitro conditions. The prickleless plants showed improved accumulation of total glycoalkaloid content [7.11 and 6.85 mg g-1 dry weight (DW)] and growth (GI = 11.08 and 19.26) after 45 and 50 days of culture cycle, respectively. For higher biomass (91.18 g l-1) as well as glycoalkaloid (52.56 mg l-1) recovery, the prickleless plants served as highly profitable platform. All the three studied glycoalkaloids were identified and quantified by mass spectrometry and HPLC. All the three studied glycoalkaloids accumulated in age-dependent manner. The presence of two constituents, i.e., solasodine and solanidine mainly contributed for higher accumulation of total glycoalkaloid content in the prickleless plants. However, the synthesis of α-solanine was highly age specific and could be detected after 4 to 5 weeks of culture cycle in both prickle containing as well as prickleless plants of S. viarum. The higher accumulation of glycoalkaloids in prickleless plants was also supported with the expression analysis of six key pathway enzymes viz. mevalonate kinase (MVK), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS), UDP-galactose/solanidine galactosyltransferase (SGT1), UDP-glucose/solanidine glucosyltransferase (SGT2), and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP). The results indicated that the plants harvested after 45 and 50 days of culture cycle accumulated maximum bioactive in-demand glycoalkaloids in the prickly and prickleless plants of S. viarum Dunal, respectively.

Trypsin inhibitor, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities as well as chemical composition of potato sprouts originating from yellow- and colored-fleshed varieties

Potato sprouts could be a valuable resource of phytochemicals such as secondary plant metabolites, potential antioxidants and nutritive compounds. In this work, potato sprout extracts of five varieties were examined; they differed in major glycoalkaloid content, trypsin inhibitor activity, total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity, as well as in antimicrobial activity against Gram + and G − bacteria, and yeast. Sprouts of colored-fleshed tubers were characterized by higher trypsin inhibitor activity than sprouts of yellow potatoes. The strongest microorganism growth inhibition effect was observed for macerate with sprouts from the purple-fleshed Blaue Annelise variety against B. subtilis, whereas C. albicans yeasts were sensitive to macerates with sprouts from purple-fleshed Blue Congo and yellow-fleshed Vineta potato varieties.

Screening the effect of different extraction methods (ultrasound-assisted extraction and solid–liquid extraction) on the recovery of glycoalkaloids from potato peels: Optimisation of the extraction conditions using chemometric tools

Solid–liquid extraction (SLE) (extraction time (5.5–69.5min) and temperature (25.5–89.5°C)) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) (extraction time (5–25min) and temperature (25–85°C), and amplitude (50–100%)) were investigated and optimised as a means to recover steroidal alkaloids from potato peel. Optimisation for the recovery of α-solanine, α-chaconine, and total glycoalkaloid content (TGA) from potato peels was performed using a central composite design (CCD) and Box–Behnken design for SLE and UAE, respectively. For SLE, the recovery of glycoalkaloids increased with increasing temperature, while time had no significant effect (at p<0.05). The optimum conditions for the recovery of α-solanine, α-chaconine, and TGA during SLE were found to be an extraction time of 76.6min and extraction temperature of 83.5°C. For UAE, the recovery of glycoalkaloids also increased with increasing extraction temperature (at p<0.05). However, amplitude and extraction time did not significantly affect the recovery of the targeted metabolites (at p<0.05). The optimum conditions for the recovery of α-solanine, α-chaconine, and TGA during UAE were found to be an extraction time of 20min, temperature of 85°C, and amplitude of 100%. SLE resulted in significantly higher recoveries of glycoalkaloids than UAE with both models accurately predicting extraction yields as confirmed by experiments conducted under optimum conditions.

Solanum aethiopicum gr. gilo and Its Interspecific Hybrid with S. melongena as Alternative Rootstocks for Eggplant: Effects on Vigor, Yield, and Fruit Physicochemical Properties of Cultivar ′Scarlatti′

Grafting is generally considered effective in ameliorating vegetable crop tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The use of interspecific hybrid as rootstock for eggplant may represent a valid alternative approach to enhance eggplant performance. However, studies on the effects of different rootstocks on eggplant plant vigor, yield, and fruit quality traits often show conflicting results. Thus, an experiment was performed in two spring–summer growing seasons (2014 and 2015) by grafting eggplant ′Scarlatti′ F1 hybrid on two accessions of S. aethiopicum gr. gilo and on the interspecific hybrid S. melongena × S. aehtiopicum gr. gilo in comparison to the most common eggplant rootstock S. torvum. Results indicate that S. melongena × S. aethiopicum gr. gilo interspecific hybrid and S. torvum improved grafting success, plant vigor, early flowering and yield in ′Scarlatti′ F1 scion. All rootstocks tested did not negatively influence fruit apparent quality traits and fruit quality composition. Moreover, fruit glycoalkaloids content remained below the recommended threshold value. These findings suggest that the use of S. melongena × S. aethiopicum gr. gilo interspecific hybrid as rootstock may be a good alternative to the most commonly used S. torvum.

Phytotoxic potential of cultivated and wild potato species (Solanum sp.): role of glycoalkaloids, phenolics and flavonoids in phytotoxicity against mustard (Sinapis alba L.)

The phytotoxic abilities of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), in a population consisting of wild species, potato diploid hybrids and potato cultivars, against mustard (Sinapis alba L.) were investigated. Measurements of total glycoalkaloid, phenolic and flavonoid concentrations in potato leaf extracts and their role in phytotoxicity were performed. Extracts prepared from wild potato species, particularly Solanum maglia and Solanum chacoense, had the strongest inhibitory effect on mustard growth. Most extracts significantly extended the germination time, as determined by Piepper’s index, but extracts prepared from potato cultivars did not affect seedling growth/development. However, only S. maglia and S. chacoense prolonged the time of germination, corresponding to inhibition of mustard growth. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient of concentrations of total glycoalkaloids, phenolics and flavonoids in potato leaf extracts and length of mustard seedlings showed a significant negative correlation for glycoalkaloids (r = − 0.51), with the strongest effect for root length of potato wild species (r = − 0.79) and potato diploid hybrids (r = − 0.86). Our data indicated that glycoalkaloids are the major phytotoxic compounds responsible for potato phytotoxicity against mustard. However, we observed phenolics and flavonoids may influence the strength of the phytotoxic effects caused by glycoalkaloids.

Quantity assessment of polyphenols, glycoalkaloids and saponins in Solanum scabrum berries of different genetic sources and maturity by HPLC/UV-visible/MS methods.

Solanum scabrum berries in sub-Saharan Africa are prolific but neglected as an agricultural resource. Recognition and application of such underutilized resources rely on systematic study of the relevant phytochemicals of commercial value. The quantities of a total of 54 phytochemicals in Solanum scabrum berries were assessed using HPLC-MS methods. Berries from eight different genetic sources were analyzed with two entries monitored across different maturation stages. There was a significant variation among mature berries in the accumulation of phenolic acids, 91.5-794mg·100 g-1 dry weight (DW); flavonols, 76.3-897mg·100 g-1 DW; anthocyanins, 178-4650mg·100 g-1 DW; glycoalkaloids, 1.76-1630mg·100 g-1 DW; and saponins, 82.2-606mg·100 g-1 DW. Fruit development from immature to post-frost harvest featured dynamic changes in phytochemical composition and, despite remarkable differences in the absolute magnitude of content, the trend of change was generally similar in different genetic sources. The genotype-dependent difference in toxic glycoalkaloids in mature berries may partially explain the consumption controversy as it reflects glycoalkaloid content. The analytical methods applied in this work should serve for quality control of glycoalkaloids thereby improving the safe utilization of this berry. In addition, the selection and breeding of new genotypes with low and safe levels of glycoalkaloids and saponins in the berry could be of value in sub-Saharan Africa to increase nutrition and generate new income opportunities for growers. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Antifungal Activity of Crude Glycolated Extracts of Solanum tuberosum L. (White Potato) Peelings against Candida and Aspergillus Species

Background. A rise in the number of immunocompromised patients has increased the risk of opportunistic fungal infections. Identifying novel sources of antifungal agents from commonly discarded materials (i.e. potato peelings) can provide a cheaper alternative for antifungal drugs.&#x0D; Objectives. The aim of the study was to determine the antifungal activity of crude glycoalkaloid extract from Solanum tuberosum L. (white potato) peelings against opportunistic fungi Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Aspergillus flavus.&#x0D; Methods. The glycoalkaloid content from dried potato peelings were extracted using ethanol and confirmed using colorimetric tests.The extract had a concentration 833.33 microgram/mL. Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extract via two-fold broth dilution was performed for the five fungi with amphotericin B and fluconazole as the reference antifungal drugs.&#x0D; Results. MICs of the crude extract for C. albicans, C. glabrata, A. fumigatus, and A. niger were not found within the concentration range of the studies and would thus need further experiments using a broader range of glycoalkaloid concentrations. The extract was found to have a MIC of 104.17microgram/mL for A. flavus, thereby verifying the antifungal effect of glycoalkaloid against A. flavus at said concentration.&#x0D; Conclusion. Glycoalkaloids from Solanum tuberosum are a potential source of antifungals against certain opportunistic fungi.

Effects of Moisture Content and Additives on the Fermentation Quality and Degradation of Glycoalkaloids in Potato (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Solanum tuberosum&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;) Vine Silage in Tibet

The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effects of raw material moisture content and additives on the fermentation quality and degradation of glycoalkaloids in potato vine silage and to explore new approaches for feedstuff preservation with the aim of providing a source of sustainable livestock feed. Potato vine was partially wilted to three different target moisture contents [approx. 75% (M1), 65% (M2), and 55% (M3)] and treated with (1) formic acid [1.5% fresh weight (FW), FA]; (2) pre-fermented juices (5.0 mL kg−1 FW, PFJ); (3) corn flour (100 g kg−1 DM, CF); (4) potato pulp (30% FW, PP); and (5) no additives (control). After 45 days of ensiling with polyethylene (100 mL), the fermentation quality, chemical composition, and concentration of glycoalkaloids were determined. The results showed that silage quality and glycoalkaloid concentration were significantly influenced by moisture content and additives (P < 0.05). Lactic acid (LA), pH, acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) increased slightly with decreasing moisture content; in contrast, the concentration of LA/AA declined. LA content was highest and pH and acetic acid (AA) were lowest at M1 compared with M2 and M3. Little to no butyric acid (BA) was detected in the presence of additives. The FA-treated silage exhibited a significantly reduced pH value and ammonia-N/total-N (NH3-N/TN) content (P < 0.05) and an increased concentration of LA and water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs). PP-treated silage provided sufficient fermentation substrate, and the DM and WSC contents increased significantly (P < 0.05) compared with the PFJ and CF treatments. Supplementation with PFJ resulted in the pH of the ensiled forage stabilizing at approximately 4.40. With the addition of CF, the LA:AA ratios of the different moisture content treatments were 2.42, 2.15, and 1.75, respectively, which were significantly lower than 3:1 in the other treatments at all moisture contents. The potato glycoalkaloid content of the PV silage increased with decreasing moisture level. Glycoalkaloid concentration was significantly reduced to 0.55, 4.57, and 7.73 100 mg g−1, respectively (P < 0.05), in the different moisture treatments by the addition of FA. In conclusion, the best quality PV silage was produced at 75% moisture content with the addition of FA. Additive ensiling thus constitutes an effective approach for potato vine preservation.

Nitrogen fertilization effects on the leaf chemical concentrations in Russet Burbank potato

The Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is a destructive pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crops. Leaf sugars are regarded as energy sources for the growth of the CPB, while glycoalkaloids are used to suppress the feeding behaviors of the CPB. The metabolic pathway of these leaf compounds is closely related to nitrogen (N) nutrition. Additionally, N plays an important role in determining tuber yield. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of N fertilization on the concentrations of sugars and glycoalkaloids in potato leaves and on marketable tuber yield under field conditions in eastern Canada. Experiments were conducted at three sites and five N rates (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg N ha−1) provided in a randomized complete block design. The potato cultivar “Russet Burbank” was used throughout the experiments. Twenty potato plants were randomly selected in each plot and the fourth leaf from the top of each plant was collected at 40, 54, 68, and 82 days after planting (DAP) for analyzing the concentrations of sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) and glycoalkaloids (α-solanine and α-chaconine). Marketable tuber yield was determined along with the whole plant (vine + tuber) N accumulation. A significant decline of the averaged total sugar, including sucrose and glucose, was observed with increasing N rates. The average concentration of total glycoalkaloid, including α-chaconine, increased significantly in response to the increasing N rates. Based on our results, a rate of 205 kg N ha-1 was identified to obtain a maximum marketable tuber yield along with high concentrations of glycoalkaloid and low sugar concentrations which may influence the CPB feeding.

Growth, photosynthetic activity and tuber quality of two potato cultivars in controlled environment as affected by light source

In order to elucidate the effect of genetic material and light source and their interaction on plant performance of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), we studied the influence of two light sources, white fluorescent tubes (WF) and red blue LEDs with ratio 8:1 (RB) and two cultivars, ‘Avanti’ and ‘Colomba’ grown in phytotron, on growth, leaf photosynthesis and photochemistry and tuber quality. Under WF, net photosynthesis (NP) increased from the vegetative phase until flowering, then decreased during tuber bulking, with no differences between the cultivars. Lighting with RB increased the NP and the PSII maximum quantum use efficiency compared to WF. RB reduced stem elongation in both cultivars, as well as the number and area of leaves, and the aerial biomass per plant in ‘Colomba’, compared to WF. Conversely, tuber yield was higher in plants under RB light in both ‘Avanti’ and ‘Colomba’. Light source did not influence the tuber content of starch and total glycoalkaloids, while it affected differently in the cultivars the protein content and the glycoalkaloid profile. Our results highlight how interactions between light source and genotype need to be considered for potato cultivation in controlled environment under artificial lighting.

Asymmetric effects of a leaf‐chewing herbivore on aphid population growth

1. Plant responses to herbivory are often specific to the feeding guild of the attacking herbivore. These phytochemical responses to herbivore damage can affect herbivore performance and activity. Comprehensive studies on the ecological consequences of multi‐herbivore plant interactions are key to understanding plant–herbivore community dynamics.2. This study examined how feeding damage by co‐occurring herbivores from separate feeding guilds, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), a sucking herbivore, and Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), a chewing herbivore, alter plant chemistry and indirectly affect herbivore performance. Performance was measured when each insect fed on plants individually, sequentially, or simultaneously in laboratory and field experiments. Phytohormone and glycoalkaloid content were measured for each feeding sequence to evaluate plant responses to herbivory by each guild. Mid‐season and end‐of‐season tuber yield were evaluated in the field study.3. Damage by L. decemlineata negatively impacted M. persicae performance in both laboratory and field settings. Damage by M. persicae did not affect L. decemlineata performance in laboratory assays. However, L. decemlineata performance was positively affected by M. persicae herbivory in the field, but this effect was temporary. Although phytohormones and plant defences varied across treatments, they provide little resolution on interaction outcomes.4. These results confirm that the presence of multiple feeding guilds on a single plant can affect these chewing and sucking herbivores differentially, but given the variability in our phytochemical analyses compared with other studies, the mechanism remains unclear. The study's findings show that aphids are negatively affected by chewing herbivores across systems, while aphids temporarily affected beetles positively.

Impact of plant domestication on selected nutrient and anti-nutrient compounds in Solanaceae with edible leaves (Solanum spp.)

Several African Solanum species, including scarlet eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum L.) and the gboma eggplant (S. macrocarpon L.), are recently domesticated green leafy vegetables. The aim of the study was to determine if domestication process affected the amounts of selected nutrient and anti-nutrient compounds in plant lines bearing edible and inedible leaves in comparison to their wild relatives. Leaves from fourteen accessions of five Solanum species were evaluated for phenolics (385–1002 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g dry weight), fatty acid (0.9–3.2 g/100 g DW), sterol (32–99 mg/100 g DW), saponin and glycoalkaloid content (0–1000 mg and 0–55 mg/100 g DW, respectively, expressed as aglycone content). There were no significant differences between plants with edible and inedible leaves. Similarly, wild and domesticated plants produced comparable amounts of nutrient and anti-nutrient compounds, with exception of wild S. anguivi Lam., which displayed fatty acid content higher than other species. The gboma eggplant complex (S. macrocarpon–S. dasyphyllum Schum. et Thonn.) had lower anti-nutrient and phenolics content than scarlet eggplant (S. aethiopicum–S. anguivi). Semi-domesticated S. scabrum Mill. revealed high anti-nutrient and low nutrient production. Selection based on plant morphology is then suggested as the dominating mechanism at the early stage of domestication of African solanaceous plants.

Correction to: Next Generation Sequencing Bulk Segregant Analysis of Potato Support that Differential Flux into the Cholesterol and Stigmasterol Metabolite Pools Is Important for Steroidal Glycoalkaloid Content

Correction to: Next Generation Sequencing Bulk Segregant Analysis of Potato Support that Differential Flux into the Cholesterol and Stigmasterol Metabolite Pools Is Important for Steroidal Glycoalkaloid Content