Glycidyl Acrylate Research Articles

Study on the Preparation of 2-Phenyl Imidazole Microcapsule and its Effect on Curing Epoxy Resin

In this paper, 2-phenyl imidazole (2-PZ) microcapsule-type curing agent of epoxy resin were prepared through solvent volatilization with 2-PZ and polymethyl acrylic glycidyl ester (PGMA) as the raw materials. The micro-morphology, shape and structure of the microcapsules were studied by scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR). The curing kinetics of microcapsule curing agent/epoxy resin E-44 curing system were studied using TGA/DSC simultaneous thermal analyzer. Results showed that the preparation method is simple and effective and the prepared 2-PZ microcapsules have smooth surfaces and monodisperse size. And the curing kinetic study of epoxy resin system suggested epoxy resin curing temperature was rising with the increase of heating rate.

Rheology‐morphology correlation in PET/PP blends: Influence of type of compatibilizer

Rheological and morphological properties of melt processed poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/polypropylene (PP) blends are presented. Two types of compatibilizer namely, PP‐g‐MA <MA= maleic anhydtide> and Elvaloy PTW, an n‐butyl acrylate glycidyl methacrylate ethylene terpolymers, were incorporated at different levels to the PET/PP blend system. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the dispersed particle sizes were smaller in PET‐rich blends than PP‐rich blends. With increasing compatibilizer level, the refinement of morphology was observed in both the systems. However, the blends compatibilized with PTW showed a more refined (smaller) particle size, and at high PTW content (10 wt%), the morphology changed towards monophasic. The significant changes in morphology were attributed to the highly reactive nature of PTW. Investigation of rheological properties revealed that the viscosity of the PET/PP blends followed typical trends based on mixing rule, which calculates the properties of blends based on a linear average. Incorporation of PP‐g‐MA into the blends resulted in a negative deviation in the viscosity of the system with respect to that of the neat blend. With increasing PP‐g‐MA level, the deviation became more pronounced. Although incorporation of the compatibilizer into the PET/PP blends refined the morphology, it led to a drastic drop of viscosity, which could be attributed to inherently lower molecular weight of the compatibilizer. In the case of the blends compatibilized by PTW, a strong positive deviation in rheological properties was observed that confirmed the stronger interaction between the blend components due to reactive compatibilization process, which led to the more refined morphology in this series of blends. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 19:25–30, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers

Effect of polymer modifiers on the properties of bitumen

This article presents an investigation about the polymer-modified bitumens (PMBs) containing styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) block copolymers with different structures, linear (SBS-L) and radial (SBS-R), semicrystalline copolymer ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA), and terpolymer ethylene–butyl acrylate–glycidyl methacrylate, Elvaloy AM and Elvaloy 4170. The aim of the study was to establish the influence of the polymer type and content on the properties of PMBs for engineering applications and to evaluate the effectiveness of polymer modifiers. The results indicated that the polymer modification improved the rheological properties of bitumen, increased critical temperature, that is better resistance to permanent deformation was achieved as well as a wider temperature range in service. The degree of improvement generally increased with the polymer content but varied with the polymer type.

Preparation and Application Properties Appraisement of Ecological Polyacrylate Pigment Binder

Five groups of polyacrylate dispersion are prepared with emulsion polymerization technique. Methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA), butyl acrylate (BA) and styrene (St) are employed as basic polymerizing monomers; acrylic acid (AA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) as reactive monomers; sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), composite fatty alcohol ether polyethylene oxide (composite AEO) as emulsifier and ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator. The polymerizing monomers and their charge ratio, pH of pre-emulsions and product emulsions as well as the dosage of ecological cross linker GMA are changed for their effects on the reaction conversion rate, gelatinization rate and staining resistance, yellowing resistance and water tolerance of samples. The studies show that the pH value of pre-emulsion and product emulsion as well as GMA content act on remarkable effects on the application properties of the ecological polyacrylate pigment binder.

Magnetic hollow poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide-co-glycidyl acrylate) particles prepared by inverse emulsion polymerization

To prepare functionalized magnetic polymer particles that are thermally responsive, inverse emulsion copolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide, N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide and glycidyl acrylate (GA) was investigated in paraffin oil in the presence of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles dispersed in a water/glycerol mixture. The resulting polymer particles were characterized regarding the morphology, size, polydispersity, iron content, and the temperature-dependent phase transition using optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. Magnetic properties were examined using hysteresis loop measurements and by analyzing the magnetic susceptibility with respect to temperature. We have also investigated the influence of the concentration of γ-Fe2O3 and GA in monomers on properties of the particles (morphology, size, and presence of oxirane groups). The particles possessed a hollow structure as a result of phase separation between water/glycerol hydrophilic solvents in the polymerization feed and the forming polymer. Depending on the concentration of γ-Fe2O3 in the monomer phase, the magnetic hollow particles contained 5–24 wt% iron. In water, the particles gradually collapsed when the temperature was raised to 40 °C because the elevated temperature weakened hydration and the PNIPAAm chains gradually became more hydrophobic.

Preparation and characterization of low density polyethylene/ethylene methyl acrylate glycidyl methacrylate/organoclay nanocomposites

AbstractThe effects of organoclay type, compatibilizer, and the addition order of components during melt‐blending process on the morphology and thermal, mechanical, and flow properties of ternary nanocomposites based on low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) were investigated. As a compatibilizer, ethylene/methyl acrylate/glycidyl methacrylate (E‐MA‐GMA), as organoclays Cloisites® 15A, 25A, and 30B were used. All samples were prepared by a corotating twin screw extruder, followed by injection molding. The highest increase of the basal spacing for ternary nanocomposites was obtained in LDPE/E‐MA‐GMA/Cloisite® 30B nanocomposites with interlayer spacing of 59.2 Å. Organoclay and compatibilizer addition did not influence the melting/crystallization behavior of the compositions, and both compatibilizer and organoclays had no significant nucleation activity in LDPE. Among the ternary nanocomposites, the maximum increase in tensile strength and tensile modulus values was observed for nanocomposites containing organoclay Cloisite® 15A. The improvement with respect to neat LDPE was 43% for tensile strength and 44% for tensile modulus. According to the mechanical analysis, the best sequence of component addition was the one in which LDPE, organoclay, and compatibilizer were simultaneously fed to the extruder in the first run, and the product of the first run was extruded once more. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011

The preparation of poly(glycidyl acrylate)–polypyrrole gel-electrolyte and its application in dye-sensitized solar cells

A microporous hybrid of poly(glycidyl acrylate)–polypyrrole (PGA–PPy) was synthesized by a two-step solution polymerization. Using this hybrid as polymer host, a gel-electrolyte with high conductivity of 12.83 mS cm −1 was prepared. The researches by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) show that the microporous structure and functional groups for PGA allows the higher absorbency and good ionic salt tolerance for the electrolyte, the introduction of PPy causes a lower charge-transfer resistance and higher electrocatalytic activity for the I 3 −/I − redox reaction for the electrolyte. Based on the electrolyte, a dye-sensitized solar cell with a light-to-electrical energy conversion efficiency of 5.03% is achieved, under illumination with a simulated solar light of 100 mW cm −2 (AM 1.5).

Thermostimulative shape‐memory effect of reactive compatibilized high‐density polyethylene/poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends by an ethylene–butyl acrylate–glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer

AbstractHigh‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) blends were prepared by means of melt extrusion with ethylene–butyl acrylate–glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (EBAGMA) as a reactive compatibilizer. The effects of the EBAGMA and PET contents, recovery temperature, and stretch ratio on the thermostimulative shape‐memory behavior of the blends were studied. The results show that the addition of EBAGMA to the HDPE/PET blends obviously improved the compatibility and the shape‐memory effects of the blends. The response temperature was determined by the melting point of HDPE, and the shape‐recovery ratio of the 90/10/5 HDPE/PET/EBAGMA blend reached nearly 100%. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009

Toughening of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)/glass fiber blends with ethylene–butyl acrylate–glycidyl methacrylate copolymer and maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene–octene rubber

AbstractThe aim of this study was to improve the toughness of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/glass fiber (GF) blends through the addition of ethylene–butyl acrylate–glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (EBAGMA) and maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene–octene (POE‐g‐MAH) individually. The morphology and mechanical properties of the ternary blend were also examined in this study. EBAGMA was more effective in toughening recycled PET/GF blends than POE‐g‐MAH; this resulted from its better compatibility with PET and stronger fiber/matrix bonding, as indicated by scanning electron microscopy images. The PET/GF/EBAGMA ternary blend had improved impact strength and well‐balanced mechanical properties at a loading of 8 wt % EBAGMA. The addition of POE‐g‐MAH weakened the fiber/matrix bonding due to more POE‐g‐MAH coated on the GF, which led to weakened impact strength, tensile strength, and flexural modulus. According to dynamic rheometer testing, the use of both EBAGMA and POE‐g‐MAH remarkably increased the melt storage modulus and dynamic viscosity. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed that the addition of EBAGMA lowered the crystallization rate of the PET/GF blend, whereas POE‐g‐MAH increased it. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008

Melt rheological properties of reactive compatibilized HDPE/PET blends

AbstractMelt rheological properties of high density polyethylene and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (HDPE/PET) blends compatibilized by an ethylene–butyl acrylate–glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (EBAGMA) were studied by means of a HAAKE torque rheometer and a capillary rheometer. The phase morphology of the blends was evaluated by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the melts of blends behave pseudoplasticity. The addition of EBAGMA strengthens the interfacial adhesion between HDPE and PET and improves the phase dispersion due to reactive compatibilization. It was observed that the balance torque, melt viscosity, and sensitivity of melt viscosity to shear rate of the melts increase with increasing content of EBAGMA, but the melt flow index and activation energy decrease. At the same time, the plasticizing time is shortened indicating that the processability of the compatibilized blends has been improved. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008

Rheological Properties, Morphology, and Thermal Performance of E‐MA‐GMA/PC Blend

Blends of ethylene–methyl acrylate–glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (E‐MA‐GMA, a random terpolymer) and polycarbonate (PC) were prepared in a Haake torque rheometer and the rheological properties, phase morphology, and thermal behavior were investigated. The graft reactions of PC terminal hydroxyl groups with the epoxy groups of E‐MA‐GMA and the in situ formation of the E‐MA‐GMA‐g‐PC copolymers at the interface were illustrated by the improved mixing torque and melt viscosity in E‐MA‐GMA/PC blends. Typical variation and significant deformation of the dispersed phase was observed in E‐MA‐GMA/PC blends with different composition, where PC was the matrix. With the E‐MA‐GMA content increasing, a complex co‐continuous phase structure with some dispersed E‐MA‐GMA particles wrapped in the continuous PC phase was present, indicating strengthened interfacial adhesion. When the E‐MA‐GMA content was higher than the PC component, fibrous structure of the dispersed PC phase in the E‐MA‐GMA matrix was caused by shear flow and interfacial interaction. DSC studies showed that the melting point of E‐MA‐GMA shifted to lower temperature with the increase of PC content, indicating that the enhanced interaction and graft structure hindered the process of crystallization and crystal growth.

Reactive extrusion of poly(ethylene terephthalate)–(ethylene/methyl acrylate/glycidyl methacrylate)–organoclay nanocomposites

AbstractThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of component concentrations and addition order of the components on the final properties of ternary nanocomposites composed of poly(ethylene terephthalate), organoclay, and an ethylene–methyl acrylate–glycidyl methacrylate (E‐MA‐GMA) terpolymer acting as an impact modifier for PET. In this context, first, the optimum amount of the impact modifier was determined by melt compounding binary PET‐terpolymer blends in a corotating twin‐screw extruder. The amount of the impact modifier (5 wt%) resulting in the highest Young's modulus and moderate elongation at break was selected owing to its balanced mechanical properties. Thereafter, by using 5 wt% terpolymer content, the effects of organically modified clay concentration and addition order of the components on the properties of ternary nanocomposites were systematically investigated. Mechanical testing revealed that different addition orders of the materials significantly affected the mechanical properties. Among the investigated addition orders, the best sequence of component addition (PI‐C) was the one in which poly(ethylene terephthalate) was first compounded with E‐MA‐GMA. Later, this mixture was compounded with the organoclay in the subsequent run. In X‐ray diffraction analysis, extensive layer separation associated with delamination of the original clay structure occurred in PI‐C and CI‐P (Clay + Impact Modifier followed by PET) sequences with both 1 and 3 wt% clay contents. X‐ray diffraction patterns showed that at these conditions exfoliated structures resulted as indicated by the disappearance of any peaks due to the diffraction within the consecutive clay layers. POLYM. COMPOS., 28:251–258, 2007. © Society of Plastic Engineers

Polycarbonate/liquid crystalline polymer blend: Crystallization of polycarbonate

The enhanced crystallization of polycarbonate in the blend of liquid crystalline polymer/polycarbonate/(ethylene–methyl acrylate–glycidyl methacrylate) copolymer (LCP/PC/E–MA–GMA) was studied by wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The LCP/PC/E–MA–GMA 5/95/5 blends annealed at 200 °C, for 2, 4, 6, and 10 h, present an obvious crystalline structure corresponding to PC crystallization. The PC crystal obtained shows two melting temperature, T m1 of about 214 °C and T m2 of about 231 °C, with a total heat of fusion of 29 J/g (annealing time = 10 h). The preliminary results indicate that amorphous PC can be induced to crystallization by the synergistic action of LCP dispersed phase and reactive compatibilizer.

Lamination of high‐density polyethylene by bulk photografting and the mechanism of adhesion

AbstractThe photolamination of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) by bulk photografting is described, along with a discussion of the adhesion mechanism. HDPE can be photolaminated very easily with a thin poly(acrylic acid) layer, photopolymerized from acrylic acid, with very strong adhesion obtained after a short time of UV irradiation; the adhesion failure mode is polyethylene breakage. Thicker HDPE sheets require longer irradiation times for strong adhesion. Methacrylic acid or hydroxyethyl methacrylate provides no adhesion of HDPE at all after irradiation. When glycidyl acrylate is used alone between HDPE sheets, the peel strength of the photolaminated polyethylene is only approximately 320 N/m, but when glycidyl acrylate or hydroxyethyl methacrylate is grafted with acrylic acid, very good adhesion can be obtained. It is proposed that stronger adhesion is produced by a less branched grafted chain structure, which permits much more chain entanglement. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1097–1106, 2005

Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(Acrylic Acid) and Poly(Glycidyl Methacrylate) Chitosan Graft Copolymers and Their Application to Cotton Fabric

: Graft polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto chitosan was independently effected in a homogeneous aqueous phase under different conditions by using potassium bromate/thiourea as a combined redox system. The grafting reaction was monitored for carboxyl and epoxy groups in the case of AA and GMA, respectively. Also monitored were percentages of graft yield (GY%), homopolymer (HP%), and total conversion (TC%). It was found that the extent of the grafting reaction, as measured by such analyses, are dependent upon monomer concentration, initiator concentration, reaction time, temperature, and material-to-liquor ratio. Based on the results obtained, the most appropriate conditions for graft copolymerization of AA onto chitosan were 4/4 mmole/L thiourea/potassium bromate and AA 30% based on weight of chitosan at 40°C for 1 hour. On the other hand, graft copolymerization of GMA occurs effectively when 6/6 mmole/L thiourea/potassium bromate and GMA 50% were used at 60°C for 1 hour. With both AA and GMA monomers, a material-to-liquor ratio of 1:25 was adequate. Chitosan-g-poly (AA) and chitosan-g-poly (GMA) were applied to cotton fabric to enhance the easy care properties. Crease recovery angle increased from 115° to 160° in the dry state and from 113° to 230° in the wet state; meanwhile, tensile strength increased from 54 Kg to 66 Kg. Dyeability, expressed as K/S, of cotton fabric treated with these copolymers also increased.

Interchain crosslinking in a low‐density polyethylene/millable polyurethane elastomer blend

AbstractInterchain crosslinking in a grafted low‐density polyethylene and millable polyurethane blend is reported. The interchain crosslinking was studied by torque rheometry and IR spectra. The mechanism of interchain crosslinking was suggested based on the IR spectra. Interchain crosslinking improves thermal stability, which was measured by differential scanning calorimetry. Tensile strength increased but the swelling coefficient decreased with increased interchain crosslinking. The degree of interchain crosslinking is higher for the glycidyl acrylate grafted sample than for the maleic anhydride grafted sample. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 130–136, 2005

Application of novel unsaturated organosilane ethers in cationic UV-crosslinkable acrylic PSA systems

This paper describes application possibilities of applying novel unsaturated - allyl and 1-propenyl butane-1,4-diol derivatives containing a trimethylsilane group [TMSAlE and DMSAlE, respectively, Formulas (I) and (III)] or a dimethylsilane group (TMSPnE and DMSPnE, respectively, Formulas (II) and (IV)] as cationic-crosslinking, reactive in result of UV radiation activity monomers in polyacrylate systems containing oxirane groups. Terpolymerization of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate with acrylic acid and glycidyl acrylate or metacrylate (GA and GMA, respectively) led to formation of pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs). Compositions containing such polyacrylates, unsaturated organosilane ethers (OE) and a Irgacure 261 as a were crosslinked at ambient temperature using a UV lamp. Adhesion to glass and cohesion of unmodified self-adhesives, as well as effect of OE on those properties were investigated.The best cohesion and adhesion levels for PSAs were achieved at approx. 3 wt. % of propenyl ethers (TMSPnE and DMSPnE). Those ethers also exhibited better crosslinking properties than TMSAlE and DMSAlE.

Conjugated effects of the compatibilization and the dynamic vulcanization on the phase inversion behavior in poly(butylene terephthalate)/epoxide-containing rubber reactive polymer blends

The conjugated effects of both reactive compatibilization and dynamic vulcanization on the phase inversion behavior of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)/epoxide-containing rubber blends have been studied in detail. Pure ethylene–methyl acrylate random copolymer (E-MA) and ethylene–methyl acrylate–glycidyl methacrylate random terpolymer (E–MA–GMA) were used as non reactive or reactive rubber phase, respectively. Location of the phase inversion region was studied using several techniques, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamical mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). To evaluate the relative influence of the blend compatibilization and the dynamic vulcanization on the phase inversion behavior, the relative kinetics of the two reactions were modified using different PBT and E–MA–GMA grades. The obtained results show unambiguously that the position and the width of the phase inversion region is essentially governed by the kinetic of the dynamic vulcanization process. The effect of the blend compatibilization remains quite limited even in the case of fast interfacial reaction. The crosslinking of the rubber phase induces an important shift of the phase inversion composition to higher rubber content. For blends containing low molecular weight PBT, up to 60 wt% of rubber can be homogeneously dispersed in the PBT matrix at long mixing time. In this case, development of high performance PBT based thermoplastic vulcanisates can be envisioned.

Self‐Initiated Photopolymerization and Photografting of Acrylic Monomers

AbstractSummary: This work demonstrates that acrylic acid (AA), glycidyl acrylate (GA) and several other acrylic monomers can be photopolymerized and photografted onto high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) by self‐initiation. The self‐initiation mechanism of these acrylic monomers is possibly by an excitation of the monomer to a triplet state (T3) with enough energy to abstract hydrogen from the polymer substrate and initiate the grafting.Grafting conversion of acrylic acid (AA), methacrylic acid (MAA), 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), glycidyl acrylate (GA), 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) as a function of irradiation time.imageGrafting conversion of acrylic acid (AA), methacrylic acid (MAA), 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), glycidyl acrylate (GA), 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) as a function of irradiation time.

Electropolymerised acrylic coatings for polymer-metal adhesion enhancement

Electrochemical polymerisation (ECP) of acrylic monomers produces thin coatings on metal substrates and is a potentially useful method for forming adhesion promoting tie-layers at a polymer-metal interface. Uniform, passive films of poly (methyl methacrylate) and poly (glycidyl acrylate) have been formed via a cathodic free radical mechanism on stainless steel electrodes from aqueous electrolytes. The thickness of these films was found to increase with electrolysis time and the passive nature has been demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry studies. Adhesion tests were performed to compare the adhesion strength and failure mechanisms of various adhesives to coated and uncoated stainless steel substrates. The results indicate that ECP tie-layers can significantly increase the adhesive bond strength and alter the failure mechanisms observed. Electropolymerised acrylic coatings on metal substrates are thus seen as a promising approach for pretreatment of metals for adhesion enhancement.