3-glycidoxypropyl Trimethoxysilane Research Articles

Supercritical CO2 impregnation of pink pepper essential oil in gelatin-siloxane cryogel for biomedical applications

The supercritical CO2 impregnation of pink pepper essential oil (EO) can bring its bioactive properties to a biomaterial in a green approach, making it multifunctional. Aiming to obtain a gelatin-siloxane cryogel loaded with pink pepper EO for biomedical applications and to understand the impact of the impregnation conditions, gelatin was crosslinked with (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane and lyophilized, and the impregnation was studied using a design of experiments with conditions from 10 to 30 MPa and 35–60 °C. The cryogel synthesis was confirmed by FTIR, %gel and TGA. Its biocompatibility was demonstrated through SEM, water uptake and cytotoxicity studies. It was shown that, due to the influence on the solubility of the EO in scCO2, varying pressure and temperature influences the impregnation, which showed {20 MPa; 35 °C} as its best condition. Therefore, a cryogel suitable for implantation with potential to reduce side effects related with infection and inflammation was obtained.

Fire-Resistant and Thermal Stability Properties of Fluorosilicone Adhesives by Incorporation of Surface-Modified Aluminum Trihydrate.

Fluorosilicone was combined with aluminum trihydrate (ATH) to induce synergistic flame-retardant and thermal-resistant properties. The surface of ATH was modified with four different silane coupling agents. The flammability and mechanical properties of the fluorosilicone/ATH composites were assessed using an UL94 vertical test and a die shear strength test. The change in shear strength was investigated under aging for 1000 h at -55 °C and 150 °C. Pure fluorosilicone had inherent fire resistance and thus achieved a V-0 rating even at 20 wt.% ATH loading. Upon addition of ATH treated with 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane, the composites exhibited the highest shear strength of 3.9 MPa at 23 °C because of the additional crosslinking reaction of fluorosilicone resin with the epoxide functional group of the coupling agent. Regardless of the types of coupling agents, the composites exhibited similar flame retardancy at the same ATH content, with a slight reduction in shear strength at 180 °C and 250 °C. The shear strength of the adhesives gradually decreased with aging time at -55 °C, but increased noticeably from 3.9 MPa to 11.5 MPa when aged at 150 °C due to the occurrence of the additional crosslinking reaction of fluorosilicone.

Initial bone tissue reactions of hydroxyapatite/collagen-(3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane injectable bone paste.

We have previously reported that a novel bioresorbable self-setting injectable bone paste composed of hydroxyapatite/collagen bone-like nanocomposite (HAp/Col) and (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) was successfully prepared and was replaced with new bone within 3 months of implantation in defects created in porcine tibia. In this study, the HAp/Col-GPTMS paste was implanted into bone defects in rat tibiae to investigate the initial kinetics and bone tissue response. Even though more than 35% of GPTMS molecules should be eluted rapidly from directly injected pastes according to previously reported cell culture tests, in this study, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry did not detect Si (GPTMS) deposition in tissues surrounding the paste at 1 day postimplantation. Further, no abnormal inflammatory responses were observed in the surrounding tissues over the test period for both directly injected and prehardened pastes. Companying these observations with the results of the previous animal test (in which the paste was fully resorbed and was substituted with new bone), the eluted GPTMS resolved in no harm in vivo from the initial to final (completely resorbed) stages. Material resorption rates calculated from X-ray microcomputed tomography (μ-CT) images decreased with increasing in GPTMS concentration. Histological observations indicated that tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) active cells, (assumed to be osteoclasts), exist on the periphery of pastes. This result suggested that the paste was resorbed by osteoclasts in the same way as the HAp/Col. Since a good correlation was observed between TRAP active areas in histological sections and material resorption rate calculated from μ-CT, the TRAP activity coverage ratio offers the possibility to estimate the osteoclastic resorption ratio of materials, which are replaced with bone via bone remodeling process.

Experimental investigation of fracture mechanism in organically modified silica-based coating applied on austenitic stainless steel AISI 904L under monotonic and very high cycle fatigue loading

Surface morphology significantly influences the fatigue life of the metallic materials. Therefore, improving surface performance is important for economic and safety applications. Silica-based coatings are anticipated to protect the metallic materials under synergistic operating conditions, such as fatigue and corrosion. However, pure inorganic silica-based coatings are brittle and fail to protect metallic materials. The properties of the sol–gel coatings can be determined by optimizing synthesis factors, such as synthesis steps, precursors, solvents, and catalysts. Organically modified silica-based sol–gel coatings were synthesized using 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane as precursors, with ethanol as the solvent. The resulting coating was named EtOH. This coating was applied on the surface of stable austenitic stainless steel AISI 904L with the dip coating method. The fracture behavior of the coating during monotonic loading has been studied by interrupted tensile tests at different load steps and examined closely with scanning electron microscopy. On the other hand, very high cycle fatigue experiments were conducted using an ultrasonic fatigue testing system at load frequency of 20 kHz on coated specimens to investigate the fracture behavior of the coating during cyclic loading. Three different kinds of fracture due to stress relaxation in the coating and at its interface with substrate were observed in monotonic loading. The same kinds of stress relaxation were observed in cyclic loading with the difference being that the range of experienced elongation in cyclic tests was significantly smaller. Therefore, the fracture in cyclic loading were concentrated in the vicinity of macro crack. The application of organically modified coatings could suppress the persistent slip bands and result in increased fatigue life for coated specimens.

Retentive bio-based chemical gel for removing glues from water-sensitive wooden artworks

Aged animal glues degrade and weaken over time, resulting in flakes and cracks on the material employed by wooden manufacturers and luthiers. Because of this deterioration, conservators and restorers remove aged water-soluble glues with a water swab, smoothing enough to clean them mechanically and putting on new reversible glues. However, it raises the question of whether a water swab can control moisture delivery while removing glue from wood, a hygroscopic and water-sensitive material.This study formulated a chemically crosslinked film-forming hydrogel based on sodium alginate (SA) with (3-Glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and calcium chloride, named as CA-GPTMS to construct a retentive gel. Synthesized gel materials were characterized using several methods: liquid state NMR, FTIR-ATR, and SEM-EDS analyses were involved in examining the cross-linking process, while moisture and mechanical properties were examined to understand its suitability for the cleaning application process. The strategies for applying the CA-GPTMS gel on wood surface were to selectively soften the glue and to remove it as well as leave no residues on the wood surface. The cleaning process was investigated by using different techniques, i.e., stereomicroscopy, reflection-FTIR, and SEM-EDS. Compared to traditional rigid Agar gel, the CA-GPTMS gel appeared successfully resistant to destruction and was suitable for application on highly water-sensitive surfaces.

Optimization of Cadmium Removal Using Tetraethylene Glycol-Modified Silica-Based Adsorbent via Response Surface Methodology

In solid-phase extraction for preconcentration, silica (Si) is the most commonly used as an adsorbent. However, the selectivity and effectiveness of silica gel adsorption on metal ions are low, so it needs to be modified to improve the adsorption capability. The modification was done using reflux and oven heating in the modification silica with 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and tetraethylene glycol (TEG). A central composite design batch process determined the optimum conditions for cadmium adsorption. TEG-modified silica was successfully synthesized and characterized using FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, and elemental analyzers. Peaks of C-H and epoxy on FTIR spectra showed that Si- GPTMS was formed. The increase of %C and %H from the first to the second step indicated that Si-TEG was successfully synthesized. There was no significant difference in silica particle morphology on SEM before and after modification. The reflux method gave a higher yield compared to the heating method. The constant stirring by the magnetic bar and solvent cycle in the reflux method catalyzed the reaction. This study found that at pH 7, 30 mg of adsorbent weight at 35°C and 22 minutes of contact time were optimum Cd2+ adsorption conditions. As the weight of the adsorbent increases, the adsorption capacity decreases. Contact time and temperature have no significant effect on Cd adsorption by Si-TEG.

Fluorine-Free and Transparent Superhydrophobic Coating with Enhanced Anti-Icing and Anti-Frosting Performance by Using D26 and KH560 as Coupling Agents

Superhydrophobic surfaces with non-wetting characteristics have been considered to be potential candidates for ice/frost prevention. In this study, a transparent superhydrophobic coating was created by using a simple method that employed (3-glycidoxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (KH560) and 1,2-Bis (trimethoxysilyl) ethane (D26) as coupling agents and epoxy resin (E51) as an adhesive. The synergy between KH560 and D26 significantly improves the long-term outdoor durability, anti-icing, and anti-frosting performance of the superhydrophobic coating. The coating also has good acid and alkali resistance, UV resistance, and durability. The obtained SiO2@E51@KH560@D26 can delay the freezing time of water by 1974 s, much longer than bare glass (345 s) and also longer than the coatings with only D26 (932 s) or with only KH560 (1087 s). Moreover, the SiO2@E51@KH560@D26 showed an improved anti-frosting capability compared with the other three samples and better maintained its superhydrophobic properties at low temperatures. Our study proposes a potential method to fabricate a superhydrophobic coating with both anti-icing and anti-frosting properties.

Strain-rate dependent mixed-mode traction laws for glass fiber-epoxy interphase using molecular dynamics simulations

In this paper, we establish a methodology to predict strain rate-dependent mixed-mode traction-separation responses (i.e., traction laws) for glass-epoxy composite interphase using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Glass-epoxy interphases with monolayer glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy silane are prepared by varying silane number density from 0.0 nm−2 to 3.9 nm−2 following the epoxy-amine diffusion and curing reactions. To established the effects of strain rate and mode-mixity on the interphase traction laws, the nano-meter size interphase domain is loaded in various mode-mixity (θ=0°(Mode−II),15°,30°,45°,60°,and90°(Mode−I)) with full range of strain rates from quasit-static to high strain rate (∼1e16/s) where a theoretical plateau strength limit is predicted. Following our previous work on Mode-I [Chowdhury et al., Composites Part B 237 (2022) 109877], mathematical model is developed for Mode-II as function of strain rate for different interphase structures (i.e., silane number density). The continuum equivalent bi-linear cohesive traction law is developed using the MD results to determine the mode-mixity quadratic functions and associated exponents for peak tractions, energy absorption, crack initiation and crack opening displacement from the mixed-mode simulations data. The MD predicted traction laws can be used to model interphase in micromechanics finite element analysis to bridge the length scale for the prediction of fiber-matrix debonding in composites.

Advanced corrosion Protection: Development of MnO2@rGO/EP-GTA nanocoating

This study investigates the potential of utilizing reduced graphene nanosheets to enhance the anticorrosion properties of MnO2 coatings. Specifically, the study focuses on the incorporation of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) into MnO2 coatings to improve their anticorrosion performance. The MnO2-decorated graphene oxide nanocomposite (MnO2@rGO) was thoroughly characterized using various analytical techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These analyses elucidated the morphological and structural features of both rGO and MnO2, highlighting the chemical bonding between MnO2 and rGO. Furthermore, the MnO2@rGO nanocomposite underwent additional modification with glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GTA) before integration into the epoxy resin, resulting in the formation of the epoxy coating (MnO2@rGO/EP-GTA) on steel plates. Electrochemical and potentiometric measurements demonstrated that the inclusion of rGO significantly prolonged the cathodic protection duration of MnO2 within the coatings. This enhancement can be attributed to rGO acting as an impermeable barrier within the coating matrix, thereby enhancing electrical conductivity and facilitating efficient electrical connection between manganese oxide particles and the steel substrate. Additionally, the incorporation of MnO2@rGO and GTA modification led to improved performance of the MnO2@rGO/EP nanocoating, including enhanced resistance to UV aging and salt spraying, effective dispersion of the MnO2@rGO nanocomposite within the epoxy resin, and increased cross-linking density and adhesion strength of the epoxy coating.

Molecular behavior of silicone adhesive at buried polymer interface studied by molecular dynamics simulation and sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy.

Silicones have excellent material properties and are used extensively in many applications, ranging from adhesives and lubricants to electrical insulation. To ensure strong adhesion of silicone adhesives to a wide variety of substrates, silane-based adhesion promotors are typically blended into the silicone adhesive formulation. However, little is known at the molecular level about the true silane adhesion promotion mechanism, which limits the ability to develop even more effective adhesion promoters. To understand the adhesion promotion mechanism of silane molecules at the molecular level, this study has used sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG) to determine the behavior of (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxy silane (γ-GPS) at the buried interface between poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and a bulk silicone adhesive. To complement and extend the SFG results, atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were applied to investigate molecular behavior and interfacial interaction of γ-GPS at the silicone/PET interface. Free energy computations were used to study the γ-GPS interaction in the sample system and determine the γ-GPS interfacial segregation mechanism. Both experiments and simulations consistently show that γ-GPS molecules prefer to segregate at the interface between PET and PDMS. The methoxy groups on γ-GPS molecules orient toward the PDMS polymer phase. The consistent picture of interfacial structure emerging from both simulation and experiment provides enhanced insight on how γ-GPS behaves in the silicone - PET system and illustrates why γ-GPS could improve the adhesion of silicone adhesive, leading to further understanding of silicone adhesion mechanisms useful in the design of silicone adhesives with improved performance.

Effect of montmorillonite modified with different intercalator on the protection property of sol-gel coating on AZ31B magnesium alloy

Composite coating was prepared on magnesium alloy AZ31B through different hyamine intercalated montmorillonite (MMT) doping in glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) hydrolyzed hybrid sol-gel system. Corrosion behaviors of different coated samples were investigated using potentiodynamic polarization. The results indicated an improvement of protective performance when modified MMT doped in, and the CC-MMT doped sol-gel coating showed better corrosion resistance than the CTA-MMT doped one. Combining the MMT characterization and structure of the coating, it could be concluded that this difference came from the tough bonding between CC-MMT and sol-gel system, while that did not exist in CTA-MMT/sol-gel coating. Due to this tough bonding, CC-MMT could guide the assembly of hydrolyzed silane molecules and silica sol particles, thus a denser structure and better protection performance.

Enhancing Oil Recovery and Altering Wettability in Carbonate Reservoir Rocks through (3-Glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane–SiO2 Nanofluid Injection

This study analyzes the impact of injection condition design factors of (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS)–SiO2 nanofluid on improving wettability and oil recovery through flotation and core flooding tests, respectively. Flotation tests were conducted to assess improvements in wettability that resulted from varying nanoparticle concentration, reaction time, and treatment temperature. The test results demonstrated that the hydrophilic sample ratio increased by up to 97.75% based on the nanoparticle reaction, confirming significant wettability improvement in all samples. Additionally, time-dependent fluid-flow experiments were conducted to validate oil recovery and rock–fluid interactions. In these experiments, for a 24-h reaction time, nanofluid injection caused a decrease in the maximum contact angle (43.4° from 166.5°) and a remarkable enhancement in the oil recovery rate by over 25%. Moreover, variations in contact angle and sample permeability were observed as the reaction time increased. Subsequently, the core flooding test revealed a critical reaction time of 24 h, maximizing oil recovery while minimizing permeability. Below this point in time, wettability improvement did not significantly enhance oil recovery. Conversely, beyond this threshold, additional adsorption due to particle aggregation decreased permeability, causing reduced oil recovery. Therefore, GPTMS–SiO2 nanofluid can be utilized as an injection fluid to enhance oil recovery in high-temperature and high-salinity carbonate reservoirs.

One-pot granulation of cross-linked PVA/LMO for efficient lithium recovery from gas field brine

Adsorption with granules is critical for lithium recovery from brines due to the simplicity, efficiency, and environmental-friendliness of its industrial process. However, obtaining hydrophilic and stable binders remains to be a challenging task. Herein, a one-pot green strategy for granulating Li1.33Mn1.67O4 (LMO-1) powder into PVA/LMO-1 composites was developed with hydrophilic poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a binder and glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTES) as a coupling agent. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was added to the reaction process to create pores by its thermal decomposition. The powder in the coupling composites would be difficult to leach out when compared to the granulation method of physical blending. Furthermore, the resulting PVA/LMO-1 demonstrated high water absorbency, pH stability, and fast water/ion exchange without visible swelling, which are important in industrial scale-up experiments where energy consumption and time can be reduced. Additionally, the selectivity of different ions of granulated PVA/LMO-1 was evaluated and confirmed. The lithium adsorption efficiency in real brine (produced water from the Puguang gas field) was 93.5%, which is higher than that of other adsorbents with comparable adsorption capacity; Meanwhile the magnesium-lithium ratios (Mg2+/Li+ ratios) decreased from 8.92 to 0.15, Na+/Li+ ratios decreased from 997 to 1.35, K+/Li+ ratios decreased from 30.26 to 0.29, Ca2+/Li+ from 30.87 to 2.36, indicating that the high salt content and organic pollutants of real bine do not affect the performance of the adsorbent. Long-term cyclic results showed that the structure and adsorption capacity of PVA/LMO-1 were stable. All these properties demonstrate that the developed PVA/LMO-1 absorbent could provide an appealing and competitive method for the industrial process.

Optimization of Chloride (Cl−) on Dimethylamine (DMA) Modified Mesoporous Silica

Mesoporous silica was prepared using sodium silicate as a precursor and Cetyl Trimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) as a templating agent. The adsorption ability of silica was enhanced by using DMA (dimethylamine) as a modifier and glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) as a linking compound. The adsorption process was carried out by incorporating the chloride solution into the DMA-modified mesoporous silica, followed by the desorption process by flowing the acid solution. The desorption agent’s type and concentration determine the desorption process’s effectiveness. In this study, 0.0744 mg of chloride ions were completely desorbed using 0.08 M HNO3.

Determination of Optimum Conditions for Nitrate Anion (NO3 −) Desorption on Mesoporous Silica Modified with Dimethylamine (DMA)

Mesoporous silica is an inorganic material that has high potential to be applied in various industrial fields, one of its applications is the adsorption method. To maximize the adsorption of mesoporous silica, modification of the silica surface was carried out by adding amine compounds. The amine compound used as a modifier is dimethylamine (DMA), using glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) as a linking compound. The column method uses mesoporous silica, modified with dimethylamine, in the nitrate anions adsorption process. The adsorption capacity of the nitrate anion is 0.0917 mg/g. After adsorbed, the desorption process was carried out to release the adsorbed nitrate anions. The desorption process found that HCl was the best desorption agent used on nitrate anions. The optimum concentration of HCl was 0.15 M, with the number of nitrate anions desorbed as much as 0.0459 mg with a 100% desorption percentage.

Influence of DETA on Thermal and Corrosion Protection Properties of GPTMS-TEOS Hybrid Coatings on Q215 Steel

High-performance coating could be used to protect steels in engineering. The GPTMS-TEOS hybrid coatings were successfully prepared using (3-glycidoxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as reaction raw materials and diethylenetriamine (DETA) as both a curing agent and catalyst at room temperature. The hybrid coating contained amorphous SiO2 and was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The DETA content of the hybrid coating has a significant impact on the performance of the coating. As the DETA content increases, the thermal stability of the hybrid coating increases at 400–600 °C due to the production of more SiO2 in the amine-rich state. However, the gelation time decreases dramatically, preventing the hybrid coating from better infiltrating the surface of the steel substrate. In addition, there are not enough silicon hydroxyl groups to bond with the hydroxyl groups on the surface of carbon steel and adhesion is significantly reduced. Therefore, hybrid coatings with a moderate DETA content (NH:epoxy ratio equivalent to 1:1) show the best corrosion resistance, with a third-order magnitude increase in corrosion resistance compared to that of carbon steel.

Achieving outstanding mechanical/bonding performances by epoxy nanocomposite as concrete–steel rebar adhesive using silane modification of nano SiO2

Anchoring steel rebar in concrete structures is a common method in the building and construction industry. This research focuses on improving the mechanical/bonding properties of the prepared epoxy nanocomposite adhesive using surface treatment of SiO2 nano fillers by glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS). For this purpose, the nano silica particles were silanized via a facile sol–gel method at silane concentrations of 1, 5, 10 and 20X (i.e. X is stoichiometric silane concentration). The nanoparticles were characterized carefully by FTIR, TGA, XRD and XPS techniques. It was found that the highest GPTMS grafting ratio was obtained at silane concentration of 10X. The pure and silanized nanoparticles were added to a two-pack epoxy resin and were compared for tensile and compressive properties. It was found that surface modification of nano silica caused improvement in the strength, modulus, compressive strength and compressive modulus by 56, 81, 200 and 66% compared to the pristine epoxy adhesive and also 70, 20, 17 and 21% compared to the pure nano silica containing adhesive. It also caused 40 and 25% improvement in the pullout strength, 33 and 18% enhancement in the pullout displacement and 130 and 50% in adhesion energy compared to the pristine and raw silica-containing adhesives, respectively.

L-lysine Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Hybrid Nanoparticles for pH-Responsive Delivery of Curcumin.

Stimuli-responsive controlled drug delivery systems have attracted the attention of researchers in recent decades due to their potential application in developing efficient drug carriers that are responsive to applied stimuli triggers. In this work, we present the synthesis of L-lysine (an amino acid that combines both amine and carboxylic acid groups in a single unit) modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MS@Lys NPs) for the delivery of the anticancer bioactive agent (curcumin, Cur) to cancer cells. To begin, mesoporous silica hybrid nanoparticles (MS@GPTS NPs) with 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxy silane (GPTS) were synthesized. The L-lysine groups were then functionalized onto the mesopore channel surfaces of the MS@GPTS NPs through a ring-opening reaction between the epoxy groups of the GPTS and the amine groups of the L-lysine units. Several instrumental techniques were used to examine the structural properties of the prepared L-lysine-modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MS@Lys NPs). The drug loading and pH-responsive drug delivery behavior of MS@Lys NPs were studied at different pH levels (pH 7.4, 6.5, and 4.0) using curcumin (Cur) as a model anticancer bioactive agent. The MS@Lys NPs' in vitro cytocompatibility and cell uptake behavior were also examined using MDA-MB-231 cells. The experimental results imply that MS@Lys NPs might be used in cancer therapy as pH-responsive drug delivery applications.

Novel highly stable conductive polymer composite PEDOT:DBSA for bioelectronic applications

In this work, a novel conductive polymer composite consisting of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PEDOT:DBSA) for bioelectronic applications was prepared and optimized. The novel PEDOT:DBSA composite possesses superior biocompatibility toward cell culture and electrical characteristics comparable to the widely used PEDOT:PSS. The cross-linking processes induced by the cross-linker glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GOPS), which was investigated in detail using Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy and XPS analysis, lead to the excellent long-term stability of PEDOT:DBSA thin films in aqueous solutions, even without treatment at high temperature. The electrical characteristics of PEDOT:DBSA thin films with respect to the level of cross-linking were studied in detail. The conductivity of thin films was significantly improved using sulfuric acid posttreatment. A model transistor device based on PEDOT:DBSA shows typical transistor behavior and suitable electrical properties comparable or superior to those of available conductive polymers in bioelectronics, such as PEDOT:PSS. Based on these properties, the newly developed material is well suited for bioelectronic applications that require long-term contact with living organisms, such as wearable or implantable bioelectronics.

Green Synthesis of Functionalized Poly(3-Glycidoxypropyl-Trimethoxysilane) Using an Eco-Catalyst (Treated Montmorillonite)

Telechelic poly(3-glycidoxypropyltrimetho¬xysilane) (PGPTMS) with acetate and methacrylate end groups was successfully synthesized by an efficient and solvent-free approach, with anhydrides (acetic anhydride (AA) and methacrylic anhydride (MA)), by cationic ring-opening polymerization of 3 glycidoxypropyl¬trimetho-xysilane (GPTMS), using an ecologic solid catalyst Maghnite-H+ (Mag-H+), instead of electrophilic catalysts, such as, Bronsted and Lewis acids which are very noxious and corrosive. Mag-H+ is a montmorillonite sheet silicate clay exchanged with protons. The structure of the obta¬ined macromonomers was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic reso¬nance (NMR) and UV-visible spectroscopy. The presence of the methacrylate end groups of bis-macromonomers was determined by UV-visible spectroscopy. In order to find the optimal reaction conditions, effects of reaction time and the amount of anhydrides (AA and MA) on the yield of macromonomers were investigated.