Glycemic Carbohydrate Research Articles

12606 Gamification In The Management Of Children And Adolescents With Diabetes: A Systematic Review

Abstract Disclosure: L.C. Hespanhol: None. V. Lins de Menezes: None. P. Souto Maia: None. C.A. Balieiro: None. W. Oliveira Amador: None. R. Lira: None. Background: Educating children and adolescents with diabetes about their own condition presents a significant challenge. Gamification has been proposed as an innovative approach to ease the transition to self-care by engaging and empowering children and adolescents in their diabetes management. Purpose: The purpose of this systematic review is to examine published research on using gamification and technology within diabetes care for young patients. Methods: PubMed, Lilacs and EMBASE were systematically searched in January 2024 to include articles focusing on the use of new virtual technologies to improve the clinical and laboratory conditions of children and adolescents with diabetes. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42024499381) adhering to PRISMA recommendations. We assessed the risk of bias using RoB-2 and ROBINS-I. Results: A total of 24 studies were included, of which 7 were randomized trials. Age of participants ranged from 5 to 19 years. We identified five gamification strategies (i.e., applications, video games, minigame, robot, or web game) within seven clinical domains (i.e., psychosocial impairment, glycemic control, autonomy, reduced frequency of error, health lifestyle, nutrition, or knowledge about disease). 246 (27%) patients demonstrated reduced emotional distress and increased enjoyment. Reduction of errors such as hypoglycemia and emergency preparedness was identified in 354 (39%) of patients and improvement in glycemic control measured by HbA1c was described in 277 (30%) of patients. Conclusion: Our systematic review gamification has shown promise in fostering autonomy by providing tools that educate young individuals regarding glycemic control, lifestyle choices, injection practices, carbohydrate counting, and other pertinent aspects of diabetes management. Presentation: 6/1/2024

Slowly hydrolyzable property of microbial dextrans at the small intestinal α-glucosidase levels leads to the modulated glycemic responses in the mouse model

Dextran-type α-glucans have been known as non-digestible ingredients that can be considered prebiotics to promote colon health. However, recent studies have revealed that various α-linked glucosyl units are hydrolyzed to glucose by small intestinal α-glucosidases. This study analyzed the structural characteristics of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) from Weissella species, and the hydrolysis properties at both in vitro/in vivo levels were investigated. Compared with a previous in vitro digestion model using fungal α-hydrolytic enzymes, dextrans, which mainly consist of α-1,6 linkages with small amounts of α-1,3 linked glucose units, were slowly hydrolyzed to glucose by mammalian mucosal α-glucosidases, resulting in attenuation of the initial glycemic response following administration of EPS samples to mice via oral gavage. The results of this study demonstrate the concept of dextran-type α-glucans as glycemic carbohydrates rather than dietary fibers or prebiotics. Slowly digestible dextrans can be applied as a functional ingredient to regulate postprandial glucose delivery throughout the gastrointestinal tract.

Changing Glucose Levels During the Menstrual Cycle as Observed in Adults in the Type 1 Diabetes Exercise Initiative Study

ObjectivesEvidence suggests that glucose levels in menstruating females with type 1 diabetes change throughout the menstrual cycle, reaching a peak during the luteal phase. The Type 1 Diabetes Exercise Initiative (T1DEXI) study provided the opportunity to assess glycemic metrics between early and late phases of the menstrual cycle, and whether differences could be explained by exercise, insulin, and carbohydrate intake. MethodsOne hundred seventy-nine women were included in our analysis. Glycemic metrics, carbohydrate intake, insulin requirements, and exercise habits during the early vs late phases of their menstrual cycles (i.e. 2 to 4 days after vs 2 to 4 days before reported menstruation start date) were compared. ResultsMean glucose increased from 8.2±1.5 mmol/L (148±27 mg/dL) during the early follicular phase to 8.6±1.6 mmol/L (155±29 mg/dL) during the late luteal phase (p<0.001). Mean percent time-in-range (3.9 to 10.0 mmol/L [70 to 180 mg/dL]) decreased from 73±17% to 70±18% (p=0.002), and median percent time >10.0 mmol/L (>180 mg/dL) increased from 21% to 23% (p<0.001). Median total daily insulin requirements increased from 37.4 units during the early follicular phase to 38.5 units during the late luteal phase (p=0.02) and mean daily carbohydrate consumption increased slightly from 127±47 g to 133±47 g (p=0.05); however, the difference in mean glucose during early follicular vs late luteal phase was not explained by differences in exercise duration, total daily insulin units, or reported carbohydrate intake. ConclusionsGlucose levels during the late luteal phase were higher than those of the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. These glycemic changes suggest that glucose management for women with type 1 diabetes may need to be fine-tuned within the context of their menstrual cycles.

Effect of a diabetes-specific formula in non-diabetic inpatients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial

Background/objectivesIn patients with acute stroke, the presence of hyperglycaemia has been associated with higher morbidity and less neurological recovery. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of a diabetes specific enteral nutrition (EN) formula on glycaemia, comorbidities and mortality in patients admitted with a first episode of stroke who received complete EN.MethodsThis was a prospective randomised controlled trial. Patients with acute stroke did not have diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and required nasogastric tube feeding. This study has been registered with code NCT03422900. The patients were randomised into two arms: an isocaloric isoprotein formula (control group (CG), 27 patients) vs a diabetes-specific formula (low glycaemic index carbohydrates, fibre (80% soluble) and higher lipid content) (experimental group (EG), 25 patients). Pre-EN blood glucose, hyperglycaemia during EN treatment, HbA1c, insulin use, oral route recovery, length of stay (LOS) and mortality at 30 days were collected. The complications of enteral nutrition during admission were collected as well.Results52 patients were included, 50% females, with an age of 77.44(11.48) years; 34 (65.4%) had ischaemic stroke, with a Rankin score of 0(0–2), and a National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) of 19 (15–22). In CG, there were more cases of hyperglycaemia on the 5th day post-NE (13(65%) vs7(35%), p < 0.01). CG showed an OR of 7.58(1.49–39.16) (p = 0.02) for the development of hyperglycaemia. There were no differences in LOS between groups (12(8.5) days vs 14(23) days, p = 0.19) or in the death rate (10(37%) vs 10(40%), p = 0.8), although differences were found in terms of oral route recovery (EG: 11(44%) patients vs CG: 5(18.5%) patients, p = 0.04) (OR (EG): 5.53(1.25–24.47); p = 0.02).ConclusionsThe use of a diabetes-specific enteral formula in non-diabetic patients admitted with acute stroke reduced the risk of developing hyperglycaemia and improved the rate of oral route recovery.Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier no. NCT03422900.

Assessing the glycemic impact of starch by in vitro methods

Humans need a dietary source of glucose, which is the preferred substrate for generating metabolic energy in the brain, red blood cells, kidney and reproductive tissues. Starch is the main source of dietary glucose for most humans. The ability to assess the glycemic (i.e., blood glucose-raising) potential of starchy foods is highly relevant to nutrition and health, as the inability to maintain the blood glucose concentration within normal limits is a risk for diet-related illnesses and obesity. In vivo tests assess the glycemic impact of starchy foods in terms of a glycemic index (GI). However, GI testing has inherent limitations and in vitro model systems are used widely as a proxy for assessing glycemic impact; these in vitro methods are important for assessing starch digestibility and the quality of carbohydrates in many applications. This review will focus on in vitro methods for measuring starch digestibility. Starch as the main glycemic carbohydrate in the human diet, how starch is broken down enzymically, and how GI values are determined are first considered briefly, before discussing methods and advantages of in vitro testing. The limitations, which as the literature shows are not always appreciated and can lead to over-interpretation of research data, are also considered. The importance of in vitro methodology for assessing the carbohydrate quality of foods is clear, but there is a need to standardise procedures to facilitate comparability of studies conducted at different times and in different laboratories.

Functional Gelato for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment

A large amount of organic waste is generated every year, mainly due to food waste, causing negative impacts on the environment. At the same time, cancer incidence and mortality are rapidly growing world-wide and have a great impact on patients' quality of life, especially during chemotherapy treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a sustainable gelato with orange peel for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. The orange peel gelato developed presented protein content of high biological value, easily digested fat, low glycemic carbohydrate, phenolic and flavonoid content, and antioxidant potential. The orange peel may be used to develop sustainable gelato aiming to increase the intake of bioactive compounds in the general population, control chemotherapy symptoms of oncological patients and to contribute to the environment by reducing the generation of organic waste.

A Comprehensive Review of the Effects of Glycemic Carbohydrates on the Neurocognitive Functions Based on Gut Microenvironment Regulation and Glycemic Fluctuation Control.

Improper glycemic carbohydrates (GCs) consumption can be a potential risk factor for metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes, which may lead to cognitive impairment. Although several potential mechanisms have been studied, the biological relationship between carbohydrate consumption and neurocognitive impairment is still uncertain. In this review, the main effects and mechanisms of GCs' digestive characteristics on cognitive functions are comprehensively elucidated. Additionally, healthier carbohydrate selection, a reliable research model, and future directions are discussed. Individuals in their early and late lives and patients with metabolic diseases are highly susceptible to dietary-induced cognitive impairment. It is well known that gut function is closely related to dietary patterns. Unhealthy carbohydrate diet-induced gut microenvironment disorders negatively impact cognitive functions through the gut-brain axis. Moreover, severe glycemic fluctuations, due to rapidly digestible carbohydrate consumption or metabolic diseases, can impair neurocognitive functions by disrupting glucose metabolism, dysregulating calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and accumulating advanced glycation end products. Unstable glycemic status can lead to more severe neurological impairment than persistent hyperglycemia. Slow-digested or resistant carbohydrates might contribute to better neurocognitive functions due to stable glycemic response and healthier gut functions than fully gelatinized starch and nutritive sugars.

A Narrative Review on Strategies for the Reversion of Prediabetes to Normoglycemia: Food Pyramid, Physical Activity, and Self-Monitoring Innovative Glucose Devices

In 2019, “Nutrition Therapy for Adults with Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report” was published. This consensus report, however, did not provide an easy way to illustrate to subjects with prediabetes (SwPs) how to follow a correct dietary approach. The purpose of this review is to evaluate current evidence on optimum dietary treatment of SwPs and to provide a food pyramid for this population. The pyramid built shows that everyday consumption should consist of: whole-grain bread or potatoes eaten with their skins (for fiber and magnesium) and low glycemic index carbohydrates (GI &lt; 55%) (three portions); fruit and vegetables (5 portions), in particular, green leafy vegetables (for fiber, magnesium, and polyphenols); EVO oil (almost 8 g); nuts (30 g, in particular, pistachios and almonds); three portions of dairy products (milk/yogurt: 300–400 g/day); mineral water (almost 1, 5 L/day for calcium intake); one glass of wine (125 mL); and three cups of coffee. Weekly portions should include fish (four portions), white meat (two portions), protein plant-based food (four portions), eggs (egg portions), and red/processed meats (once/week). At the top of the pyramid, there are two pennants: a green one means that SwPs need some personalized supplementation (if daily requirements cannot be satisfied through diet, vitamin D, omega-3, and vitamin B supplements), and a red one means there are some foods and factors that are banned (simple sugar, refined carbohydrates, and a sedentary lifestyle). Three to four times a week of aerobic and resistance exercises must be performed for 30–40 min. Finally, self-monitoring innovative salivary glucose devices could contribute to the reversion of prediabetes to normoglycemia.

Proximate Characteristics of Low Glycemic Index Instant Rice with Variations in Storage Temperature and Drying Time

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Paddy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt; (&lt;em&gt;Oryza sativa&lt;/em&gt; L.) is the staple food for the Indonesian people, commonly processed into rice. Consumption of rice through the cooking process takes 30 to 40 minutes. With the relatively long preparation process, the idea of instant rice processing is the answer for a shorter rice preparation process. Instant rice processing can be done using the autoclaving-retrogradation method. This study aimed to determine the proximate profile of low glycemic index instant rice, including water, ash, protein, fat and carbohydrate content. The research method was carried out by varying the storage temperature (without cooling, cooling at 4 °C and freezing at -4 °C) and drying time (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours). The proximate average yield of instant rice water content ranged from 60.43% to 10.61%; ash content 0.49% to 0.35%; protein content 9.61% to 7.70%; fat content 0.76% to 0.42% and carbohydrate content 77.27% to 75.19%. Thus, the short rehydration time indicates that the resulting product is included in instant food products because it takes less than 5 minutes to be consumed. In addition, reducing the glycemic index of rice can be done by retrograding starch to obtain resistant starch through a continued pressure cooking process by the cooling process. Reducing starch digestibility and glycemic index in rice through resistant starch formation can reduce the adverse effects of rice consumption as a staple food.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Edukasi Pengolahan Ubi Jalar Ungu dalam Upaya Penurunan Kadar Gula Darah pada Penderita Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder in which the pancreas does not produce enough insulin and is characterized by hyperglycemia. Tests to diagnose diabetes include fasting blood sugar (FBS), random blood sugar (RBS) , blood sugar 2 hours after eating (GD2PP) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C). Purple sweet potato is a non-pharmacological therapy that has a high fiber content, low glycemic index carbohydrates. Dietary foods containing antioxidants, including anthocyanins, can protect pancreatic β-cells from glucose-induced oxidative stress. Administration of purple sweet potato extract can protect pancreatic β-cells from the harmful effects of free radicals. Study shows that purple sweet potato have different glucose level according to how the sweet potato being processed which is boiled, steamed, grilled and fried purple sweet potato, namely 3.30%, 4.92%, 7.72%, and 7.36%, respectively. So it can be concluded that the lowest glucose content was obtained from the boiled purple sweet potato sample. Anthocyanins that found in purple sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas poiret) contain substances that can control blood sugar levels, thus preventing insulin resistance in people with diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this program for the resident of Kavling Senjulung RT 02 RW 09 is to know about non-pharmacological prevention of diabetes and start applying it to control blood sugar for people with diabetes mellitus. The implementation method was carried out by providing education related to purple sweet potato processing and demonstrating how to process it and perform medical examination including blood pressure and random blood sugar (RBS) .

Dumping Syndrome in Children: A Narrative Review.

Dumping syndrome (DS) is a typical side effect of stomach surgery, which includes cancer, non-cancer esophageal and gastric surgery, and bariatric surgery. It is marked by the fast evacuation of undigested food from the stomach into the small intestine, which causes a variety of symptoms. Early dumping symptoms include gastrointestinal symptoms such as stomach discomfort, diarrhea, and nausea, as well as vasomotor symptoms such as drowsiness and face flushing, and occur within the first hour following a meal. Late dumping symptoms appear one to three hours after a meal and are related to reactive hypoglycemia, resulting in hypoglycemia, sweating, palpitations, and confusion. Early dumping pathophysiology involves abnormalities in stomach structure and function, which result in rapid transit of stomach contents to the duodenum, insufficient digestion, and fluid transfers from the vascular compartment to the intestine. Late dumping occurs as a result of hyperinsulinemia caused by the fast passage of undigested foods to the gut. Symptom-based questionnaires and diagnostic testing such as plasma glucose measurement and stomach emptying studies can be used to confirm a diagnosis of DS. The primary approach to managing DS is dietary modifications, including eating smaller, more frequent meals and avoiding high glycemic index carbohydrates. Dietary supplements and medications may be used to slow down gastric emptying or control blood glucose levels. Pharmacological options include alpha-glycosidase inhibitors, somatostatin analogs, glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs, and sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors. In severe cases, refractory to conservative measures, surgical interventions may be considered. DS can arise in children following gastric surgery for obesity or corrective surgery for congenital abnormalities. It is frequently misdiagnosed and can have serious implications, such as hypoglycemia-related cognition deficits. Screening and early identification using glucose tolerance testing and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) are critical in at-risk youngsters. Children's treatment techniques are similar to those used in adults, with dietary changes and medication therapies serving as the cornerstone of care. Overall, DS is a complex condition that requires a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and management. Further research is needed to improve understanding of its pathophysiology and optimize treatment strategies, particularly in children. This review aims to provide a well-rounded informative summary of the most recent literature on the under-recognized clinical and scientific aspects of DS among the children age group. It incorporates the quality of life, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevalence, and treatment.

Generating slow digestibility in cooked potatoes by modulating starch accessibility to α-amylase and mucosal α-glucosidase to different levels

Health issues associated with overconsuming rapidly digestible glycemic carbohydrates continue to be prevalent globally. Transforming starch digestion from a hyperglycemic response to a sustained dietary glucose profile is an ideal digestion scenario. Digesting starch to glucose requires α-amylase (AMY) and mucosal α-glucosidase (m-AG). AMY can quickly break down starch molecules, and m-AG functions as the gatekeeper of dietary glucose production. In this study of cooked potatoes, we hypothesize that slow glucogenesis from starch can be achieved by modulating the accessibility of AMY and m-AG to starch to different levels by modifying cell wall permeability by promoting cross-linking of calcium with endogenous pectins. Raw potato cubes were blanched with 0–500 mg/L calcium solution, followed by steaming. Fully cooked potatoes with the pre-treatment had up to 41% and 99% reduction of the permeability for dextran probes of 20 kDa and 70 kDa, respectively, and a non-detectable permeability of 150 kDa dextran. Permeability data indicated a decrease in the accessibility of AMY and a complete restriction of m-AG to access starch in cells supported by data on starch susceptibility to both AMY and m-AG separately. In vitro stimulated gastrointestinal digestion data demonstrated a blunt glucose profile with a reduction of RDS from 80% to 46% and an increase of SDS from 12% to 37%. By modulating starch accessibility to AMY and m-AG to different extents, cooked potatoes were fully digested with a slow glucose-released profile. The modification was a pre-treatment, and modified potatoes can be processed into potato foods, such as french fries, mashed potatoes, and others.

Abstract MP61: Starch Digestion-Related Amylase Genetic Variants, Dietary Carbohydrates, and Changes in Glucose Tolerance: Results From the OmniCarb Trial

Introduction: Salivary amylase, encoded by the AMY1 gene, plays a pivotal role in carbohydrate digestion, and genetic adaptation of carbohydrate digestion has been implicated in impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiometabolic diseases. Hypothesis: We investigated whether AMY1 genetic variations are associated with β-cell function and glycemic responses during 2-h oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) and tested whether AMY1 variations were related to changes in glucose tolerance in a randomized controlled trial testing effects of diets varying in glycemic index (GI) levels and carbohydrate (Carb) amount. Methods: The study included participants (n=146) from the OmniCarb trial, a randomized crossover-controlled feeding trial, in which overweight or obese adults were given 4 diets that differed in composition by GI and Carb amount. Each diet was consumed for 5 weeks, followed by a 2-week washout. Genetic risk score (GRS) was calculated using eight AMY1 SNPs, with higher GRS indicating higher activity of salivary amylase. The primary outcomes were glycemic and insulin responses during OGTTs. Results: At baseline, lower GRS was related to a larger area under the curve of glucose (AUC-glucose) and β-cell dysfunction assessed by the insulinogenic index and disposition index ( p &lt;0.05 for all). After consuming either a high-Carb and low-GI diet or a low-Carb and high-GI diet for 5 weeks, participants with low GRS (tertile 1) showed impaired glycemic responses at 30, 60, and 90 min after OGTTs, as compared to those with high GRS (tertile 3); there was no significant difference according to GRS after eating a low-Carb/low-GI diet. After consuming a high-Carb and high-GI diet for 5 weeks, the participants with low GRS showed a mean 21 (SE 10) mg/dl higher glucose concentrations at 60 min after OGTT, as compared to those with high GRS ( p =0.038). The effect of increasing GI at low Carb amount for glucose levels at 60 min ( P interaction = 0.024) and AUC-glucose ( P interaction =0.016) significantly interacted with the GRS. Also, we found a significant interaction between GRS and the effect of increasing Carb amount at high GI for 60-min post-load glucose levels ( P interaction = 0.016). Conclusions: The AMY1 genetic variations were associated with β-cell function and impaired glucose tolerance. Effects of changing the amount or quality of carbohydrates on glucose tolerance may be partly determined by individual genetic adaptation of carbohydrate digestion.

Substituting Natural Honey for Cane Sugar (Sucrose) Retards Microbial Growth Independent of Water Activity During Storage of Tomato Jam

Today, there are several attempts to make nutritious food products low in glycemic carbohydrates as this can partly help in solving the ever-growing numbers of type 2 diabetes and obesity. We thus made two types of jam, one using conventional sucrose with a high glycemic index and the other using honey which is regarded as a low glycemic index carbohydrate. Honey jam had comparable physical properties with sucrose jam. The total soluble solid (Brix) was significantly lower in honey jam than in sucrose jam (p=0.04) indicating less sugar in honey jam. Both jams had comparatively higher percent moisture content than other jams reported in literature potentially suggesting reduced storage stability. Despite having higher water activity, honey jam had progressive decrease in microbial colony counts suggesting honey was inhibitory to growth of microorganism compared to sucrose jam. This effect was independent of water activity as sucrose jam which had lower water activity promoted growth of microorganism during storage. Therefore, substituting natural honey for sucrose during formulation of tomato jam retards microbial growth thereby prolonging shelf life.

Analytical Study of Aaharaja Nidana of Madhumeha in Current Era

Madhumeha is a metabolic disorder in which a person passes honey-like (sweet) urine and is associated with the characteristic of urinary abnormality. The clinical conditions described in Madhumeha have much in common with diabetes mellitus which is recognized by hyperglycemia due to improper insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both. Diabetes mellitus lowers the quality of life, greatly increases medical expenses and increases the disease-related death rate. Excess indulgence in curd, the meat of domestic animals, aquatic animals, fish, dairy products, newly harvested grains, and jaggery products in recent lifestyle are leading causes of Madhumeha. Therefore, it has become necessary that in the present era, we should have proper information regarding wholesome diet along with its nutritional value so that we could avoid impending disease and manage it accordingly. Source: Various classical texts like Charaka Samhita, Astanga Hridaya, Shushrata Samhita, Madhava nidana, and modern medical textbooks and online databases. Conclusion- Diet having Madhur, Guru, Snigdha, Picchil, and Abhisyandi properties produces Kapha which vitiates the Tri-doshas &amp; Kleda dusti that causes the disease. Aim: To study and analyze the Aharaja Nidana of Madhumeha in the present era and manage it accordingly by adopting a diet which is suitable for the Madhumeha Rogi, Objective: To study the Glycemic index, carbohydrate and other nutritional value of the food articles that are usually taken on daily basis. Material And Methods: The Bruhattrayi &amp; Laghuttrayi, modern medical textbooks, journals and online database. Results &amp; Conclusion: Ayurveda not only cures the disease but can also prevent it through the knowledge of Aharaj and Viharaja nidana. Nidana parivarajana helps to manage the disease.

Palatability, glycemic, and insulinemic responses to various carbohydrate formulations: Alternatives for the diagnosis of insulin dysregulation in horses?

Oral glycemic challenge (GC) tests are recommended for diagnosis of insulin dysregulation (ID). Various protocols are used, but all have limitations in terms of palatability, ease of use, variable composition, geographic availability, or some combination of these. To evaluate newly developed formulations with defined carbohydrate composition for use as oral GCs. Thirty-four horses and ponies in various metabolic states. Our objectives were carried out in 2 separate cross-over experiments. First, the palatability and acceptance of various GCs (2 syrups, 1 granulate) offered for free intake were compared to glucose mixed in a chaff-based diet. Subsequently, syrups were administered by syringe and compared to an oral glucose test using naso-gastric tubing (tube OGT) to investigate the glycemic and insulinemic responses. Second, these variables were compared in the best performing GC-formulations (granulate further optimized to pelleted formulation and 1 syrup) and a tube OGT. All GCs were administered with equivalent amounts of 0.5g glycemic carbohydrates per kg body weight. Only the GC pellets were consumed completely by all horses (consumption time 5 ± 2min). When administered by syringe, the GC syrup also was well accepted. The insulin concentrations at 120 min correlated significantly between tube OGT and GC pellets (r=.717; P < .001) or GC syrup (r=.913; P < .001). The new GC syrup and GC pellets discriminate between healthy and ID horses. The GC pellets (DysChEq)™ and GC syrup can be used as palatable and well-accepted oral GC tests for assessment of ID in horses.

Preparation of Low Glycemic Rice and Comparison of Its Physicochemical Properties, Cooking Characteristics, Starch Digestibility and Microstructure with Raw Rice (Swarna Cv)

Rice broken and low glycemic ingredients such as millet and pseudocereal were used to formulate the multigrain flour using Linear Programming (LP) in MATLAB to prepare Low Glycemic Rice (LGR). The constraints considered in LP were: glycemic index (GI &lt; 55), protein (≥ 10 g/100 g), iron (≥ 6 mg/100 g) and carbohydrate (≤ 70 g/100 g). A laboratory-scale co-rotating twin-screw extruder was used to produce the LGR. Proximate composition, mineral content, physicochemical properties, cooking characteristics, starch digestibility, pasting properties and microstructure of LGR were analyzed and compared with raw rice (Swarna Cv.). The LGR was characterized as a highly nutritious low glycemic food (GI value of 55.03) with high protein (12.88%), fiber (2.22%), fat (2.28%), ash (1.38%), and iron content (16.11 mg/100 g) as compared to the raw rice. The cooking losses (14.23%), water solubility index (7.21%) and total colour difference (25.14) of LGR were significantly higher, whereas cooking time (8.25 minutes) was significantly lower, which may be due to several cracks and voids as observed in SEM analysis. Moreover, the LGR showed significantly different pasting properties compared to raw rice.

Sustained high glucose intake accelerates type 1 diabetes in NOD mice.

Epidemiological studies have suggested that dietary factors, especially high consumption of high glycaemic index carbohydrates and sugars, may trigger or exacerbate the progression of type 1 diabetes. We aimed to provide experimental evidence to confirm this relevance and to explore the underlying mechanisms. NOD mice were given sustained high-glucose drinking or glucose-free water and observed for the incidence of type 1 diabetes and islet inflammation. RNAseq was performed to detect the transcriptome changes of the NOD islet beta cell line NIT-1 after high glucose treatment, and mass spectrometry was performed to detect the proteome changes of NIT-1-cells-derived sEVs. Sustained high glucose drinking significantly aggravates islet inflammation and accelerates the onset of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. Mechanistically, high glucose treatment induces aberrant ER stress and up-regulates the expression of autoantigens in islet beta cell. Moreover, high glucose treatment alters the proteome of beta-cells-derived sEVs, and significantly enhances the ability of sEVs to promote DC maturation and stimulate immune inflammatory response. This study provides evidence for negative effect of high glucose intake as a dietary factor on the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes in genetically predisposed individuals. Therefore, avoiding high sugar intake may be an effective disease prevention strategy for children or adults susceptible to type 1 diabetes.

Effects of ingestion of isomaltulose beverage on plasma volume and thermoregulatory responses during exercise in the heat.

Isomaltulose is a low glycemic and insulinaemic carbohydrate increasingly used as an alternative sweetener in commercial beverages. While isomaltulose beverages can improve hydration status compared to sucrose-based beverages, it remains unclear if ingestion of an isomaltulose beverage prior to exercise in the heat may improve plasma volume (PV) and thermoregulatory responses. Twelve endurance-trained men consumed a 1L carbohydrate beverage containing either 6.5%-sucrose (SUC) or 6.5%-isomaltulose (ISO) 60min prior to 5 successive, 15-min bouts of moderate-intensity (60% of their pre-determined maximum oxygen uptake) in the heat (32°C, 50% relative humidity), each separated by a 5min rest. A 6th bout was performed, wherein the participant adjusted running speed to maximize distance covered within the 15-min period. The change (Δ) in PV, heart rate (HR), body core (rectal and gastrointestinal) and skin temperatures, and whole-body sweat loss were assessed during each exercise bout. Ingestion of ISO induced a higher ΔPV at 4th bout only (P < 0.001) and lower HR (P = 0.032, main effect of beverage) during exercise compared to those of SUC. Body core and skin temperatures and whole-body sweat loss did not differ between conditions (all P ≥ 0.192, interaction effect). Running distance covered in final exercise bout tended to increase (~ 5%) in ISO versus SUC (P = 0.057, d = 0.64). Relative to a sucrose-based beverage, ISO ingestion prior to exercise in the heat reduced cardiovascular strain by preserving PV and attenuating HR, albeit with no corresponding benefit on thermoregulatory function. The former response may facilitate improvements in exercise performance.

Nutritional Composition of Infant Cereal Prototypes Can Precisely Predict Their Glycemic Index.

Designing cereal-based products with appropriate metabolic responses is of high interest to the food industry in view of the potential health impact of the product. The objective of this study was to test whether a model that used the nutrient composition of breakfast cereals to predict their glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) could also accurately predict the GI and GL for complete (containing protein, reconstituted in water) infant cereal prototypes. Four independent studies measured the postprandial glucose response of 20 complete infant cereal prototypes (51–76 g/100 g glycemic carbohydrates) in healthy adults. The predictions were strongly correlated with the measured values for both the GI (r = 0.93, p-value < 0.01) and GL (r = 0.98, p-value < 0.01). The in vivo incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for glucose showed a strong linear relationship with the predicted GL (r = 0.99, p < 0.01). In summary, the model previously developed to predict the GI and GL of breakfast cereals was both accurate and precise for infant cereals and could be considered a simple tool to support nutritionally responsible product development.