Gluteofemoral Adipose Tissue Research Articles

Development of an Arterio‐venous Difference Method to Study the Metabolic Physiology of the Femoral Adipose Tissue Depot

Gluteofemoral adipose tissue (AT) has interesting positive associations with metabolic health, yet little is known of its metabolic physiology. Here, we describe a technique for cannulation of a vein draining the femoral fat depot. Using ultrasound guidance, a cannula was introduced into a superficial branch of the great saphenous vein. We also obtained arterialized blood and, for comparison, blood representing drainage from forearm muscle and from subcutaneous abdominal AT. We measured appropriate biomarkers of skeletal muscle (creatinine) and AT (nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs), glycerol, leptin) drainage. Blood obtained in this way from the saphenous vein did not show creatinine release (creatinine concentration 100.5 +/- 0.4%, mean +/- s.e.m., of that in arterialized blood), whereas creatinine concentrations in blood draining forearm muscle averaged 121 +/- 1% of those in arterialized blood. Fatty acid release from the tissue drained was suppressed after feeding and increased during beta-adrenergic stimulation. We also demonstrated leptin secretion. These findings suggest that blood so obtained is representative of AT drainage with little apparent contribution of skeletal muscle. We believe this technique will facilitate physiological studies of a lower-body fat depot in humans.

Independent and opposite associations of hip and waist circumference with metabolic syndrome components and with inflammatory and atherothrombotic risk factors in overweight and obese women

Recent studies have shown independent and opposite associations of hip circumference (HC) and waist circumference (WC) with glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, no studies have simultaneously considered the independent contributions of both markers to metabolic proinflammatory and atherosclerotic risk factors. In this study, we examine the independent associations of WC and HC with metabolic syndrome and with proinflammatory and atherothrombotic features. Independent associations of thigh muscle and adipose tissue (AT) compartments with metabolic features were also studied. Abdominal and thigh muscle and AT distributions were assessed by computed tomography in 140 overweight and obese women (mean ± SD: age, 38.3 ± 0.5 years; body mass index, 30.4 ± 0.3 kg/m 2). Blood lipids and inflammatory and atherothrombotic markers were measured. For a given WC, a larger HC was inversely associated with fasting insulin ( β = −0.288, P = .008), hemoglobin A 1c ( β = −0.246, P = .041), and plasminogen activator inhibitor–1 concentrations ( β = −0.241, P = .023). Contrarily, WC was related with an unfavorable metabolic profile. For a given WC, higher total thigh AT and total thigh subcutaneous AT masses were associated with lower hemoglobin A 1c ( β = −0.244, P = .049; β = −0.233, P = .049) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio ( β = −0.252, P = .040; β = −0.245, P = .037). In addition, total thigh AT was related with leptin ( β = 0.310, P = .012), whereas total thigh subcutaneous AT revealed opposite associations with fasting insulin concentrations ( β = −0.239, P = .034). Total thigh muscular tissue mass was related with lower plasminogen activator inhibitor–1 ( β = −0.164, P = .049) and fibrinogen concentrations ( β = −0.222, P = .018). In conclusion, HC revealed independent and opposite associations with insulin resistance and atherothrombotic disturbances. Contrarily, a larger WC predicted an increased metabolic risk. These contrasting effects in diabetogenic and atherothrombotic disturbances were, respectively, mediated by gluteofemoral AT and thigh muscle tissue. Besides body mass index and WC screening relevance, HC can contribute to additionally predict health risk in overweight and obese women.