Plasma Glutathione S-transferase Research Articles

The Role Of Bee-Propolis As Antioxidants On Antioxidant Enzymes Inmale Rabbits

Propolis has been reported to be important antioxidantThe biological effects exhibited by propolis could be related to an overall effect of the phenolic compounds present in propolis (flavonol galangin; hydroxycinnamic acids, caffeic acid, p-cumaric acid, ferulic acid and caffeic acid phenethyl ester Rabbits were orally given propolis (50 mg/kg bw) was given alone. The tested doses were given to rabbits every day for 12 weeks. The effects of propolis on plasma and testes homogenates thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), antioxidant enzyme glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S- transferase (GST), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities Treatment with propolis caused significant (P<0.05) increase in the activity of antioxidant enzyme GSH, GPx, GST, SOD and CAT in plasma and testes homogenates compared to control. While, propolis caused a significant (P<0.05) decrease in blood plasma and testes homogenates TBARS as compared with control.

Penaeid shrimp counteract high ammonia stress by generating and using functional peptides from hemocyanin, such as HMCs27

Agricultural and anthropogenic activities release high ammonia levels into aquatic ecosystems, severely affecting aquatic organisms. Penaeid shrimp can survive high ammonia stress conditions, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Here, total hemocyanin and oxyhemocyanin levels decreased in Penaeus vannamei plasma under high ammonia stress. When shrimp were subjected to high ammonia stress for 12 h, 24 hemocyanin (HMC) derived peptides were identified in shrimp plasma, among which one peptide, designated as HMCs27, was chosen for further analysis. Shrimp survival was significantly enhanced after treatment with the recombinant protein of HMCs27 (rHMCs27), followed by high ammonia stress. Transcriptome analysis of shrimp hepatopancreas after treatment with or without rHMCs27 followed by high ammonia stress revealed 973 significantly dysregulated genes, notable among which were genes involved in oxidation and metabolism, such as cytochrome C, catalase (CAT), isocitrate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), trypsin, chymotrypsin, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione s-transferase (GST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). In addition, levels of key biochemical indicators, such as SOD, CAT, and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), were significantly enhanced, whereas hepatopancreas malondialdehyde levels and plasma pH, NH3, GST, and ALT levels were significantly decreased after rHMCs27 treatment followed by high ammonia stress. Moreover, high ammonia stress induced hepatopancreas tissue injury and apoptosis, but rHMCs27 treatment ameliorated these effects. Collectively, the current study revealed that in response to high ammonia stress, shrimp generate functional peptides, such as peptide HMCs27 from hemocyanin, which helps to attenuate the ammonia toxicity by enhancing the antioxidant system and the tricarboxylic acid cycle to decrease plasma NH3 levels and pH.

Progonostic effect of GSTM1/GSTT1 polymorphism in determining cardiovascular diseases risk among type 2 diabetes patients in South Indian population.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a significant complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with oxidative stress playing a significant role. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) polymorphisms - GSTM1, GSTT1 - have been linked to CVD and T2DM. The role of GSTM1 and GSTT1 in CVD development among T2DM patients in the South Indian population is investigated in this study. The volunteers were grouped as Group 1: control, Group 2: T2DM, Group 3: CVD, and Group 4: T2DM with CVD (n = 100 each). Blood glucose, lipid profile, plasma GST, MDA, and total antioxidants were measured. GSTM1 and GSTT1 were genotyped using PCR. GSTT1 plays a significant role in the development of T2DM and CVD [OR 2.96(1.64-5.33), < 0.001 and 3.05(1.67-5.58), < 0.001] while GSTM1 null genotype was not associated with disease development. Individuals with dual null GSTM1/GSTT1 genotype had the highest risk of developing CVD [3.70(1.50-9.11), 0.004]. Group 2 and 3 individuals showed higher lipid peroxidation and lower total antioxidant levels. Pathway analysis further indicated that GSTT1 significantly affects GST plasma levels. GSTT1 null genotype may be considered a contributingfactor thatincreases the susceptibility and risk of CVD and T2DM in the South Indian population.

Microplastic and oil pollutant agglomerates synergistically intensify toxicity in the marine fish, Asian seabass, Lates calcalifer

Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer frys were exposed to polystyrene (MP: 0.5 mg/l), oil (0.83 ml/l) and agglomerates (MP + oil + Corexit) as eight treatments in three replicates, and fresh synthetic marine water (control) for 15 days. The synergistic effect was confirmed (P ˂ 0.05) by bio-indicators including RBC count, total plasma protein, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), basophils, thrombocyte and eosinophils percentages. Most of the significant and synergistic effects were observed in the highest doses (5 mg/l MP and 5 mg/l MP-oil-dispersant). Exposure to MP and a combination of MP+ oil caused tissue lesions in gill, liver and intestine. Our results suggest there are no critical health issues for Asian seabass in natural environments. However, the bioaccumulation of MPs, oil, and their agglomerates in consumers' bodies may remain a concern.

Investigation of the effect of N-acetylcysteine on aluminum phosphide toxicity in rats

Aluminum Phosphide (ALP) is one of the most dangerous pesticides. When it comes into contact with water, it emits Phosphine (PH3) gas, which causes poisoning and death in many people. The purpose of this study is to look into the role of N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of aluminum phosphide toxicity in rats. In this study, 30 male Wistar rats were fed with aluminum phosphide orally. After 15 minutes, N-acetylcysteine was administered intraperitoneally. The antioxidant enzymes glutathione S-Transferase (GST), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Transaminase (ALT), and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALK) were studied in blood plasma. CAT, GST, and GSH concentrations in plasma, liver, and kidneys of rats infected with aluminum phosphide decreased, while AST, ALT, and ALK concentrations increased. The levels of all enzymes studied approached normal after N-acetylcysteine administration, and the rats survived for up to 12-15 hours. According to the findings of this study, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) at a dose of 10 mg/kg improves hepatic manifestations and prevents liver necrosis, so it can be considered a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of this poisoning.

Effects of melatonin and N-acetylcysteine on aluminum phosphide poisoning in rats.

Aluminum phosphide (ALP) poisoning is one of the deadliest types of poisoning in the world. The antioxidant properties of melatonin and N-acetylcysteine and their effects on reducing cell death have been identified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of N-acetylcysteine and melatonin in the treatment of aluminum phosphide poisoning in rats. Fifty male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were tested in five groups of ten. The first group was the control group; the second group received (10 mg/kg) of ALP, the third group received (10 mg/kg) of ALP and (10 mg/kg) of melatonin, the fourth group received (10 mg/kg) of ALP and (10 mg/kg) of N-acetylcysteine, and the last group received (10 mg/kg) of ALP and (10 mg/kg) of melatonin and N-acetylcysteine. The plasma of samples was isolated, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione S-transferase (GST), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT)) was analyzed. The concentrations of CAT, GST, Glutathione, GSH were decreased in plasma, liver, and kidneys of mice treated with aluminum phosphide; also, the concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), ALT, and AlK were increased (P < 0.05), while the activity of SOD did not change significantly (P > 0.05). Treatment with N-acetylcysteine and melatonin led to an increase in the activity of CAT, GST, and GSH in plasma, liver, and kidney. After the administration of N-acetylcysteine and melatonin to mice, the levels of all enzymes were close to normal, and the mice survived for 12-15 hours after administration. The administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and melatonin at a dose of 10 mg/kg improves hepatic manifestations and prevents liver necrosis; also, they are considered potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of this poisoning.

Antioxidant balance in plasma of patients on home parenteral nutrition: A pilot study comparing three different lipid emulsions

Parenteral nutrition (PN) can supply all essential nutrients to a patient with gastrointestinal insufficiency. However, the sensitivity to lipid peroxidation might increase in those receiving PN, especially home parenteral nutrition (HPN). This study aimed to investigate whether PN affects the antioxidant balance of plasma of HPN patients without comorbidities and whether this balance is influenced by comorbidities and according to the type of lipid emulsion included in the PN. Adult patients on HPN (n=86) received one of three types of lipid emulsion (based on 1) soyabean oil, 2) olive and soyabean oil or 3) soyabean, coconut, olive and fish oil) in all-in-one mixtures; in addition healthy controls (n=66) were studied as comparators. HPN patients were classified to the following subgroups: 1) patients without (n=58) or with (n=28) comorbidities 2) patients on Intralipid (GINTRA, n=53), ClinOleic (GCLIN, n=17) or SMOFlipid (GSMOFn=16). The activities of total glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GSHPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in plasma were determined spectrophotometrically. The antioxidant potential of plasma was determined using oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde (MDA) was analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography. MDA concentration was the highest in GINTRA and the lowest in GSMOF (p<0.05). GSMOF also had the highest activity of GSH-Px. No differences in Se-GSHPx, GST and ORAC were observed among GINTRA, GCLIN and GSMOF. Comparing with healthy controls, significantly lower GST (p=0.0293) and ORAC (p<0.0001) were observed in the HPN patients. Among all measured parameters only the concentration of MDA was significantly higher in patients with comorbidities compared to those without them. Comorbidities did not influence MDA level in GINTRA and GSMOF being still the lowest in GSMOF (p=0.0033). In contrast, significantly higher MDA level was observed for GCLIN in those with vs. without comorbidities (p=0.0262). Patients on HPN have lower antioxidant defenses than healthy controls. The type of lipid emulsion used in HPN affects lipid peroxidation (even after taking into account comorbidities which often involve oxidative stress) being the highest in GINTRA and the lowest in GSMOF. Thus, to minimize the risk of oxidative stress, SMOFlipid can be considered in patients in HPN especially for those with comorbidities. ClinOleic can be considered in HPN patients without comorbidities. The observation should be confirmed in larger studies.

Effects of Thymol on Co-amoxiclav-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats

Background and Aims: Hepatotoxicity induced by Co-amoxiclav has been indicated in multiple studies. Thymol is the main constituent of the Thymus vulgaris essential oil that has antioxidant properties. Even though thymol can exhibit antioxidant activity in vivo models, there is a lack of evidence about the thymol’s effectiveness in drug-induced liver injury. Thus, the present study was conducted to explore the thymol anti-hepatotoxic effects.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Thirty male rats were randomly divided into five groups of six. The control group received corn oil (0.25 ml/100 g body weight). CoA group was given only co-amoxiclav in doses of 10 mg/kg daily by gastric tube. CoA+T50, CoA+T150, and CoA+T300 groups orally received Co-amoxiclav at the same dose as the second group along with thymol at a daily dose of 50, 150, and 300 mg/kg for 7 consecutive days. At the termination of the treatment, all animals fasted overnight, and then blood samples were collected to determine alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, glutathione S-transferases, and bilirubin.&#x0D; Results: Administration of thymol at the dose of 300 mg/kg with co-amoxiclav resulted in a significant decrease in direct and total bilirubin levels. Findings also revealed that the concomitant administration of thymol at the 150 mg/kg dose caused a significant reduction in the total bilirubin level. Additionally, the concomitant administration of thymol at the doses of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg resulted in a significant reduction of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase serum activities along with increased plasma Glutathione S-transferase activity compared to co-amoxiclav group.&#x0D; Conclusion: Administration of thymol can cause a significant ameliorative effect against co-amoxiclav-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

Exposure to organic solvents and hepatotoxicity

The purpose of this study was to identify the long-term effect of chemical exposure on the liver. Laboratory tests included alanine aminotransferase (ALT) dosage and oxidative stress tests, such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in plasma and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase analysis in erythrocytes. The cross-sectional study comprised 70 workers, 30 of them exposed to organic solvents and 40 not exposed. All those exposed presented at least 5 years of exposure to solvents. Hepatitis B and C, known hepatic disease, comorbidities, use of alcohol, illicit drugs or hepatotoxic medications, smoking, body mass index >30, female sex and age (<18 or >65) were excluded from the sample. Results indicated that elevated ALT was more frequent in the exposed group compared to controls: 33% vs. 10.5%, with a statistical significance (p < 0.05). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were significantly elevated (p < 0.01) in the exposed group in comparison to controls. Antioxidant enzymes were more elevated in the exposed group compared to controls: SOD 7.29 (4.30-8.91) USOD/mg of protein vs. 3.48 (2.98-5.28) USOD/mg of protein and GST 2.57 µmol/min/mg of protein (1.80-4.78) vs. 1.81 µmol/min/mg of protein (1.45- 2.30) µM/min/mg of protein. The results suggest an association between exposure to organic solvents and hepatotoxicity.

Biochemical changes in Curimbatá subjected to transport stress and exposed to an agricultural fair

Fish known as Curimbata (Prochilodus lineatus) suffered a reduction in natural stocks due to predatory fishing and environmental deterioration; these are among the reasons for increased interest in the inclusion of this species in agricultural fairs. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether transport and exposure to an agricultural fair alters plasma biochemical parameters in curimbatas. Blood samples were collected at 0 h (before transport), 10 h (end of transport), and 72 h (end of exposure to agricultural fair). Plasma cortisol levels increased after 72-h exposure to agricultural fair compared with initial collection (0 h). Plasma reactive oxygen species levels were lower in fish at 72-h exposure to agricultural fairs compared with those at initial collection, while plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels were higher after 10 h of transport than at initial collection (0 h). Plasma superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase activities were lower after 10 h of transport than at initial collection, while plasma glutathione peroxidase activity was higher in fish exposed for 72 h at the agricultural fair compared with initial collection (0 h). Plasma total protein, albumin, and glucose levels were higher after 10 h of transport than at initial collection, while triglycerides levels were higher after 10 h of transport and 72-h exposure to the agricultural fair than at initial collection. The transport of these fish (average weight 209 g) for display agricultural fairs causes stress demonstrated by biochemical changes and increases in antioxidant enzyme activity, resulting in decreases of reactive oxygen species.

Changes in plasma alanine transaminase/serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, aspartate transaminase/serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutathione transferase, and albumin in rabbits given amoxicillin overdose supplemented with cucumber fruit juice

Study Background: Raw Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruit juice contains substances of health-promoting bioactivities. Alanine transaminase/serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (ALT/SGPT), aspartate transaminase/serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (AST/SGOT), Glutathione S-Transferase (GST), and albumin are indices of hepatotoxicity, hepatitis, and liver damage which could be drug induced. Aim and Objective: This work was therefore designed to changes in plasma ALT/SGPT, AST/SGOT, GST, and albumin in rabbits given amoxicillin overdose supplemented with cucumber fruit juice. Materials and Methods: Fifteen rabbits of the same sex weighing 0.9–1.4 kg divided into three groups of 5 rabbits each were used for the study. Group A – 5 control rabbits; Group B – 5 rabbits given 30.0 mg/kgBW subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin every 24 h for 7 days which was followed by 30 ml raw cucumber fruit juice supplementation for 14 days; Group C – 5 rabbits given 30.0 mg/kgBW subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin every 24 h and raw cucumber fruit juice supplementation for 14 days simultaneously. ALT/SGPT, AST/SGOT, GST, and albumin were determined in the rabbits biochemically by spectrophotometry and fluorometry. Results: The results obtained showed a significant increase in plasma ALT, GST with a significant decrease in plasma albumin in the rabbits when the rabbits were given 30.0 mg/kgBW subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin compared with the results obtained from the control rabbits; their basal samples and when the rabbits were supplemented with 30 ml raw cucumber fruit (P Conclusion: This work revealed hepatoprotective raw cucumber fruit juice as there was no significant biochemical alterations when the rabbits were co-administered with raw cucumber fruit juice and amoxicillin overdose bioactivities while increase in plasma GST, AST, ALT, and decrease in albumin in amoxicillin overdose was reversed to normal plasma levels when the rabbits were given raw cucumber fruit juice. Raw cucumber fruit juice could be taken as antidote in hepatotoxicity.

Genotype-phenotype association of TGF-β1 and GST with chemo-radiotherapy induced toxicity

Background: Normal �ssue toxicity con�nues to remain as a major challenge for radia�on oncologists for delivering the total dose to the tumour cells in cancer pa�ents. Cellular, molecular and plasma based early biomarkers to predict the overreac�ons and non-overreac�ons of normal �ssue toxicity before the ini�a�on of radiotherapy can be valuable for personalised treatment. The aim of the current study was to analyse the interrela�onship between polymorphisms in Glutathione S- Transferases (GSTs) and Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGF-s1), the plasma level/ac�vity of these proteins with the development of chemo-radiotherapy induced oral mucosi�s and skin reac�on in head and neck cancer (HNC) pa�ents. Materials and Methods: We analysed polymorphisms in TGF-β1 and GST by restric�on diges�on of the PCR amplified products and we also assessed circula�ng TGF- β1 levels and GST ac�vity by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results: The results indicate that pre-radiotherapy plasma TGF-β1 levels and total GST ac�vity has no correla�on with radia�on induced normal �ssue skin reac�on and oral mucosi�s in HNC pa�ents. Conclusion: The selected polymorphisms in TGF-β1 and GST had no influence on TGF-β1 levels and total GST ac�vity. Plasma TGF-β1 and GST ac�vity was not affected by the presence of selected polymorphisms and lacks significance in predic�ng skin reac�on and oral mucosi�s prior to chemo-radiotherapy.

Identification of Potential Plasma Biomarkers for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Integrating Transcriptomics and Proteomics in Laying Hens

Background: Prevalent worldwide obesity is associated with increased incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic syndrome. The identification of noninvasive biomarkers for NAFLD is of recent interest. Because primary de novo lipogenesis occurs in chicken liver as in human liver, adult chickens with age-associated steatosis resembling human NAFLD is an appealing animal model.Objective: The objective of this study was to screen potential biomarkers in the chicken model for NAFLD by transcriptomic and proteomic analysis.Methods: Hy-Line W-36 laying hens were fed standard feed from 25 to 45 wk of age to induce fatty liver. They were killed every 4 wk, and liver and plasma were collected at each time point to assess fatty liver development and for transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. Next, selected biomarkers were confirmed in additional experiments by providing supplements of the hepatoprotective nutrients betaine [300, 600, or 900 parts per million (ppm) in vivo; 2 mM in vitro] or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 1% in vivo; 100 μM in vitro) to 30-wk-old Hy-Line W-36 laying hens for 4 mo and to Hy-Line W-36 chicken primary hepatocytes with oleic acid-induced steatosis. Liver or hepatocyte lipid contents and the expression of biomarkers were then examined.Results: Plasma acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase (AACS), dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4), glutamine synthetase (GLUL), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) concentrations are well-established biomarkers for NAFLD. Selected biomarkers had significant positive associations with hepatic lipid deposition (P < 0.001). Betaine (900 ppm in vivo; 2 mM in vitro) and DHA (1% in vivo; 100 μM in vitro) supplementation both resulted in lower steatosis accompanied by the reduced expression of selected biomarkers in vivo and in vitro (P < 0.05).Conclusion: This study used adult laying hens to identify biomarkers for NAFLD and indicated that AACS, DPP4, GLUL, and GST could be considered to be potential diagnostic indicators for NAFLD in the future.

Association of glutathione-S-transferase with patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without nephropathy

Statements of the problemHyperglycemia induced oxidative stress is implicated as a contributor to the onset and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications like diabetic nephropathy (DN). Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) is primarily involved in the neutralization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by enzymatic conjugation with the scavenger peptide glutathione (GSH). Therefore, present study was aimed to evaluate the role of GST along with oxidative stress markers and their correlation in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without nephropathy. MethodsThis study comprised of 300 participants divided into three groups of 100 each: healthy controls (HC), T2DM without complications and DN. Plasma GST, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced GSH levels and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) were estimated spectrophotometrically. ResultsHighest GST levels was observed in T2DM which was significantly higher (p<0.05) as compared to DN and HC. However, GSH and FRAP levels were found to be significantly lowest whereas MDA levels were significantly highest in DN as compared to T2DM and HC. GST showed a significant negative correlation with GSH, FRAP and positive correlation with MDA in both patients groups. ConclusionsHighest activity of GST in T2DM might be as a compensatory mechanism in response to oxidative stress. GST is found to have significant negative association with decreased GSH. Altered redox milieu in DN collectively conspire to increase the risk of renal damage in T2DM.

Glutathione Transferase as a Potential Marker for Gut Epithelial Injury versus the Protective Role of Breast Milk sIgA in Infants with Rota Virus Gastroenteritis.

BACKGROUND:Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) plays an important protective role in the recognition and clearance of enteric pathogens.AIM:This study was designed to assess if mucosal integrity “measured by secretory IgA (SIgA)” is a protective factor from more epithelial alteration “measured by glutathione transferase” in infants with Rota gastroenteritis and its relation to infants’ feeding pattern.PATIENTS AND METHODS:This study was conducted on 79 infants aged 6 months and less from those diagnosed as having gastroenteritis and admitted to Gastroenteritis Department in Abo El Rish Pediatric Hospital, Cairo University. Plasma glutathione s-transferases and Stool SIgA were measured using ELISA technique. Rota virus detection was done by Reverse transcriptase PCR.RESULTS:SIgA was found to be significantly positive in exclusive breast fed infants, Glutathione transferase was significantly more frequently positive in Rota positive cases than Rota negative cases by Reverse transcriptase PCR. A significant negative correlation between Glutathione transferase and Secretory IgA was found, (p < 0.05).CONCLUSION:Breast feeding should be encouraged and highly recommended in the first two years of life as it provides Secretory IgA to breast fed infants who in turn protect them against epithelial damage caused by Rota viral gastroenteritis.

Tea Catechins Protect Goat Skeletal Muscle against H₂O₂-Induced Oxidative Stress by Modulating Expression of Phase 2 Antioxidant Enzymes.

To study the mechanisms of tea catechins (TCs) in goat muscles against oxidative stress, skeletal muscle cells (SMCs) induced by H2O2 or not were incubated with TCs or 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T) and were defined as H2O2, H2O2D3T, H2O2TC, D3T, and TC treatments, respectively. Results showed that, similar to effects of D3T, TCs regulated mRNA and protein expression of antioxidant enzymes by suppressing Keap1 protein expression in SMCs from 1.58 ± 0.12 to 0.71 ± 0.21 and 1.03 ± 0.11 in H2O2TC and TC groups, respectively; however, effects differed in oxidative condition of cells and among enzymes. In stressed cells, TCs increased catalase and glutathione S-transferases (GST) activities (P < 0.001), whereas both enzymes' activities decreased (P < 0.001) to 2.97 ± 0.37 U/mg protein or 42.1 ± 1.85 mU/mg protein, respectively, in unstressed SMCs. Subsequently, an in vivo experiment in goats fed grain supplemented with TCs or D3T following infusion with H2O2 was conducted to further verify mechanisms of TC action. As seen in vitro, TCs reduced Keap1 protein expression (P < 0.001) from 2.11 ± 0.37 to 1.34 ± 0.13 and 1.43 ± 0.23 in H2O2TC and TC groups, respectively, in muscle. However, dietary TCs increased plasma CuZn superoxide dismutase and GST activities (P < 0.001) regardless of oxidative stress. Moreover, feeding TCs to goats under both conditions increased meat color and tenderness (P ≤ 0.001). In conclusion, TCs protected goat muscles against oxidative stress and subsequently improved meat quality by modulating phase 2 antioxidant enzymes and Keap1 expression.

Consumption of Oxidized Soybean Oil Increased Intestinal Oxidative Stress and Affected Intestinal Immune Variables in Yellow-feathered Broilers.

This study investigated the effect of oxidized soybean oil in the diet of young chickens on growth performance and intestinal oxidative stress, and indices of intestinal immune function. Corn-soybean-based diets containing 2% mixtures of fresh and oxidized soybean oil provided 6 levels (0.15, 1.01, 3.14, 4.95, 7.05, and 8.97 meqO2/kg) of peroxide value (POV) in the diets. Each dietary treatment, fed for 22 d, had 6 replicates, each containing 30 birds (n = 1,080). Increasing POV levels reduced average daily feed intake (ADFI) of the broilers during d 1 to 10, body weight and average daily gain at d 22 but did not affect overall ADFI. Concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased in plasma and jejunum as POV increased but total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC) declined in plasma and jejunum. Catalase (CAT) activity declined in plasma and jejunum as did plasma glutathione S-transferase (GST). Effects were apparent at POV exceeding 3.14 meqO2/kg for early ADFI and MDA in jejunum, and POV exceeding 1.01 meqO2/kg for CAT in plasma and jejunum, GST in plasma and T-AOC in jejunum. Relative jejunal abundance of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) P50 and NF-κB P65 increased as dietary POV increased. Increasing POV levels reduced the jejunal concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin A and cluster of differentiation (CD) 4 and CD8 molecules with differences from controls apparent at dietary POV of 3.14 to 4.95 meqO2/kg. These findings indicated that growth performance, feed intake, and the local immune system of the small intestine were compromised by oxidative stress when young broilers were fed moderately oxidized soybean oil.

Study of oxidative stress and uric acid in pregnancy induced hypertension

Background: Pregnancy induced hypertension is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in pregnant woman. Preeclampsia and Eclampsia Sepsis and Haemorrhage are the prime killers in pregnancy.Aim: This study is aimed to assess the role of oxidative stress by estimating Malondialdehyde(MDA), Glutathione s-transferase (GST) and its severity by estimating serum uric acid levels in PIH.Materials and Methods: The study comprised of 60 third trimester pregnant woman . Among those 24 were clinically diagnosed Preeclamptic cases ,16 were Eclamptic cases and 20 were Normotensive antenatal controls. Plasma MDA, GSTlevels and serum uric acid levels were estimated and compared in them.Results: Mean values of plama MDA, GST and serum uric acid levels in cases were 5.14 1.88nmol/ml, 44.49 14.48IU/L,, 7.211.63mg/dL and in controls mean values were 1.70.87nmol/ml, 70.9812.68IU/L, 4.381.24mg/dL respectively.Conclusion: Mean values of plasma MDA, serum Uric acid levels were significantly higher and plasma GST levels were significantly lower in pregnancy induced hypertension cases when compared with normotensive antenatal controls

Potentiality of Garlic and/or Green Tea Aqueous Extracts in Attenuating Pesticides Induced Toxicity in Albino Rats

Aim: The present work aimed to evaluate the effect of each of green tea (GT) and garlic (Ga) aqueous extract and their combination on pesticide Duracine induced changes in plasma levels of some indices of oxidative stress; and in protein electrophoretic patterns, in albino rats. Study Design: Forty rats were divided into 8 groups 5rats each and treated orally for 14 days as follows: G1 (control);-G 2 (200mg GT per animal);G 3 (1ml of 50% of garlic):G4 (200mg green tea per animal and 1ml of 50% of garlic); G 5 20mg /Kg bwt [equivelant 1/14 LD50 of Duracine] ,G6 (green tea and Duracine):G7 (garlic and Duracine):G8 (green tea, garlic and Duracine). Plasma activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione-Stransferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total reduced glutathione (GSH) were analyzed using standard methods. Results: Duracine intoxication induced significant decrease in plasma AChE, GST and Original Research Article article........ Article Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4(8): 1290-1306, 2014 1291 GR. It elevated plasma MDA, decreased plasma total GSH, as well as, changes in plasma protein electrophoretic pattern. Individual supplementation with GT induced slight improvement in AchE, GSH and MDA. On the other hand, supplementation with aqueous extract of garlic induced significant (P<0.05) enhancement in the level of GSH in the intoxicated animals. Combined supplementation with GT+Ga produced significant (P<0.05) counteracting effect in MDA,GSH,GST and GR, as well as, counteracting changes in plasma protein pattern was not remarkable this may be due to plasma protein half life. Conclusion: It seems that, combined supplementation of green tea and garlic improve the oxidative stress parameters but needa more time to improve other toxicity markers.

Functional compensation of glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) null by another GST superfamily member, GSTM2

The gene for glutathione-S-transferase (GST) M1 (GSTM1), a member of the GST-superfamily, is widely studied in cancer risk with regard to the homozygous deletion of the gene (GSTM1 null), leading to a lack of corresponding enzymatic activity. Many of these studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding its association with cancer risk. Therefore, we employed in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches to investigate whether the absence of a functional GSTM1 enzyme in a null variant can be compensated for by other family members. Through the in silico approach, we identified maximum structural homology between GSTM1 and GSTM2. Total plasma GST enzymatic activity was similar in recruited individuals, irrespective of their GSTM1 genotype (positive/null). Furthermore, expression profiling using real-time PCR, western blotting, and GSTM2 overexpression following transient knockdown of GSTM1 in HeLa cells confirmed that the absence of GSTM1 activity can be compensated for by the overexpression of GSTM2.