Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase Research Articles

Reduction rate of monoclonal protein as a useful prognostic factor in standard-risk group of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a common hematologic malignancy that originates from a malignant clone of plasma cells. Solitary plasmacytoma, history of diabetes, and platelet count are considered as prognostic factors for MM. But some patients are still associated with much worse outcomes without any prognostic predictors. This study aimed to observe the reduction rate of monoclonal protein (M protein) after the first and fourth chemotherapy cycles, which is considered as a new prognostic factor for progression-free survival (PFS) in standard-risk group of newly diagnosed MM patients. To investigate the reduction rate of M protein after first and fourth cycle chemotherapy as a useful prognostic factor. A total of 316 patients diagnosed with MM for the first time between 2010 and 2019 at the Lishui Municipal Central Hospital were included. All patients were diagnosed according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) 2020.V1 diagnostic criteria. The risk assessment was performed by the Mayo Stratification for Macroglobulinemia and Risk-Adapted Therapy guidelines. After diagnosis, 164 patients were evaluated and underwent treatment with four to eight courses of continuous induction chemotherapy. The patients with no response after induction treatment were administered additional therapy following the NCCN 2020.V1 criteria. The following baseline data from the patients were collected: Gender, age at diagnosis, Durie-Salmon stage, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, catabolite activator protein, albumin/globulin ratio, lactate dehydrogenase, translocation (t)(6;14), t(11;14), maintenance regimen, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride, and phosphorous. All baseline data and the reduction rate of M protein after each chemotherapy cycle from the first to fourth were assessed by univariate analysis. The factors influencing the overall survival and PFS were then assessed by multivariate analysis. We found the first cycle (C1) reduction rate and the fourth cycle (C4) reduction rate as predictors of PFS. Then, PFS was compared between patients with a C1 reduction rate of M protein of ≥ 25% vs < 25% and ≥ 50% vs < 50%, and between patients with a C4 reduction rate of ≥ 25% vs < 25%, ≥ 50% vs < 50%, and ≥ 75% vs < 75%. Multivariate analysis revealed age [hazard ratio (HR): 1.059, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.033-1.085, P ≤ 0.001], International Staging System stage (HR: 2.136, 95%CI: 1.500-3.041, P ≤ 0.001), autotransplantion (HR: 0.201, 95%CI: 0.069-0.583, P = 0.019), TC (HR: 0.689, 95%CI: 0.533-0.891, P = 0.019), C1 reduction rate (HR: 0474, 95%CI: 0.293-0.767, P = 0.019), and C4 reduction rate (HR: 0.254, 95%CI: 0.139-0.463, P = 0.019) as predictors of PFS. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the log-rank tests revealed that a higher reduction rate of M protein after first cycle (≥ 50%) and fourth cycle (≥ 75%) chemotherapy was associated with a longer PFS than the lower one. Higher reduction rates of M protein after the first and fourth chemotherapy cycles can act as advantageous prognostic factors for PFS in standard-risk group of MM patients during initial diagnosis.

Risk factors for hypokalemia and its association with postoperative recovery in patients scheduled for radical gastrectomy: a retrospective study

BackgroundHypokalemia is common in patients of various operations, especially gastrointestinal surgery, which seriously affects the safety and enhanced recovery after surgery. Our study aims to explore the risk factors of preoperative hypokalemia of radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer and analyze its impact on postoperative recovery.MethodsA total of 122 patients scheduled for radical gastrectomy from September, 2022 to December, 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the serum potassium level before skin incision, patients were divided into hypokalemia group (n = 64) and normokalemia group (n = 58). Factors including age, gender, BMI, ASA classification, glutamic pyruvic transaminase (ALT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (AST), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin, hypertension history, whether taking calcium channel blockers, β-receptor blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor antagonist (ARB), thiazide diuretics and other drugs, anemia history, diabetes mellitus history, inability to eat or intestinal obstruction, vomiting, diarrhea, hypokalemia on admission and whether under cooperation with clinical nurse specialist were compared between groups. Univariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine risk factors for hypokalemia with p < 0.2 included as a cutoff. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of preoperative hypokalemia for the indicators with differences. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the efficacy of the regression model. Primary exhaust time and defecation time after surgery were compared between the two groups.ResultsThe use of ACEI or ARB [OR 0.08, 95% CI (0.01 to 0.58), p = 0.012] and thiazide diuretics [OR 8.31, 95% CI (1.31 to 52.68), p = 0.025], inability to eat for more than 3 days or intestinal obstruction [OR 17.96, 95% CI (2.16 to 149.43), p = 0.008], diarrhea for more than 48 h [OR 6.21, 95% CI (1.18 to 32.61), p = 0.031] and hypokalemia on admission [OR 8.97, 95% CI (1.05 to 77.04), p = 0.046] were independent influencing factors of hypokalemia before skin incision. Primary postoperative exhaust time and defecation time was significantly longer in the hypokalemia group than in the normokalemia group, no matter after laparoscopic radical gastrectomy (p = 0.044, p = 0.045, respectively) or open radical gastrectomy (p = 0.033, p = 0.019, respectively).ConclusionEarly attention and management of serum potassium in patients undergoing radical gastrectomy can better reduce perioperative adverse reactions and promote recovery of gastrointestinal function.

Grain chalkiness is reduced by coordinating the biosynthesis of protein and starch in fragrant rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain under nitrogen fertilization

The synthesis of protein and starch in grain is crucial for regulating rice (Oryza sativa L.) chalkiness. However, little is known about how to coordinate them in the grain to improve the appearance quality of fragrant rice under nitrogen (N) fertilizer application. In the present study, both pot and field experiments were conducted to study the effects of N fertilization on chalkiness, starch and protein content, and enzyme activities related to carbon (C) and N metabolism in fragrant rice grains. The field experiment was carried out with five N levels of 0 (N0), 64 (N64), 128 (N128), 160 (N160), and 192 (N192) kg N ha−1, and a pot experiment was additionally performed with equivalent treatments. Compared to N0, N application significantly reduced fragrant rice chalkiness grain rate (17.54–39.47 %), chalkiness area (23.79–38.54 %), and chalkiness (35.98–61.27 %) in pot and field experiments. N fertilization decreased the mean grain filling rate (0.17 mg grain−1 d−1) and extended the effective grain filling duration (3.69 d). N fertilization significantly increased the protein content (16.17–22.63 %), which was driven by the improved activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT). Amylose and amylopectin contents, components of starch, decreased with N fertilizer application, which was associated with depression of the activities of adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP), granules bound starch synthase (GBSS), soluble starch synthase (SSS), and starch branching enzyme (SBE). The structural equation model (SEM) showed that N fertilization coordinated the synthesis of protein and starch and reduced the fragrant rice chalkiness by changing the process of C and N metabolism in fragrant rice grains. In short, the N fertilization decreased fragrant rice chalkiness by optimizing grain filling, balancing the protein and starch content in the grain.

The Protective Effect of a Dietary Extract of Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Leaves against a High Stocking Density, Copper and Trichlorfon in Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus).

This study was designed to examine the protective effects of the extract of mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves (EML) on crucian carp (Carassius auratus) against a high stocking density, Cu exposure and trichlorfon exposure, which adversely impact fish growth performance, feed intake and fish locomotion. High stocking densities decreased the activities of amylase, lipase, trypsin, Na+/K+-ATPase and alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and increased the content of malonaldehyde (MDA) in fish digestive organs, indicating an impairment of the digestive function and a disturbance of the antioxidant status. Cu exposure increased the activities of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) in fish digestive organs, suggesting the activation of amino acid metabolism. Furthermore, trichlorfon exposure reduced the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutathione reductase (GR), GOT and GPT, and the capacities of the anti-superoxide anion (ASA) and anti-hydroxyl radical (AHR) in fish muscles, indicating a disruption of the bioenergetic homeostasis and antioxidant status. Our present study indicates that dietary EML supplementation relieved the detrimental effects induced by these stressors.

Composition and hepatoprotective effect of geopropolis of Melipona subnitida

Background: Geopropolis produced by bees of the subfamily Meliponinae (Hymenoptera, Apidae) is used in Brazilian popular medicine for the treatment of different diseases. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of the hydroethanolic extract from geopropolis (HPE) produced by Melipona subnitida Ducke. Additionally, the chemical composition of HPE and antioxidant activity were also evaluated. Methods: The hepatoprotective potential of HPE was evaluated by serum biochemical profile and macroscopic and histological examination of the liver of 24 Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), distributed in four experimental groups: G1 (negative control), G2 (HPE), G3 (HPE plus acetaminophen), G4 (acetaminophen - positive control). The HPLC-DADESI-MS/MS method was used to evaluate the chemical composition of HPE and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method was used to measure the antioxidant activity of geopropolis. Results: While HPE alone (G2) caused no liver injury, the livers of G4 exhibited color and histological alterations, extensive hemorrhagic suffusions, friable consistence, yellowish-white multifocal areas, degeneration and diffuse hepatocyte necrosis, in addition to altered levels of urea and enzymes TGO (glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase) and TGP (glutamic pyruvic transaminase). HPE was shown to exert hepatoprotective effect in G3 animals, only mild hemorrhage and focal areas of vacuolar degeneration and hepatocyte necrosis having been observed. The geopropolis analyzed contains a high diversity of phenolic compounds, including chalcones, flavones and flavonols. high antioxidant activity was determined (IC50=48 μg/mL). Conclusions: The hydroethanolic extract of the geopropolis produced by M. subnitida has a high diversity of phenolic compounds and a high antioxidant activity. It has hepatoprotective action, as evidenced by a reduction in the levels of enzymaraes and the severity of the macroscopic and histological changes in livers of Wistar rats subjected to acetaminophen induced liver changes.

Investigations of hemato-biochemical and histopathological parameters, and growth performance of walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) exposed to PET and LDPE microplastics

Fish inhabiting various trophic levels are affected differently as the presence of microplastic (MP) in the water column and their ingestion by fish varies. Walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) inhabits the bottom of the water bodies. To understand the effects of MP, we exposed C. batrachus to two types of MP – polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) for 60 days. After exposure, hematological indices, mainly red blood cells and hemoglobin levels decreased, and white blood cells increased significantly compared to the control group (p < 0.05). A significant increase in the levels of blood urea and glucose was observed, and serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase and serum glutamyl oxaloacetic transaminase activity remained elevated (p < 0.05). Histopathological examination of the liver, kidney, intestine, and gills showed morphological alterations. Moreover, MP exposure caused growth retardation (p < 0.05) in C. batrachus. Widespread pollution of water bodies by MP may impose serious ecological risks to bottom-feeding fish in Bangladesh.

Ferulic Acid Induces Autophagy and Apoptosis in Colon Cancer CT26 Cells via the MAPK Pathway.

Ferulic acid (FA) is a bioactive compound found in traditional Chinese herbal medicine; for example, it is present in Xinjiang Ferula, but also in strong-flavor Chinese baijiu. FA has been shown to play a crucial role in treating oxidative stress, skin whitening, and eye diseases. In this study, the potential role of FA as a means of inducing apoptosis and inhibiting colon cancer induced by the transplantation of CT26 cells was investigated. The results show that FA adjuvant treatment caused an upregulation in the expression of genes related to autophagy while simultaneously suppressing the expression of inflammatory response elements and improving the bodyweight, glutamic pyruvic transaminase (ALT), and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (AST) in vivo. Furthermore, FA inhibited the proliferation of CT26 cells and induced apoptosis, specifically by activating the phosphorylation of ERK and JNK to enhance the essential proteins BCL-2 and BAX in the apoptosis pathway. These results suggest that FA could be a promising auxiliary therapeutic agent for the treatment of colon cancer. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of FA and its synergistic effects with other compounds.

Clinical features and outcome of eight patients with Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia diagnosed by targeted next generation sequencing.

The clinical symptoms of Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia are still poorly understood. This study was designed to summarize the clinical features and outcome of eight C. psittaci pneumonia patients diagnosed by targeted next generation sequencing (tNGS). We included eight C. psittaci pneumonia patients admitted to our hospital from January 2021 to July 2022. The tNGS was performed to the samples collected from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of each patient. Their clinical data were analysed, including baseline features, clinical symptoms, chest radiographic findings and laboratory examinations. The tNGS sequence number for C. psittaci was in a range of 10 to 1722. The radiographic characteristics were mainly featured by patchy consolidation shadows, ground-glass density shadows, air bronchogram and slight pleural effusion. Within 1-3days after hospitalization, most patients showed increased neutrophil ratio, C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and decreased lymphocyte count, total protein, albumin and prealbumin. Some patients showed increased glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase levels. Three critically ill patients showed increased creatine kinase, creatine kinase isoenzyme and high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-TnT) levels. A poultry or bird contact history, typical flu-like symptoms, patchy consolidation, ground-glass density shadow and air bronchogram may contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of C. psittaci pneumonia. Increase in creatine kinase, creatine kinase isoenzyme and hs-TnT may indicate a severe condition. Moxifloxacin and minocycline were effective in the management of C. psittaci pneumonia.

TO EVALUATE THE CARDIOPROTECTIVE AND ANTI-OXIDANT EFFECT OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF THE LEAVES OF TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS IN WISTAR RATS

Objectives: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the cardio protective and anti-oxidant effect of methanolic extract of the leaves of Tribulus terrestris (TT) in Wistar Rats. Methods: Extracted leaves of TT were evaluated for cardioprotective and antioxidant activities in in vivo model. Thirty rats were divided into 5 groups. Group I and II served as normal control and disease control (doxorubicin 20 mg/kg I.P.), respectively, while Group III was the treated group with standard drug (vitamin-E 10 mg/kg P.O). Group IV and V served as the test groups, which were pre-treated with 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight per day of “TT,” and the treatment was given for 7 days, On the 5th day, doxorubicin was given I.P 20 mg/kg, then 48 h after I.P of doxorubicin, animals were sacrifice and then blood samples was taken for biochemical estimation, and the rat heart for histopathological examination. Along with it, antioxidant studies were carried out using heart tissue homogenate from each group. Results: The administration of doxorubicin to control group’s rats presented a significant increase in serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein, creatine kinase-MB, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), and decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Rats treated with TT showed decreased TCs, TGs, low-density lipoprotein, CKMB, SGOT, SGPT, and increases HDL levels. The histopathological studies also showed that the TT significantly minimized the damage induced by doxorubicin. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the TT could be a potential candidate for the treatment of cardiotoxicity.

Chronic ammonia toxicity disturbed energy homeostasis and damaged the hepatopancreas of swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus

Ammonia is toxic to aquatic animals and its chronic effects on the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus is still not fully understood. Therefore, we conducted this study to detect the responses of energy metabolism of crabs to chronic high environmental ammonia (HEA) exposure by exposing them to HEA (5 and 15 mg·L−1) for 15 d and subsequently recovering in natural seawater for 7 d. Then we analyzed the glucose and lactate content, ATPases activities and the expression of the genes involved in energy homeostasis. Besides, glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity and histological changes were assayed to determine the HEA-induced hepatopancreas damage. Results showed a HEA dose- and exposure time-dependent mortality and hepatopancreas damage. This was accompanied by a loss of energy homeostasis as indicated by the significant increase of AMP/ATP ratio and genes expression involved in AMPK pathway (P < 0.05). While indices such as HMGCR expression, glucose content and ion related ATPases demonstrated the energy dishomeostasis might be related with the inhibitory effect of chronic HEA on energy regulatory capacity especially when HEA approached 15 mg·L−1. In summary, chronic HEA can seriously damage hepatopancreas structure and function of energy metabolism in P. trituberculatus, and this deleterious effect could even not be completely repaired in a short recovery time.

The Relationship between Hypertension and Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Recent evidence suggests an association between hypertension and periodontitis, although the pathways and implications underlying both chronic conditions are still poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between hypertension and periodontitis through an observational clinical study using periodontal, physical, and biochemical analyses in hypertensive and non-hypertensive individuals with periodontitis. A total of one hundred patients were divided into two groups. The first group was hypertensive patients with periodontitis. The second group was non-hypertensive patients with periodontitis. Periodontal parameters of probing depth, bleeding on probing, and clinical attachment level were evaluated. The systolic, diastolic, mean, and differential blood pressure were measured in the physical examination. In addition, body mass index and waist-hip ratio were verified. Biochemical tests for glycated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, estimated blood glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, creatinine, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and C-reactive protein were evaluated. The data were submitted for statistical analysis (α = 0.05%). The results of this study demonstrated that patients with cardiovascular disease did not present with worse periodontal clinical parameters in the conditions studied. However, it is important to bear in mind that this cross-sectional study has some inherent limitations to its design; therefore, to study the relationship between hypertension and periodontitis further, an interventional randomized clinical trial should be conducted.

Scoparia dulcis L. Extract Relieved High Stocking Density-Induced Stress in Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus).

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Scoparia dulcis extract (SDE) on stress induced by high stocking density and Cu and trichlorfon exposure in crucian carp (Carassius auratus). The results showed that these stressors exerted detrimental effects in fish, such as inhibition of growth performance, reduced feed intake, and interruption of fish locomotion. Under high stocking density, dietary SDE supplementation increased the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) and the activities of amylase, catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR) and decreased the content of malonaldehyde (MDA) in the intestine of crucian carp. A similar trend was presented in the hepatopancreas under Cu exposure. Dietary SDE supplementation enhanced the activities of CAT, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase in the muscle of crucian carp under trichlorfon exposure. The optimum dietary SDE supplementation levels were 4.07, 4.33, and 3.95 g kg-1 diet based on the recovery rate of weight gain (RWG), feed intake (FI), and inhibitory rate of rollover (IR) for crucian carp under high stocking density and Cu and trichlorfon exposure, respectively. Overall, dietary supplementation with SDE may be a useful nutritional strategy for relieving these stresses in aquatic animals.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Depression in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and Pulmonary Tuberculosis (DM-PTB): A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

A high incidence of depression has been reported in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus (DM-PTB). However, the association between depression and DM-PTB is poorly understood and requires further investigation. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of depression and the associated factors in patients with DM-PTB. A cross-sectional study was conducted among DM-PTB patients at the Tuberculosis Department of Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, China, enrolled between June 2021 and October 2021. The depression status, nutritional status, and the quality of life of the patients were evaluated using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS2002), and Quality of Life Instruments for Chronic Diseases-Pulmonary Tuberculosis (QLICD-PT), respectively. A total number of 280 DM-PTB patients were screened, of whom 22 were excluded for missing data. Among the 258 DM-PTB patients subjected to analysis, 199 patients (77.13%) had PHQ-9 scores above 10. The patients with depression are more likely to have a lower monthly income, body mass index (BMI), and QLICD-PT than those without depression. The NRS2002 score and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) levels in the depression group were more likely to be higher than those in the control group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that physical function [OR = 0.798, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.716-0.889, P < 0.001] was a protective factor against depression, whereas NRS2002 ≥ 3 (OR = 2.299, 95% CI, 1.095-4.825, P = 0.028), GPT (OR = 1.048, 95% CI, 1.018-1.079, P = 0.002), and social function (OR = 1.103, 95% CI, 1.033-1.179, P = 0.004) were risk factors of depression. Depression in DM-PTB patients may be associated with monthly income, BMI, QLICD-PT scores, NRS2002 scores, GPT, and GOT levels.

Perbandingan Kadar SGPT Pada Sampel Serum Darah Yang Segera Diperiksa Dengan Ditunda Selama 24 Jam dan 48 Jam Pada Suhu Ruang

Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) examination is an examination to determine the presence of disturbances in liver function. The SGPT enzyme is often used as an enzyme screening of basic parameter for a diagnosis and follow-up of disorders liver function. The types of specimens were used for SGPT examinations were serum, plasma heparin ora EDTA, and this study used serum samples. This study aimsto determine whether there are differences between the examination of SGPT levels which are immediately examined of postponed for 24 hours and 48 hours. This research is a cross sectional research with Posttest Only Control Group Design. This research was conducted at the Palembang Health Laboratory Center (BBLK) of South Sumatra Province on 28-30 December 2021 with the respondents of Diploma Medical Laboratory Technology Students level 2 and 3 with 30 samples. The results showed that the average SGPT level which immediately checked was 0.14, the average SGPT level delayed 24 hours was 0.13 and the SGPT level delayed 48 hours was 0.11. the results of the Two Way ANOVA test showed p value &lt; 0,05, so it can be concluded that there was a change in the level of SGPT which immediately examined by being delayed for 24 hours and 48 hours at roon temperature

Biochemical indicators and the Peradeniya Organophosphate Poisoning scale in prediction and prognosis of organophosphorus poisoning: An observational prospective study

Objective: To study the value of some biochemical indicators and Peradeniya Organophosphate Poisoning scale in prediction and prognosis of organophosphorus poisoning. Methods: This was a hospital-based prospective, observational study. Various biochemical tests viz. complete blood count, random blood sugar, liver and renal function tests, creatine phosphokinase, and electrolytes were performed. Patients were assessed based on the Peradeniya Organophosphate Poisoning scale. All the patients were followed till the end point like recovery/death. Results: Out of the 100 patients, 72% were males and 28% were females. The majority of the patients were farmers and 21 to 30 years of age. Suicidal was the most common manner (92, 92%). Based on the Peradeniya Organophosphate Poisoning scale, 47% were mild, 34% moderate, and 19% severe. Serum creatinine, creatine phosphokinase, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase levels showed a significant correlation with severity. Conclusions: Some biochemical indicators such as creatine phosphokinase, alkaline phosphatase can be used as prognostic markers of organophosphorus poisoning. The Peradeniya Organophosphate Poisoning scale can be used for assessing severity of the poisoning.

Catastrophic consequences of the enormous use of hydroxychloroquine during COVID era on liver and kidney of male albino rats: an in-vivo study

Background: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is mainly used for the treatment of malaria but during COVID trial, it was used against coronavirus though no history of the drug is known against SARS COV 2 or any other respiratory ailment. Many case studies showed the adverse effects on liver and kidney in many patients after the exposure of HCQ. The main aim of this study is to know the effect of HCQ drug on the liver and kidney of male albino rat at a range of human equivalent dose that was given during COVID period. Methods: After institutional animal ethics committee (IAEC) approval, ten male albino rats were obtained and divided into two groups-control and treated. Treated groups receives HCQ through oral gavage for six days and then serum, tissue enzymes and total serum bilirubin were measured. Histopathological study was done from liver and kidney tissue. After that statistical analysis was done. Results: We found significant increase in enzymes glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the HCQ-treated rats than in control and this signifies that there might be damages that occurred in liver and kidney. Increased level of bilirubin in HCQ-treated rats indicate hyperbilirubinemia and may be a sign of jaundice or any other hepatic disorder. From histopathological identification we also found liver and kidney tissues got damaged due to exposure of HCQ. Conclusions: From this study, we can conclude that the exposure of this drug might have led to the impaired function of organs that could have potentiated their ill fate.

Exploring the Impact of Ampelopsis Grossedentata Flavonoids on Growth Performance, Ruminal Microbiota, and Plasma Physiology and Biochemistry of Kids.

This study was conducted to evaluate the influences of supplementing Ampelopsis grossedentata flavonoids (AGF) on the rumen bacterial microbiome, plasma physiology and biochemistry, and growth performance of goats. Twenty-four Nubian kids were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments: the control (CON, basal diet), the 1.0 g/kg AGF treatment (AGF), and the 12.5 mg/kg monensin treatment (MN). This trial consisted of 10 days for adaptation and 90 days for data and sample collection. The results reveal that Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria are the dominant phyla in kids' rumen. Compared with the CON group, the alpha diversity in the MN and AGF groups significantly increased (p < 0.01). Beta-diversity shows that rumen microbial composition is more similar in the MN and AGF groups. LEfSe analysis shows that Prevotella_1 in the AGF group were significantly higher than those in the MN and CON group. The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and glucose levels in the AGF group were significantly higher than those in the CON group (p < 0.05), whereas the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase levels exhibited the opposite trend. The average daily gains in the AGF and MN groups significantly increased, while the feed-to-gain ratios were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). The results suggest that adding AGF to the diet improves microbial composition and has important implications for studying juvenile livestock growth and improving economic benefits.

Effect of Four Functional Feed Additives on Growth, Serum Biochemistry, Antioxidant Capacity, Gene Expressions, Histomorphology, Digestive Enzyme Activities and Disease Resistance in Juvenile Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus.

An 8-week feeding trial was executed to evaluate the efficacy of four functional feed additives in replacing antibiotics in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, fed with a low-fish-meal diet. A basal diet without feed additives was used as a control (CON); other diets were formulated by supplementing 0.50% taurine (TW), 0.30% peptide (PT), 0.23% mineral water (MW), 0.35% yeast-extracted nucleotides (GRO), 0.35% GRO + 0.50% taurine (GROTW), 0.35% GRO + 0.30% peptide (GROPT) and 0.35% GRO + 0.23% mineral water (GROMW) into the basal diet; in addition, one diet was supplemented with oxytetracycline (OTC) at 0.5% as a positive control. Triplicate groups of 25 fish with an average weight of 5.15 ± 0.06 g (mean ± SD) were fed one of the nine experimental diets. At the end of the feeding trial, the weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the GRO, GROMW, GROPT and GROTW diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed the CON diet (p < 0.05). The feed efficiency of fish fed the GRO, GROMW, GROPT and GROTW diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed the TW and OTC diets. However, the survival, hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index and condition factor of fish, as well as their whole-body proximate composition, were not significantly affected by the experimental diets (p > 0.05). The serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase of fish fed the GROPT diet was significantly lower than that of fish fed the CON diet. However, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glucose and total protein were not significantly affected by the experimental diets (p > 0.05). The serum superoxide dismutase activity of fish fed the PT, TW, GRO, GROMW, GROPT and GROTW diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed the CON diet. The lysozyme activity of fish fed the PT, GRO, GROMW, GROPT and GROTW diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed the CON and OTC diets. The myeloperoxidase activity of fish fed the TW, GRO, GROMW, GROPT and GROTW diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed the CON, PT and MW diets (p < 0.05). The flounder growth hormone gene expression of fish fed the TW, GRO, GROMW, GROPT, GROTW and OTC diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed the CON, PT and MW diets (p < 0.05). The interleukin 1β and interleukin 10 gene expressions of fish fed the GRO, GROMW, GROPT and GROTW diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed the CON, PT, TW and MW diets (p < 0.05). Intestinal histology showed a significantly higher villi length for fish fed the GRO, GROMW, GROPT and GROTW diets compared to that of fish fed the CON diet (p < 0.05). Digestive enzyme activities such as trypsin activity were significantly higher in fish fed the GROMW, GROPT and GROTW diets than those in the rest of the diet groups (p < 0.05). Amylase activity in fish fed the MW, GRO, GROMW, GROPT, GROTW and OTC diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed the PT, TW and CON diets (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the lipase activity of fish fed the TW, GRO, GROMW, GROPT and GROTW diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed the CON, PT, MW and OTC diets (p < 0.05). The cumulative survival rate of fish fed the PT, GROTW, GROPT and GROMW diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed the CON, TW and MW diets after thirteen days of the challenge testing. Overall, the results demonstrate that the GRO, GROMW, GROPT and GROTW diets could be beneficial feed additives to replace antibiotics in juvenile olive flounder fed low-fish-meal diets.

Biomarkers of liver diseases.

The liver is one of the pivotal organs in the human body and is fundamentally responsible for detoxification and metabolism. Various disorders such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and hepatitis are associated with improper functions of the liver. Hence, biomarkers are needed to determine the severity. Further, many liver enzymes, including the cascade of aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and total bilirubin (TBIL), are conventional liver biomarkers. They are not, however, unique to the liver; hence, efforts are being made to identify the precise biomarkers for liver illness that can target liver diseases. HMGB1, cytokeratin 18 (K18), glutathione-S-transferase-α (GST-α), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and microRNAs (miRNA) are a few examples of developing biomarkers used to detect many liver diseases. Hence, the review has highlighted various novel biomarkers of the liver so that various pathophysiological pathways and treatments can be made easier.

Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi on the growth performance, antioxidative responses, and physiological activities of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis.

The harmful dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi is responsible for the mortality of aquatic animals. However, the mechanism behind these toxic effects has not been fully determined. Herein, the toxic effects of K. mikimotoi on the growth performance, antioxidative responses, physiological activities, and energetic substance contents of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis were assessed. Rotifers were exposed to Nannochloropsis salina (Eustigmatophyceae), K. mikimotoi, and a mixture of N. salina and K. mikimotoi with biomass ratio proportions of 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3, respectively. Results indicated that K. mikimotoi negatively affected the population growth, survival, and specific growth rates of rotifers within 24 h. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the content of malondialdehyde, and the activity of amylase increased. However, the total antioxidant capacity level, pepsase, cellulase, alkaline phosphatase, xanthine oxidase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities, and glycogen and protein contents decreased with increasing proportions of K. mikimotoi. The mixture of 50% N. salina and 50% K. mikimotoi promoted the increase in glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity and triglyceride content. These findings underscore ROS-mediated antioxidative responses, physiological responses, and energetic substance content changes in B. plicatilis work together to affect population dynamics inhibition of rotifers by K. mikimotoi.