Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase Research Articles

Chronic toxicity of sediment-bound triclosan on freshwater walking catfish Clarias magur: Organ level accumulation and selected enzyme biomarker responses

Triclosan (TCS) is a biocide widely used in personal care and medicinal products. TCS persists in sediments and has been detected worldwide, making sediments a vital route of TCS exposure to aquatic organisms. This experiment explored the bioaccumulation and toxicological effects of TCS-contaminated sediment. The study revealed that the half-life of TCS in the sediment-water system was 21.52 days. Exposure of Clarias magur juveniles to 0.4 and 0.8 mg kg−1 TCS-spiked sediment resulted in high Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factor (BSAF) with the highest bioaccumulation in the liver (29.62–73.61 mg kg−1), followed by gill (9.22–17.57 mg kg−1), kidney (5.04–9.76 mg kg−1), muscle (2.63–4.87 mg kg−1) and brain (1.53–3.20 mg kg−1). Furthermore, a concentration-dependent increase in oxidative stress biomarkers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) was documented during 45 days of exposure in gill, liver, kidney, muscle, and brain tissues of exposed fish. A similar increasing trend was also recorded for liver transaminase enzymes such as glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) during the experimental period compared to control. Serum biochemical analysis revealed a significant time and concentration-dependent increase in serum glucose, serum GOT, and serum GPT, while serum total protein and albumin decreased significantly during exposure. These findings demonstrate high bioaccumulative and toxic nature of TCS in fish, promoting multiple physiological and biochemical dysfunctions through sediment exposure. The study underscores the urgent need for strengthened regulations and robust monitoring of triclosan across various environmental matrices, including sediment, to mitigate the detrimental impacts of TCS effectively.

Impact of Shifting From Office Work to Telework on Workers' Physical Health: A Longitudinal Study.

The aim of the study is to clarify the longitudinal association between teleworking and physical health changes of Japanese workers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were in a certain company who received mandatory health examinations in 2019 and 2020. In June 2020, the participants were asked about frequency of teleworking, which was introduced owing to the COVID-19. Whether physical health differed by the frequency of teleworking was analyzed. The participants were 3689 workers. Frequency of teleworking were associated with more deleterious changes in diastolic blood pressure, antilipidemic drug use, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase(GOT), Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase(GPT), metabolic syndrome, and insufficient walking time among men. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in women. Male workers who teleworked more frequently were more likely to experience a deterioration in their physical health within 1-year compared with those who worked at the office.

Roles of glutamic pyruvate transaminase 2 in reprogramming of airway epithelial lipidomic and metabolomic profiles after smoking.

Metabolic abnormalities represent one of the pathological features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Glutamic pyruvate transaminase 2 (GPT2) is involved in glutamate metabolism and lipid synthesis pathways, whilst the exact roles of GPT2 in the occurrence and development of COPD remains uncertain. This study aims at investigating how GPT2 and the associated genes modulate smoking-induced airway epithelial metabolism and damage by reprogramming lipid synthesis. The circulating or human airway epithelial metabolomic and lipidomic profiles of COPD patients or cell-lines explored with smoking were assessed to elucidate the pivotal roles of GPT2 in reprogramming processes. We found that GPT2 regulate the reprogramming of lipid metabolisms caused by smoking, especially phosphatidylcholine (PC) and triacylglycerol (TAG), along with changes in the expression of lipid metabolism-associated genes. GPT2 modulated cell sensitivities and survival in response to smoking by enhancing mitochondrial functions and maintaining lipid and energy homeostasis. Our findings provide evidence for the involvement of GPT2 in the reprogramming of airway epithelial lipids following smoking, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying GPT2-mediated regulation, which may offer an alternative of therapeutic strategies for chronic lung diseases.

Exploring the relationship between dietary rapeseed meal, condensed tannin and growth, nutrive metabolism in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

This study evaluated the effects of rapeseed meal (RM) and condensed tannin (CT) on the growth and nutritional metabolism of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), and speculated whether there was interaction between anti-nutritional factors in RM. Eight diets were formulated for 55-day feeding trial, six of which were practical diet groups, including control group (CG), five RM inclusive groups with graded RM levels of 5% (RM5), 10% (RM10), 15% (RM15), 20% (RM20) and 25% (RM25) partially replacing fishmeal, and the other two were semi-purified diets with 0.062% CT (CT5) ≈ the CT content in the RM5 and 0.31% CT (CT25) ≈ the CT content in the RM25. The results of the experiments on replacing fishmeal with RM demonstrated that with the increase of RM substitution level, the weight gain rate (WGR), survival rate (SR) and specific growth rate (SGR) of largemouth bass showed a downward trend. High levels of RM led to the inhibition of digestive enzyme activity in largemouth bass, as well as the manifestation of abnormal markers related to protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism in both plasma and liver. RM reduced muscle protein and fat content, although the effect was not statistically significant at 5% RM level. The results of CT concentration experiments showed that the addition of 0.31% CT significantly reduced WGR, SGR, SR, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and gastrointestinal digestive enzyme activity, and significantly increased the feed coefficient ratio (FCR), plasma ammonia (PA), plasma glucose (PG), and hepatic glycogen (HG) and liver triglyceride (TG). The addition of 0.062% CT significantly reduced PG and HG. Supplementation of CT significantly reduced muscle fat. Among the groups of CT supplementation and RM, CT5 exhibited superior WGR, PER and FCR compared to RM5, along with enhanced intestinal trypsin, amylase activity, liver glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activity and decreased content of HG and liver TG; CT25 exhibited decreased activities of gastric lipase (LPS), enteric trypsin and pepsin, and increased content of total cholesterol (T-CHO) and glucose in plasma in compariosn to RM25, accompanied with no significant change in growth performance. Therefore, largemouth bass exhibited tolerance to a 5% inclusion of RM in the feed without compromising their growth, digestion and metabolic functions. The incorporation of 5% RM, equivalent to a supplemental 0.062% CT, had regulatory effects on the digestion and metabolism of largemouth bass while improving feed utilization. There was an interaction among anti-nutritional factors in RM, with synergistic effect being evident at low RM levels, whereas antagonism more promient at high levels of RM.

Microalgal Macular Pigment Alleviated the Pathogenic Process in the Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic ApoE-deficient Mice

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the fastest growing epidemics in human history and characteristic is insulin resistance (IR), and endocrine disorder that promoted to decline in insulin production and inhibit cellular effects. Patients with T2DM would lead to many complications such as diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic foot, atherosclerosis, vascular inflammation, and hepatogenous diabetes due to hyperglycemia. Even after using medical treatment and lifestyle modifications, it is still hard to achieve the goal of reducing blood glucose to an optimal level. Microalga Chlorella sp., a unicellular green alga that has been used as a health food and nutritional product in the last few decades. Macular pigment (MP) produced by Chlorella sp. consists of rich lutein and zeaxanthin, which are regarded as the antioxidants to hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress. MP is widely used in eye health care, however, few studies focused on scientifically exploring the protection mechanism of MP on diabetes mellitus. Therefore, this study aimed to explore MP extracted from Chlorella on reducing retinopathy and atherosclerosis damages in the diabetic apolipoprotein E deficient mice (ApoE−/−) with high-fat diet feeding and streptozotocin treatment. The results show that MP supplement could significantly reduce glucose tolerance, IR, inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 levels, and the serum level of disease markers, i.e., triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TCHO), glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in the diabetic ApoE−/− mice. In addition, the expression levels of cellular antioxidant enzymes were significantly increased and the adhesion factors as well as MAPK pathway proteins in renal tissues were significantly reduced after MP supplementation. The pathological changes of pancreatic islet morphology, hepatic lipid accumulation, outer nuclear layer and aortic plaque of the diabetic ApoE−/− mice were significantly alleviated by MP supplement. At present, most MP products are derived from marigold, Calendula offcinalis, in the market. However, microalgae cultivation includes the advantages on no seasonal limit, no competition, high yield and carbon reduction compared with other plants. In summary, the microalgal MP improved IR, ameliorated atherosclerosis, and alleviated retinopathy in the diabetic ApoE−/− mice. Consequently, the microalgal MP is potentially to be a healthy food ingredient for the biological effcacy of scavenging free radicals and stabilizing blood glucose. This work was supported by the grants of NSTC 110-2312-B-A49-001-MY3, NSTC 112-2811-B-A49 -501, NSTC 112-2811-B-A49 -503, NSTC 112-2321-B-A49 -018 and NSTC 112-2321-B-A49-005, from the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan. This work was also financially supported by the “Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B)” from The Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project of the National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Ministry of Education (MOE), Taiwan. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Dietary phosphorus requirement of bullfrog Aquaranacatesbeiana

This experiment investigated the dietary phosphorus (P) requirement of bullfrogs Aquaranacatesbeiana. Six diets containing available P (AP) levels of 0.29% (the control group), 0.47%, 0.65%, 0.88%, 1.06% and 1.24% were formulated and fed to bullfrogs for 56 days. As dietary AP level increased from 0.29% to 1.24%, weight gain rate increased and then decreased, reaching the highest at the AP level of 0.88% (P < 0.05). Compared to the control group, content of crude protein in the whole-body was significantly increased in bullfrogs fed the 0.88% AP diet (P < 0.05). Content of crude lipid in the whole-body was significantly decreased in bullfrogs fed the 0.65%, 0.88%, 1.06% and 1.24% AP diets compared to those fed the 0.29% and 0.47% AP diets (P < 0.05). Bullfrogs fed the 0.65%, 0.88%, 1.06%, and 1.24% AP diets had higher content of serum P than those fed the 0.29% and 0.47% AP diets (P < 0.05). Activity of glutamic pyruvic transaminase in the serum was significantly decreased in bullfrogs fed the 0.88%, 1.06% and 1.24% AP diets compared to those fed the 0.29% and 0.47% AP diets (P < 0.05). Bullfrogs fed the 0.65%, 0.88%, 1.06% and 1.24% AP diets had lower contents of total cholesterol in the liver and triglycerides in the serum than the control group (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, bullfrogs fed the 0.47%, 0.65%, 0.88% and 1.06% AP diets had higher total antioxidant capacity in the serum than the control group (P < 0.05). Compared to the control group, contents of P and calcium in the whole-body were significantly increased in bullfrogs fed the 0.65%, 0.88%, 1.06% and 1.24% AP diets (P < 0.05). Compared to the control group, bullfrogs fed the 0.88%, 1.06% and 1.24% AP diets had lower expression of sodium-dependent phosphate transporter in the intestine and kidney, and higher expression of hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase in the liver (P < 0.05). Bullfrogs fed the 0.88% and 1.06% AP diets had higher the mucosal fold height than those fed the 0.29% and 1.24% AP diets (P < 0.05). Compared to those fed the 0.29% and 1.24% AP diets, the abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria Serratia and Acinetobacter in the intestine was decreased in bullfrogs fed the 0.88% AP diet. Using the weight gain rate, feed efficiency, whole-body and serum P content as evaluation indicators, the AP requirements of bullfrogs was 0.82% to 0.89%.

Effects of Short-, Medium-, and Long-Term Treatment Using Photobiomodulation Therapy Combined with Static Magnetic Field in Aging Rats.

(1) Background: We investigated the detrimental and protective effects of short-, medium, and long-term treatment with different doses of photobiomodulation therapy combined with static magnetic field (PBMT-sMF) during the aging process. (2) Methods: Rats were treated for 15, 30, and 60 weeks with 1, 3, 10, and 30 J of PBMT-sMF or a placebo control. In addition, eight young rats were not subjected to any procedure or treatment and were euthanized at six weeks old. Skin, muscle, bone, kidney, liver, and blood samples were analyzed. (3) Results: No differences between the groups in the morphology of the skin, muscle, and bone was observed. Glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels were increased in the placebo group after 30 and 60 weeks. Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels were also increased in the placebo group after 30 weeks. An increase in creatinine in the PBMT-sMF 3, 10, and 30 J groups compared with that in the young control group was observed. No significant difference in urea levels between the groups was noted. Vascular endothelial growth factor increased in the PBMT-sMF 10 and 30 J groups after 15 weeks of treatment and in the PBMT-sMF 3 J after 60 weeks. Finally, vascular endothelial growth factor decreased in the PBMT-sMF 30 J group after 30 weeks of treatment. (4) Conclusions: PBMT-sMF did not have detrimental effects on the skin, muscle, bone, kidney, or liver after short-, medium-, and long-term treatments in aging rats. In addition, PBMT-sMF may have protective effects on the muscle tissue in aging rats after short- and long-term treatment.

Influence of Dietary Probiotic and Alpha-Monolaurin on Performance, Egg Quality, Blood Constituents, and Egg Fatty Acids' Profile in Laying Hens.

This work was designed to evaluate the advantages of using multi-strain probiotics feed (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and Clostridium butyricum) (PRO) and alpha-monolaurin (AML) on laying performance, criteria of egg quality, blood parameters, and yolk fatty acids' profile in laying hens. One hundred forty of Bovans brown laying hens at 45 weeks old (25th week of egg production) were randomly allocated into four groups, with seven replicates of five birds each in a complete randomized design. The first group was fed a basal diet without feed additives (0g/kg diet), and the second, third, and fourth groups received diets containing 1g PRO, 1g AML, and 1g PRO + 1g AML/kg diet, respectively. No significant impacts of PRO, AML, or their mixture on body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), or egg weight. Egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were enhanced by 1g PRO/kg and /or 1g AML/kg supplementation in laying hen diets. Furthermore, egg shape index, eggshell thickness, and yolk color were statistically higher by PRO and AML supplementation at 55 weeks. However, oviduct, infundibulum, and uterus weights were significantly decreased by 1g PRO or/and 1g AML. Additionally, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL), glucose, and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) levels were decreased by PRO and AML supplementation. In conclusion, it seems that dietary inclusion with 1g PRO/kg, 1g of AML/kg, and 1g PRO + 1g AML improved egg production, egg mass, FCR, and yolk fatty acids profile and lowered total cholesterol and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in laying hens.

Synthesized pyrrole ester ameliorates adjuvant‑induced arthritis in Wistar rats by alleviating inflammation and downregulating the pro‑inflammatory cytokines.

Piperine is an amide alkaloid responsible for producing the pungent smell that comes from black pepper. Piperine has been explained to exhibit significant properties such as anti-rheumatic, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive effects. The aim of the study was to synthesize pyrrole ester from piperine and evaluate its anti-arthritis effects in adjuvant-induced arthritis female Wistar rats. In this study, pyrrole ester (AU-5) was designed, synthesized and evaluated for ant-arthritic activity in adjuvant-induced arthritis Wistar rats. The synthesized pyrrole ester (AU-5) was administered in three selected doses (20, 10 and 5mg/kg) to the arthritic-induced model. The administered ester significantly inhibited the increase in arthritis index, paw and ankle joint swelling compared to the arthritic control group. Similarly, the treated rats exhibited a remarkable increase in body weight increase, improved haematological, biochemical, histopathological and radiological parameters. Moreover, the excess production of rheumatoid factor (RF), C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was noticeably attenuated in all AU-5-treated rats. However, the spleen index, tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were distinctly lowered compared to arthritic control rats. Moreover, AU-5 showed promising liver protection by lowering the level of liver function markers Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum. Henceforth, it might be concluded that AU-5 has an anti-arthritic effect which can be credited to the down regulation of inflammatory markers and the pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Oxidative stress, inflammation, and steatosis elucidate the complex dynamics of HgCl2 induced liver damage in Channa punctata

Water bodies are highly pollution-prone areas in which mercury (Hg) is considered as a major menace to aquatic organisms. However, the information about the toxicity of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) in a vital organ such as the liver of fish is still inadequate. This study aimed to assess the impact of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) exposure on the liver of Channa punctata fish over 15, 30, and 45 days, at two different concentrations (0.039 mg/L and 0.078 mg/L). Mercury is known to be a significant threat to aquatic life, and yet, information regarding its effects on fish liver remains limited. The results of this study demonstrate that exposure to HgCl2 significantly increases oxidative stress markers, such as lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyls (PC), as well as the levels of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) in the fish. Additionally, the transcriptional and protein analysis of specific genes and molecules associated with necroptosis and inflammation, such as ABCG2, TNF α, Caspase 3, RIPK 3, IL-1β, Caspase-1, IL-18, and RIPK1, confirm the occurrence of necroptosis and inflammation in the liver. Histopathological and ultrastructural examinations of the liver tissue further reveal a significant presence of liver steatosis. Interestingly, the upregulation of PPARα suggests that the fish's body is actively responding to counteract the effects of liver steatosis. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of oxidative stress, biochemical changes, gene expression, protein profiles, and histological findings in the liver tissue of fish exposed to mercury pollution in freshwater environments.

Impact of Anti Tubercular Drugs on Biochemical Changes in Newly Diagnosed Tuberculosis Patients

Background: The disease tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major global health concern, with high rates of morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing nations. It affects multiple organs and has the ability to alter metabolic processes. The purpose of this study was to ascertain how patients' serum biochemical markers were affected by tuberculosis and the medications used to treat it. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate impact of anti-tubercular drugs on biochemical changes in newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients. Methods: The cross-sectional observational study was conducted in Netrokona Medical College Hospital, Netrokona, from 1st January 2022 to 31st December 2023. A total of 120 newly diagnosed cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were enrolled and analyzed in this study. The questionnaire was pretested, corrected and finalized. Data were collected by face-to-face interview and analyzed by appropriate computer based programmed software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 24. Results: In this study, majority 48 (40.0%) of the patients were in 31 - 40 years age group and 28 (23.3%) patients were in 41 - 50 years age group, Mean±SD of age was 36.13±11.03 years. Most of the patients 69 (57.50%) were male and 51 (42.50%) patients were female. Most of the patients 87 (72.5%) were in normal range (18.5 – 29.9 kg/m2), 15 (11.7%) of the patients were underweight (&lt;18.5) and 19 (15.8%) of the patients were overweight (&gt;30). Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase and Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase level were 18.00 (4.01), 21.04 (3.16) before treatment but after treatment the level became 20.10 (3.52), 22.57 (4.41). Urea and Creatinine level were 18.20 (2.31), 0.63 (0.15) before treatment but after treatment 20.01 (5.34) and 0.53 (0.13). After treatment by anti-tubercular drug gastrointestinal adverse drug effects were nausea 3 (2.5%), vomiting 6 (5.0%), diarrhea 3 (2.5%) and abdominal pain 5 (4.2%), followed by itching ......

Study of Biochemical Parameters in Major Thalassemia Patients

Thalassemia is a genetic disorder that affects the production of hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells. This disorder alters some blood and biochemical parameters, leading to anemia and other complications. We conducted a study on 120 thalassemia patients from the Thalassemia Center at Baghdad Hospital in Iraq, from April 2022 to March 2023. The patients had an average age of 13 ± 3.5 years. We measured their hematological and biochemical parameters and compared them with healthy controls. We found that the patients had lower levels of red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and packed cell volume (PCV) than the controls, and higher levels of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase, and urea. The differences were statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05). Our study shows the impact of thalassemia on blood and biochemical parameters and highlights the need for effective treatment and management of this disorder.

Simultaneous quantification of six proteins related to liver injury using nano liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

In clinical diagnosis of liver injury, which is an important health concern, serum aminotransferase assays have been the go-to method used worldwide. However, the measurement of serum enzyme activity has limitations, including inadequate disease specificity and enzyme specificity. With the high selectivity and specificity provided by nano liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), this work describes a method for the simultaneous determination of six proteins in liver that can be potentially used as biomarkers for liver injury: glutamic-pyruvic transaminase 1 (GPT1), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase 1 (GOT1), methionine adenosyl transferase 1A (MAT1A), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), cytokeratin 18 (KRT18) and apolipoprotein E (APOE). In validation, the method was shown to have good selectivity and sensitivity (limits of detection at pg/mL level). The analytical method revealed that, compared with normal mice, in carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury mice, liver MAT1A and GPX1 were significantly lower (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively), KRT18 was significantly higher (p < 0.05) and APOE and GPT1 were marginally significantly lower (p between 0.05 and 0.1). This is the first work reporting the absolute contents of GPT1, GOT1, MAT1A, GPX1 and KRT18 proteins based on LC/MS. The proposed method provides a basis for establishing more specific diagnostic indicators of liver injury.

In Vivo Biocompatibility Study on Functional Nanostructures Containing Bioactive Glass and Plant Extracts for Implantology.

In this paper, the in vivo behavior of orthopedic implants covered with thin films obtained by matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation and containing bioactive glass, a polymer, and natural plant extract was evaluated. In vivo testing was performed by carrying out a study on guinea pigs who had coated metallic screws inserted in them and also controls, following the regulations of European laws regarding the use of animals in scientific studies. After 26 weeks from implantation, the guinea pigs were subjected to X-ray analyses to observe the evolution of osteointegration over time; the guinea pigs' blood was collected for the detection of enzymatic activity and to measure values for urea, creatinine, blood glucose, alkaline phosphatase, pancreatic amylase, total protein, and glutamate pyruvate transaminase to see the extent to which the body was affected by the introduction of the implant. Moreover, a histopathological assessment of the following vital organs was carried out: heart, brain, liver, and spleen. We also assessed implanted bone with adjacent tissue. Our studies did not find significant variations in biochemical and histological results compared to the control group or significant adverse effects caused by the implant coating in terms of tissue compatibility, inflammatory reactions, and systemic effects.

Growth performance, health status, gut microbiome, and expression of immune and growth-related genes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets with pea protein replacement of fish meal

The need for fish meal constrains fish farming and significantly impacts sustainability of the aquaculture industry. Hence, it is important to investigate the use of plant-based protein sources in fish diets. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of different levels of fish meal (FM) replacement by pea protein (PP) in a 60-day feeding experiment in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Effects on growth performance, body composition, hematology, serum biochemistry and immunology, and immune (TNF-α, IL1-ß and Il-8) and growth-related (GH and IGFI) gene expression were investigated. Five experimental diets (45% protein and 20% lipid) differed in replacement level of FM by PP at rates of 0% (control (PP0)), 25% (PP25), 50%(PP50), 75%(PP75) and 100%(PP100). Fish were fed with experimental diets in triplicate twice daily. The best growth performance was obtained in PP0 and PP25 groups. While fat ratios of fish fillets significantly differed (p < 0.05), there was no significant effects on protein ratios (p < 0.05). There was no significant change in the hematological values of fish, except those fed the PP100 diets, which displayed a reduction in eyrthocyte counts, hemoglobin content and hematocrit. As PP supplementation increased fish showed elevated serum glucose, total protein, cholesterol and myeloperoxidase activity and decreased glutamic pyruvic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase activity. Fish fed diets with between 25 and 75% replacement showed a decline in lactic acid bacteria in the gut. Significant increases in expression were observed in the liver of the PP25 fish relative to the 0% control for all immune and growth-related genes except for IL1-ß. These data suggest that up to 25% of FM can be replaced by PP without any adverse effects on rainbow trout.

Antihyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of functional beverages containing soybean (Glycine max L.), sweet potato leaves (Ipomoea batatas L.) and red yeast rice on a high fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia rats

One of the primary risk factors for hyperlipidemia is an excessively high-fat diet. Due to their phytochemical composition and biological activity, red yeast rice (RYR), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) leaves and soybeans (Glycine max L.) are known to possess antihyperlipidemia and antioxidants effects. The purpose of this study is to ascertain how beverages containing soybeans, sweet potato leaves, and red yeast rice affect rats fed a high-fat diet in terms of hyperlipidemia, liver damage, and kidney damage. Five groups of rats were used: normal control, positive control using Commercial Smoothie Drink 1 (CSD1), 3.6 ml/day, negative control, and treatment groups receiving beverage doses of 1250 mg/kg and 2500 mg/kg respectively. Following the induction of the high-fat diet in the animals, functional beverage treatment was administered for 14 days starting on day 15 for a total of 28 days. The findings demonstrated that in rats fed a high-fat diet, the administration of functional beverages at a dose of 2500 mg/kg significantly (p&lt;0.05) decreased serum levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT). It is concluded that functional beverages may offer protection against hyperlipidemia, liver, and kidney damage caused by a high-fat diet.

Assessment of transient elastography in diagnosing MAFLD and the early effects of sleeve gastrectomy on MAFLD among the Chinese population.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has become a prevalent chronic liver disease among patients with obesity. Bariatric surgery, such as sleeve gastrectomy (SG), shows promise in improving the unfavorable condition of MAFLD. Transient elastography (TE) can be utilized to assess the extent of steatosis and liver fibrosis, providing a noninvasive method for preoperative prediction and postoperative evaluation of MAFLD. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of TE in diagnosing MAFLD by evaluating liver steatosis and tissue stiffness, as well as assessing the early impact of SG in the treatment of obesity-associated MAFLD. In this study, the authors collected preoperative and 6-month postoperative data from patients with obesity who were diagnosed with MAFLD by intraoperative liver biopsy. The patients underwent SG at our hospital between August 2021 and April 2023. The authors estimated the diagnostic accuracy for the steatosis and fibrosis categories using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). The authors also evaluated the influence of disease prevalence on the positive predictive value and negative predictive value. MAFLD diagnosis was based on the liver steatosis activity and fibrosis scoring system. The authors used univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to identify factors contributing to severe MAFLD. To visualize the results, the authors created a nomogram and enhanced it with bootstrap resampling for internal validation. Additionally, the authors plotted receiver operating characteristic and calibration curves. The authors compared preoperative and postoperative data, including general information, laboratory tests, and TE results, to assess the early impact of SG in the treatment of obesity-associated MAFLD. Based on the results of liver biopsy, the AUROC for controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) in identifying steatosis was found to be 0.843 (95% CI: 0.729-0.957) for S≥S1, 0.863 (95% CI: 0.786-0.940) for S≥S2, and 0.872 (95% CI: 0.810-0.934) for S=S3. The Youden limits for S≥S1, S≥S2, and S≥S3 were determined to be 271 dB/m, 292 dB/m, and 301 dB/m, respectively. Similarly, the AUROC for liver stiffness measurement (LSM)/E in detecting liver fibrosis was 0.927 (95% CI: 0.869-0.984) for F≥F2, 0.919 (95% CI: 0.824-0.979) for F≥F3, and 0.949 (95% CI: 0.861-0.982) for F=F4, with Youden cutoff values of 7.5kPa, 8.3kPa, and 10.4kPa, respectively. Patients with A≥3 and/or F≥3 were classified as having severe MAFLD. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified CAP, E, LDL, and AST as the best diagnostic factors for severe MAFLD, and a nomogram was constructed based on these factors. The AUROC of the nomogram for the assessment of severe MAFLD was 0.824 (95% CI: 0.761-0.887), which was further validated by 1000 bootstrap resamplings with a bootstrap model area under curve of 0.823. Finally, after a 6-month follow-up period, the steatosis grade and fibrosis stage of the patients were graded based on the optimal cutoff values for CAP and LSM. Significant reductions in BMI, waist circumference, HbA1c, fasting glycemia, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (ALT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (AST), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), CAP, LSM, steatosis grade, and fibrosis stage were observed compared to the preoperative values. In this prospective study, the authors investigated the use of CAP and LSM as alternatives to liver biopsy for evaluating hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in patients with obesity combined with MAFLD. Furthermore, the authors examined the impact of SG on metabolic indicators and the progression of fatty liver disease during the early postoperative period, and observed significant improvements in both aspects.

Study of Oral Hypoglycemic Agent-induced Hypoglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Tertiary Care Center.

Diabetes prevalence is increasing rapidly; estimates from the International Diabetes Federation put the number at 381 million people have diabetes. Hypoglycemia is a commonly encountered complication in diabetic patients, which, in the short-term, can lead to mortality and, in the long-term, precludes maintenance of euglycemic control. Over 65.2 % of patients have reported at least one incidence of severe and nonsevere hypoglycemia when on oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA) at an annual crude incidence density of 35.1 events per year per person. Insulin more commonly causes hypoglycemia than OHA. However, this study was done with the aim of studying the hypoglycemia specifically caused by OHAs-clinical profile of patients, medications causing hypoglycemia, and the outcome. This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Medicine at a tertiary care hospital in Western Maharashtra. Data was collected over a period of 18 months from Indoor patients on admission having hypoglycemic symptoms with strip blood sugar levels of <70 and on OHAs. Patients on insulin were excluded from the study. There were 60 patients with hypoglycemia with a mean age of 53.65 years and a higher incidence of hypoglycemia in females, 35 (58.3%) compared to males. There was a statistically significant difference between outcome (i.e., discharged or death) and urine protein-creatinine ratio (UPCR), a deranged liver function, that is, serum albumin, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)/aspartate transaminase, and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)/alanine transaminase (p < 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference between outcome (discharged or death) and mean age, gender, mean duration of diabetes mellitus (DM), GCS scoring, and drug type of study subjects (p > 0.05). The risk factors for hypoglycemia were middle-aged patients. Females are at higher risk of hypoglycemia than men. Hypoglycemia due to OHAs is known to have a recurrence of hypoglycemia due to the long half-life of the drug; however, patients who were hospitalized were well monitored and did not have any recurrence of hypoglycemia. Deranged liver function or raised UPCR have high mortality after OHA-induced hypoglycemia.

IJCM_299A: Clinical profile of patients with dengue: a cross-sectional study from a tertiary care hospital, Karnataka

Background: Dengue fever (DF) are among the most important mosquito- borne diseases of the Indian subcontinent and have become a major global public health concern. Its clinical manifestations of which vary from influenza- like illness (DF) to life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)/dengue shock syndrome (DSS). The purpose of the study was to find out the mode of presentation, biochemical profile and complications of Dengue cases in an apical level. Objectives: 1. To identify socio-demographic characteristics and clinical features; 2. To document the disease specific management and outcomes Methodology: A cross-sectional study of admitted patients was conducted in the department of medicine and Infectious Diseases over a period of 9 months (15/2/2023 -15/11/2023). Patients aged above 18 years with serology proven (nonstructural protein 1 [NS1]/dengue immunoglobulin M [IgM]) DF were included in this study. Their Socio demographic Details, clinical and laboratory data was recorded and analyzed. Results: Preliminary Results: Out of 125 cases, - 89 (71.2 %) patients were males and 36 (28.8%) were females. - The most common presentations were fever (96%) followed by Nausea/vomiting (40%), Headache (35%) and myalgia (31%). - Dengue NS1 and IgM antibodies were positive in 87.3% and 88.12% of the patients, respectively. - the incidence of DF, DHF, and DSS was 87.2, 11.2, and 1.6% respectively. - Shock, bleeding, and elevated serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels predicted adverse outcome. Conclusion: DF can present with a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from mild self-limiting illness to severe fatal disease. It can have varied and multi-systemic manifestations which can go unrecognized. Continuous seroepidemiological surveillance is essential to control outbreak and minimize morbidity and mortality.

Comparison of fatty liver index with fibroscan in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an escalating global health issue. Early detection and precise diagnosis are imperative for effective management. To evaluate the sociodemographic and clinical attributes of study participants concerning their ultrasound grading with FibroScan and FLI values. A cross-sectional study was carried out among patients visiting gastroenterology clinics at a tertiary care hospital situated in Karachi, Pakistan. We included participants after written informed consent underwent an extensive array of laboratory assessments, encompassing liver function tests, lipid profile, fasting blood sugar analysis, hepatitis B and C screening, and abdominal ultrasound, while those with positive hepatitis B or C markers, documented alcohol use, or those who declined to offer informed consent were excluded from the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. Around 225 patients were studied with a median age of 42 years (IQR = 34-50 years). Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was present in 61.8%. Steatosis was not found among 4.9% of patients, whereas severe steatosis was seen among 51.1% of patients. Significant variations in BMI, WC, GGT, and TG levels were identified when comparing FLI scores. The same was observed for the frequency of MetS as FLI scores increased. The agreement between FLI and ultrasound observations was found to be slight (k = 0.077, P = 0.027). On the multivariable regression model, having diabetes, elevated serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase levels and mild disease on ultrasound were associated with increased odds of severe steatosis. FLI is a good predictor of frequency of MetS and NAFLD and correlates well with increasing steatosis score (CAP) on FibroScan which can be utilized for early detection of NAFLD in primary care.