Glucoside Research Articles

Phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis and larvicidal potentiality of Lantana camara red petals collected from wad Medani City, Gezira State, Sudan

Plants are a major source of medicine with a variety of biological deliberations, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal activities. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical and GC-MS composition, in addition to the larvicidal potentiality of Lantana camara red petals collected from Wad Medani city, Gezira State, Sudan. The dried granules of red petals samples of L. camara were used to run the phytochemical screening tests, whereas the counterpart ethanol extract was used for the GC-MS analysis and the larvicidal potentiality and the morphological deformities using Anopheles arabiensis Patton and Culex quinquefasciatus Say larvae. The results of these tests showed that, flavonoids, steroids and terpenoids were presented in the red petals of L. camara, whereas, alkaloids, glycosides, saponnins and tannins were not detected. The GC-MS identified 42 compounds from the ethanol extract of the red petals, of which Benzyl beta d-glucoside (23.83%), 6-O-acetyl-1[[4-bromophenyl]thio]-beta- (10.12%), Galactopyranoside,1-octylthio-1-deoxy- (9.28%) and the terpenoids caryophyllene (1.40%), Beta-curcumene (1.66%) and Trans-sesquisabinene hydrate (1.72%) were the main components. At the concentration of 1120 mg/L of red ethanol extract, 50% of Anopheles, and 47.5% of Culex larvae were survived after 24 hour, but after 7 days, no one larva of Anopheles nor Culex were survived. The deformation monitored on mosquitoes larvae that submitted to Lantana red flowers were dark and swelled bodies, dark guts, loose bodies, dead and stretched body-pupae, in addition to dead emerged adults and emergence of short wings adults.

A Topical Scalp Serum Containing Adenosine, MgSO4, Vitamin CG, and Pre‐ and Probiotic Fractions Reduces Discomfort and Associated Symptoms of Sensitive Scalp

Purpose. Sensitive scalp (SScalp) is characterized by abnormal and nociceptive sensations, such as stinging and itching, that lead to scalp discomfort. This study assessed the benefit of a once‐daily serum containing Adenosine, Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4), Vitamin C Glucoside (CG), and pre‐ and probiotic fractions in subjects with SScalp. Methods. An open‐label, single center study in adult subjects with a Global Scalp Discomfort (GSD) score of ≥8 (0–27), defined as the sum of individual symptom scores (0–9) for itching, stinging, and warming sensations. The frequency of scratching was self‐declared. Evaluations were performed immediately after the 1st application (D0Timm) and at D21, during which the cosmetic acceptability was additionally assessed. Transepidermal water loss and skin hydration were assessed at baseline, D21, and D28. Squalene (SQ) and SQOOH were analyzed at D0T0, D21T0, and D28. Tolerance was assessed throughout the study. Results. 42 subjects (30 women and 12 men) participated in this study. The mean age was 44.0 ± 13.0 years. At baseline, the mean GSD was 13.9 ± 3.28. The GSD and symptoms significantly (p < 0.0001) improved at D0Timm and lasted until the end of the study (D28), with insignificant worsening. There was a significant reduction of SQOOH at D21 and D28. Subject satisfaction was high, associated with a good tolerance. A similar and significant (p < 0.0001) improvement was observed for subjects with more severe symptoms and a GSD score ≥14 at baseline. Conclusion. The topical serum significantly reduces SScalp, global discomfort, and oxidative stress and is beneficial in the management of sensitive scalp. This TRIAL is registered with NCT05630027.

Linking molecular structures of yeast-derived biosurfactants with their foaming, interfacial, and flotation properties

Yeast-derived bola amphiphiles have attracted growing attention in various industrial sectors as green reagents. However, their physico-chemical properties relevant to mineral separation by froth flotation are poorly explored. To bridge this gap, we studied the foaming, interfacial, and flotation properties of acidic sophorolipid (ASL), acidic glucolipid (GL) and alcoholic glucoside (GS) obtained from strain engineering of the yeast Candida bombicola by molecular editing of the headgroups. Bench-scale flotation testing of a copper sulfide ore showed that ASL can effectively separate copper sulfides (85% recovery at 20% grade), GL is less effective (ca. 60% recovery and 13% grade), while GS is a poor collector. To understand this trend, we studied the interfacial and foaming properties of these three biosurfactants. The surface tension study reveals that, contrary to GS, self-assembly of both ASL and GL at the air–water interface is pH-responsive, suggesting that both the biosurfactants acquire a Π-shape. The dependence of the foaming properties of all the three surfactants on pH and concentration does not correlate with the trends in the static surface tension, suggesting the critical roles of dynamic factors, interfacial elasticity and interfacial viscosity. Hydrophobicity of djurleite (a model copper sulphide) in the presence of the three surfactants was assessed using the contact angle and Hallimond flotation methods. ASL and GL only float the pure mineral at alkaline pH, which is consistent with the contact angle data. In contrast, even though GS does not have a significant effect on contact angle, it floats djurleite in a wide pH range, which is explained by the mechanical entrainment of hydrophilic mineral particles in rich GS foams. Overall, these results demonstrate the potential of carboxylic bola biosurfactants for the recovery of copper sulfides from ores. They also bring new insights into the interfacial and foaming properties of bola biosurfactants, which can assist their introduction into other industries.

PHARMACOINFORMATICS APPROACH OF IDENTIFIED BIOLOGICAL COMPOUNDS FROM SELECTED PLECTRANTHUS (L.) SPECIES IN TAMIL NADU, INDIA: AN IN-SILICO APPROACH

Aim: Plectranthus (Linn) is a typical genus of the Indian flora. It had been used in the folk medicines for its several medicinal properties. In this study, there are twenty-five major biological compounds were selected from Plectranthus forskohlii, Plectranthus coleoides, Plectranthus rotundifolius and Plectranthus vettiveroides for molecular docking analysis and find out the active compounds against Diabetic, Cancer and Tuberculosis diseases. Materials and methods: Biological compounds of Plectranthus Species were identifying and investigated by GC-MS and the biological activities of these compounds were studied with virtual screening, ADMET analysis, Protein ligand interaction through molecular docking analysis. Results: Twenty-five major biological compounds were selected for virtual screening analysis to find out the drug likeness activity. Out of these twenty-five compounds nine compounds are drug likeness in nature. Based on the ADMET analysis, Thymol beta D-Glucoside showed the low toxicity level and it represent Lipinski rule of five. The molecular docking results of Thymol beta D-Glucoside interact with different target proteins used in the study showed the maximum docking energy was obtained against tuberculosis protein -10.1846kcal/mol followed by diabetic protein -10.8736kcal/mol and cancer protein -11.4109kcal/mol. Conclusion: Plectranthus amboinicus leaves showed significant anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-tuberculosis activity when compared to other studied species such as Plectranthus forskohlii, Plectranthus coleoides, Plectranthus rotundifolius and Plectranthus vettiveroides.

Production of isoflavones-enriched soy yogurt through soymilk fermentation using probiotic bacteria

Background and objective Fermented soy products were regarded as healthy foods and hence are considered an essential part of the diet. Lactic acid bacteria isolated from naturally fermented Egyptian food products were screened for their ability to produce β-glucosidase, isoflavone aglycone, phenolics, and antioxidant activity during the formation of soy yogurt. The present research is a preliminary attempt to ascertain soy yogurt production by different strains of lactic acid bacteria and their efficacy for the production of the aforementioned products. Materials and methods A total of 16 probiotic lactic acid bacteria were used for the preparation of soy yogurt and tested for their probiotic properties. Soymilk was prepared and inoculated (1% v/v) with the probiotic strains previously activated in the MRS medium. After fermentation, cell viability, pH, titratable acidity, total phenolic compounds concentration, antioxidant activity, isoflavones aglycone (daidzein and genistein), and extracellular and cell membrane-bound β-glucosidase activity were determined. Results and conclusion A total of 16 probiotic lactic acid bacteria were used for the preparation of soy yogurt. The final pH of the fermented soymilk ranged from 4.92 to 6.6, and their titratable acidity (lactic acid %) ranged from 0.5 to 0.99%. Changes in β-glucosidase, isoflavone aglycone, total phenolics content, and antioxidant activity during the formation of soy yogurt were determined. All bacterial isolates showed positive cell-bound and extracellular β-glucosidase. Their activities ranged from 308.65 to 553 mU/ml. The Lactobacillus strains showed lower extracellular than their cell-bound β-glucosidase, and the opposite was true for the other group. An increase in the content of isoflavone aglycones in soy yogurt could be achieved by aging with bacterial fermentation. Soymilk fermented with Lactobacillus strains showed the highest bioconversion of isoflavone glucosides into isoflavone aglycones than other strains, although they produced less β-glucosidase enzymes. The antioxidant activity is related to changes in total phenolics. All microorganisms were able to increase the total phenols, whereas some Lactobacillus strains were unable to release more phenols compared with unfermented soymilk.

METABOLOMIC PROFILING, ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIPROLIFERATIVE AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF MEDEMIA ARGUN PALM

Metabolomic profiling, antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial activity of three parts (leaves, male parts and fruits) of the Medemia argun palm were evaluated. Secondary metabolites content showed a significant difference among the evaluated parts. Multivariate data analysis (MVDA) classified the parts into three groups based on their metabolomic profiling and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of their extracts. The highest content of secondary metabolites, particularly in the leaves and fruits, was reflected in the DPPH radical scavenging activity and consequently in the IC50 of their extracts. The leaves and fruits extracts showed the lowest IC50, followed by the male parts extract (62.8, 78.9 and 134.4 ?g/ ml, respectively). Individual polyphenols were also determined by HPLC, which revealed the dominance of rutin, spigenin-7- glucoside, vanillic and rosmarinic acids, and kaempferol in the leaves. p-hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, syringic, sinapic, and cinnamic acids and chrysin were the dominant polyphenols in the male parts extract. Ferulic acid, luteolin and apigenin were the dominant polyphenols in the fruits extract. Medemia argun extracts showed very strong antiproliferative activity against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2) and lung cancer cell lines (A549). Of the three parts that showed very strong antiproliferative activity, the male parts extract showed prominent antiproliferative activity against HepG-2, while the leaves extract showed more prominent activity against A549 (IC50 was 0.587 and 1.038?g/ml, respectively). The leaves and fruits extracts showed antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative bacteria). The male parts showed moderate antibacterial activity only against B. subtilis. No extracts affected the growth of Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus. The biological activity of the M. argun palm will be discussed in the light of secondary metabolites content in the plant. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study concerning the biological activity of M. argun.

Total glucosides of paeony (Paeonia lactiflora) alleviates blood-brain barrier disruption and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats via suppressing inflammation and apoptosis.

At present it remains uncertain as to whether total glucosides of paeony (TGP) are able to mediate neuroprotection in the context of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (CIR) injury, and if so, what mechanisms underlie such protection. We employed a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion, and then Evans blue (EB), hematoxylin and eosin, Nissl staining, TUNEL staining, ELISAs and immunohistochemistry were used. We observed marked reductions in infarct volume, neurological deficits, and CIR-associated histopathological changes following TGP treatment. We further found that TGP was associated with restoration of the BBB integrity, a reduction in levels of cerebral IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, and a decrease in overall neuronal apoptotic death that coincided with reduced Cleaved Caspase-3 and Bax expression, and elevated Bcl-2. These results demonstrate that TGP treatment is capable of reducing neurons damage and associated BBB dysfunction via anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in a rodent model of CIR injury.

Cloning, prokaryotic expression, and enzyme activity of a UDP-glucose flavonoid 3-o-glycosyltransferase from mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves

Background: Mulberry leaves are traditional Chinese medicines, which have pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, antitumor, and hypoglycemic. Moreover, flavonol glycosides are one of the main functional ingredients. However, the biosynthetic pathway involved in mulberry flavonol glycosides has not been clear. UDP-glucose flavonoid 3-O -glycosyltransferase (UFGT) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of flavonol glycosides, which can glycosylate unstable flavonols to form stable flavonol glycosides. Objectives: In this article, MaUFGT , a cDNA encoding the UFGT from mulberry leaves, was cloned, codon optimized, and expressed in Escherichia coli to study its effect in vitro . Materials and Methods: Mulberry UDP-Glucose flavonoid-3-O-glucanotransferase (MaUFGT) gene was reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction amplified using the cDNA obtained from young leaves of mulberry, and the full-length MaUFGT gene was synthesized by codon-optimized whole-gene synthetic method. Then, the plasmid pCzn1/MaUFGT was constructed and heterologously expressed in E. coli . After denatured, renatured, and purified, the recombinant protein was used to evaluate its function in vitro by determining the final product by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: The target protein was in the range of 45–66 KD and mainly present in the form of inclusion bodies. The obtained protein was found to transfer UDP-glucose glycosyl moieties to the 3-hydroxyl group of quercetin or kaempferol to form the corresponding products in vitro . Conclusion: The MaUFGT was preliminarily proved to be involved in flavonoid 3-O -glucoside biosynthesis.

Perfil fenólico y actividad antioxidante, acetilcolinesterasa e inhibidora de tirosinasa de Jurinea tzar-ferdinandii Davidov, planta endémica de los Balcanes

The methanol extract of the Balkan endemic species Jurinea tzar-ferdinandii Davidov demonstrated weak antioxidant activity against DPPH• and ABTS+• and low inhibitory potential against acetylcholinesterase (8.3% Inh.) and tyrosinase (IC50 = 208 ± 8 μg/mL) enzymes. Phytochemical investigation of the extract led to isolation and identification of apigenin, luteolin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin-4’-O-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-gentiobioside, luteolin-4’-O-glucoside, rutin, narcissin, chlorogenic and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid. With exception of apigenin and rutin, all isolated compounds are reported for the first time in the representatives of genus Jurinea. The distribution of flavonoids was discussed from chemotaxonomic point of view.

LC-ESI-MS/MS Alkaloidal Profiling and Biological Investigation of Cleistocactus winteri Stems.

Cleistocactus winteri is a succulent plant of the Cactaceae family, commonly known as the golden rat tail. Many members of the Cactaceae family are the focus of chemical and biological studies as they contain bioactive compounds, well known for their health-related properties. We aimed to investigate Cleistocactus winteri stems both phytochemically and biologically for the first time including three biological effects. For the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity, Nitric oxide (NO) inhibition on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated Raw murine microphages (RAW 264.7) cell model was used. The cytotoxic activity was evaluated against hepatocarcinoma (HepG2), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116), and colon adenocarcinoma (CACO 2) human cancer cell lines using MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Seven alkaloids were tentatively identified based on Mass bank on line library in addition to the isolation and identification of four known flavonoids and a β-sitosterol 3- O-glucoside from the studied extract. The stem methanol extract showed a 6% inhibition of NO production (up to 48 μmol/L). Furthermore, the IC50 of the total alkaloid fraction against HepG2, MCF-7, and CACO-2 cell lines was equal to 26.53, 23.8, and 13.07 µg/mL, respectively, while that of the methanol extract against Hep-G2 and HCT-116 was 181 µg/mL and 357 µg/mL, respectively with no effect against MCF-7 cell line. The antioxidant effect of the extract was about one third (112 µg/mL) that of ascorbic acid.

Antidermatophyte activity of syzygium aromaticum, petroselinum crispum, and tetrapleura tetraptera

Introduction: The increasing incidence of dermatophytoses in the world and the side effects of the drugs used encouraged the search of alternative drugs. Hence, the objective of this work was to determine antidermatophyte activity of Syzygium aromaticum seed, Petroselinum crispum leaves, and Tetrapleura tetraptera fruits. Methods: The extracts were prepared by maceration of plant materials into 70% ethanol and methanol. The phytochemical screening was carried out on the extracts. The antidermatophyte assay was performed by the agar dilution method. Results: The results showed that the extraction yields ranged from 9.83% to 32.96%. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenol, glucosides, anthraquinones, and tannins in all extracts. The 70% ethanolic and methanolic extracts of S. aromaticum showed significant inhibition following the preliminary screening. The methanolic extract of S. aromaticum portrayed the best activity with MIC ranging from 0.3125 to 0.625 mg/ml. Conclusions: These results show that the methanolic extract of S. aromaticum seed is promising in the treatment of dermatophytosis, as an alternative in the development of a new therapy.

Optimization of bioactive isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside production in Escherichia coli

Isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside는 플라보놀 그룹에 속하는 물질로서 염증이나 궤양에 효과가 있을 뿐만 아니라 신경장해, 신장병증, 망막증과 같은 당뇨합병증을 완화하는 것으로 보고되었다. Isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside는 Tetraena aegyptia, Salsola oppositifolia, Salicornia herbacea, Sambucus ebulus와 같은 몇몇 식물에서 발견된다. 생물전환은 저렴한 화합물로부터 고부가가치 물질을 생산할 수 있는 유용한 방법이다. 본 연구에서 생물전환을 통해 quercetin으부터 isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside를 생합성 하기 위해 두 개의 유전자(PGT E82L과, ROMT-9)를 각각의 대장균에 도입하였다. 대장균의 공조배양시스템을 이용하여 isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside 생산 배양법의 최적화를 위해 생물전환배지, 배양온도, 세포의 혼합비율, 재조합 단백질 유도시간, 기질 공급농도 등을 테스트하였다. 최적화된 생물전환 조건하에서 생물전환을 실시하였으며, 배양의 12시간 후 181.2mg/L의 isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside가 생합성 되었다. 이는 이전의 연구에서 보고된 isorhamnetin 3-O-glucosie (39.6 mg/L)의 생합성보다 4.7배 높았다.

Clinical Effect of Total Glucosides of Paeonia as the adjuvant therapy on Hematuria and Proteinuria Purpura Nephritis and Its Effect on Serum Cytokines

Objective To investigate the efficacy of total glucosides of paeony (TGP) in the treatment of hematuria and proteinuria purpura nephritis (HSPN) and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and interleukin-18 (IL-18). Methods From June 2017 to December 2018, 64 cases of children with primary hematuria and proteinuria purpura nephritis admitted to the department of pediatrics affiliated hospital of Xuzhou medical university were selected as study subjects, and were divided into control group (33 cases) and observation group (31 cases) according to random number method.The children in the control group were given oral administration of poniasone acetate, and the observation group was treated with TGP on the basis of the control group.Both groups received continuous treatment for 4 weeks.Two groups′ before and after treatment expression level of serum interleukin-6, interleukin-1β and interleukin-18, and level of clinic indicator such as Urinary red biood cell (URBC), 24 hour urinary protein quantity, urinary immune globulin G (IGU), micro-albuminuria (urinary microalbumin, MAU), α-Microglobulin (α1-MG) and urinary transferrin (TFRU) is made a comparison. Results After 4weeks of treatment, the total clinical effective rate of the observation group (93.5% (29/31)) was significantly higher than that of the control group (72.7% (24/33)), and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (χ2=4.868, P 0.05). After treatment, in the observation group, Serum IL-6 ( (16.68±6.83) ng/L and (32.24±6.99) ng/L, t=12.373), IL-1β((63.83 ±8.97)ng/L and (85.59±9.42) ng/L, t=9.758), IL-18((64.52±5.46) ng/L and (88.50±5.54) ng/Ll, t=18.899), 24 h urinary protein quantification (0.3 (0.21, 0.36) g/24 h and 1.0 (0.65, 1.23) g/24 h, Z=-4.861), URBC (15.30 (3.80, 36.80)×106/L and 168.9 (58.4, 324.0)×106/L, Z=-4.840), were lower than before treatment (all P<0.05); After treatment, in the control group, Serum IL-6 ((23.62±5.95) pg/ml and (33.44±4.68) pg/ml, t=9.149), IL-1β ((68.67±6.31) pg/ml and (86.59±8.71) pg/ml, t=10.617), IL-18((71.25±9.69) pg/ml and (89.87±6.68) pg/ml, t=11.506), 24 h urinary protein quantification (0.42 (0.33, 0.56) g/24 h and 0.94 (0.74, 1.25) g/24 h, Z=-5.013), URBC (57.00 (39.25, 77.50)×106/L and 145.60 (58.20, 360.85)×106/L, Z=-4.762), were lower than before treatment (all P<0.05). The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The adjuvant effect of total glucoside of white peony root on hematuria and proteinuria purpura nephritis is significant, which can reduce the level of hematuria and proteinuria and improve the renal symptoms of children.Its mechanism of action may be to reduce renal inflammation and protect the kidney by down-regulating the expression of serum IL-6, IL-1 and IL-18. Key words: Total glucosides of paeonia; Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis; Interleukin1β; Interleukin18; Interleukin6

Isolation and study of a Saponin (Echinocystic acid-3-o-α-l–Rhamnopyranosyl (1→5)–o–β-d–xylofuranosyl (1→5)–o–β-d–Arabinofuranosyl (1 → 4)–o–β-d–Glucopyranoside) from the leaves of Clematis nepaulensis D.C.

A saponin (echinocystic acid-3-o- α -l – rhamnopyranosyl (1 à 5) – o – β - d – xylofuranosyl (1 à 5) – o – β - d – arabinofuranosyl (1 à 4) – o – β - d –glucopyranoside)have been isolated and identified from the leaves of clematis nepaulensis. Repeated chromatographic manipulations and spectral analysis (IR, 1H-NMR, and Mass) suggested the structure of saponin.&#x0D; Keywords: Saponin, Echinocystic acid, Isolation, spectral analysis

Curative effect of leflunomide combined with total glucosides of paeony on rheumatoid arthritis

Objective To observe the clinical effect of leflunomide combined with total glucosides of paeony(TGP) on rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods From September 2014 to June 2016, 83 RA patients in Jiuquan People's Hospital were selected in the research, and according to time sequence seeing doctors, the patients were divided into control group (41 patients) and treatment group (42 patients). The patients of the two groups were orally given leflunomide (20 mg, 1 time/d), while the treatment group was added with TGP (0.6 g, 3 times/d). The patients of the two groups were treated for one month.The changes of clinical indicators such as RF, ESR, CRP, 2-dimer of the two groups before and after treatment were observed. Results Before treatment, the RF, ESR, CRP, 2-dimer between the two groups had no statistically significant differences (all P>0.05). After treatment, the RF, ESR, CRP, 2-dimer of treatment group were (76.9±25.6)U/L, (18.5±6.3)mm/h, (15.4±6.3)mg/L, (5.22±4.65)mg/L, respectively, which of the control group were (99.6±32.7)U/L, (27.8±8.6) mm/h, (21.7±7.8) mg/L, (14.08±5.76)mg/L, respectively, the differences between the two groups were statistically significant (t=3.480, 5.230, 4.680, 4.513, all P<0.05). The total effective rate of the treatment group was 83.33%, which was higher than 58.54% of the control group, the difference was statistically significant (χ2=5.330, P<0.05). Conclusion The clinical effect of leflunomide combined with TGP in the treatment of RA is better than leflunomide. Key words: Arthritis, rheumatoid; Total glucosides of white paeony; Leflunomide

Effect of total glucosides of paeony on MCP-1 and MIP-1α of the peripheral blood in patients with psoriasis vulgaris

目的 探讨白芍总苷对银屑病患者外周血单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)和巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α(MIP-1α)表达水平的影响及临床疗效。 方法 应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测40例寻常型银屑病患者白芍总苷治疗前、后外周血MCP-1和MIP-1α的水平，并与35例健康对照组比较；治疗8周后，以银屑病皮损面积及严重度指数(PASI)进行疗效评价。 结果 白芍总苷治疗银屑病患者8周后PASI评分下降明显，治疗前后差异有统计学意义(t＝17.23，P<0.01)；银屑病患者治疗前MCP-1、MIP-1α分别为(263.15±16.76)ng/L、(1397±169.32)ng/L，均明显高于对照组(t＝32.6、33.27，均P<0.01)；治疗后MCP-1、MIP-1α分别为(101.96±13.96)ng/L、(901±79.56)ng/L，治疗前后差异均有统计学意义(t＝28.56、13.95，均P<0.01)。 结论 白芍总苷治疗银屑病效果明显，可能通过调节银屑病患者外周血MCP-1和MIP-1α的水平而达到治疗作用。

Improving fruit anthocyanins in 'Cabernet Sauvignon' by shifting fruit ripening and irrigation reduction post veraison in warmer region

In warmer regions, forcing vines to regrow and shifting fruit ripening to the cooler portion of the growing season can increase the concentration of total fruit anthocyanins (TFA) in red winegrapes, but the effect on anthocyanin composition remains unclear. Additionally, irrigation reduction post veraison was reported to improve fruit anthocyanins in cool and temperate regions with low precipitation, whereas this response has not been previously examined in forced vines grown in dry and warm regions. Experiments were conducted with 'Cabernet Sauvignon' (Vitis vinifera L.) over two consecutive years in Fresno, California, to investigate the effect of shifting fruit ripening on the concentration and composition of fruit anthocyanins as well as the influence of post-veraison irrigation reduction on fruit anthocyanins of forced vines. Vines under conventional practices (non-forced) were used as the control. Forcing treatment included removing primary leaves, clusters, and laterals, as well as hedging primary shoots, in mid-June. Control vines were irrigated at 80 % crop evapotranspiration (ETC) post veraison, whereas forced vines were irrigated at 40, 60, 80, or 100 % ETC post veraison. Results suggest that forcing vines to regrow and shifting fruit ripening led to a significant increase of TFA, primarily non-acylated anthocyanins, during fruit ripening and at harvest over two years. Forcing treatment also altered composition of fruit anthocyanins at harvest, with increased proportions of TFA comprised by the glucosides of delphinidin and petunidin but the decreased proportion of the glucosides of malvidin. This study demonstrates that forcing vines to regrow and shifting fruit ripening in the warmer region can lead to a more balanced profile of fruit anthocyanins, with improved non-acylated derivatives and altered relative abundance of the glucosides of five anthocyanidins. Reducing irrigation post veraison, however, had only a minor effect on fruit anthocyanins in forced vines.

Effect of Comus officinalis glucosides on serum levels of interleukin-18, transforming growth factor-β1 and pathological changes in kidney tissues in IgA nephropathy rat models

Objective To study the mechanism of Comus officinalis glucosides treatment of IgA nephropathy. Methods Fifty SD rats were randomly divided into the control group, the IgAN model group, the Dexamethasone group, the Comus officinalis glucosides in the high-dose group and in the low-dose group.The IgA nephropathy rat models were established by feeding bovine serum albumin (BSA), subcutaneous injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), castor oil and injecting tail vein with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After 10 weeks of administration, the urine red blood cell count, UTP in each phase were observed after the rat models were successfully established.Then Dexamethasone group and Cornus officinalis total glucoside group were given medicine for 8 weeks, and urine or serum content of interleukin-18 (IL-18), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in different groups of rats and pathological changes of kidneys were detected. Results Compared with the IgAN model group, 24 h-UTP of each group decreased and Comus officinalis glucosides in high-dose group decreased extraordinary[(8.8±3.2) mg/24 h vs.(35.2±5.6) mg/24 h, t=10.511, P=0.000]. Compared with the IgAN model group, urine red blood cell count decreased significantly in the high-dose group of Comus officinalis glucosides[(148.2±41.8)个/μL vs.(683.8±24.6)个/μL, t=10.909, P=0.000]; but urine red blood cell count in the Dexamethasone group declined slightly, but there was no statistically significant difference(t=3.014, P=0.061). Compared with the control group, IL-18, TGF-β1, and rat urine or serum of IgAN model group was significantly elevated (all P<0.05). Compared with IgAN model group, IL-18, TGF-β1 of the high-dose group of Comus officinalis glucosides in rats urine or serum decreased significantly(all P<0.05). The effect of high-dose group of Cornus officinalis glucosides on the pathological changes in kidney tissues was the most significant. Conclusions The mechanism of Comus officinalis glucosides may postpone renal lesion that can be associated with the down-regulation of the expression of IL-18, TGF-β1 and the inhibition of the deposition of IgA in the renal tissue.Comus officinalis glucosides can inhibit the proliferation of mesangial cells, tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis in IgAN rats, which has a certain curative effect on IgAN rats. Key words: Comus officinalis glucosides; IgA nephropathy rats; Interleukin-18; Transforming growth factor-β1; Renal tissue

Correction: A single β-octyl glucoside molecule induces HIV-1 Nef dimer formation in the absence of partner protein binding.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192512.].

New aliphatic constituents from the aerial parts of Artemisia annua L.

Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae) is an aromatic annual herb, up to 2 m in height, found in temperate Asia, especially China and naturalized in many countries of the world. The plant is prescribed against fever, malaria, skin diseases, jaundice, malignant ulcers and haemorrhoids. Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of A. annua led to the isolation of alkyl alcohols, fatty acid esters, alkyl glucoside and fatty acids characterized as n- nonadecan-2β-ol (isononadecanol, 1 ), n- docosan-9β-ol (isodocosanol, 2 ), 1 - octacosanol ( n- octacosanyl alcohol, 3 ), n -heptadecanyl n -octadec-9,12-dienoate ( n -heptadecanyl linoleate, 4 ), n -octadecanyl n- octadec-9,12,-dienoate ( n -octadecanyl linoleate, 5 ), n -nonacosanyl n -octadec-9, 12-dienoate ( n -nonacosanyl linoleate, 6 ), n -cos-(Z)-10-enoic acid ( cis -cos-10-enoic acid, 7 ), n -cos-(Z)-9-enoic acid ( cis-c os-9-enoic acid , 8 ) and n- heptadecanyl-s-D-glucopyronoside ( n -heptadecanyl glucoside, 9 ). The structures of all phytoconstituents, isolated for the first time from A. annua have been elucidated on the basis of spectral data analysis and chemical reactions