Glucose Research Articles

Glucose appetition in C57BL/6J mice: Influence of nonnutritive sweetener experience, food deprivation state and sex differences

In addition to its sweet taste, glucose has potent and rapid postoral actions (appetition) that enhance its reward value. This has been demonstrated by the experience-induced preference for glucose over initially preferred nonnutritive sweetener solutions in 24-h choice tests. However, some sweetener solutions (e.g., 0.8% sucralose) have inhibitory postoral actions that may exaggerate glucose appetition whereas others (e.g., 0.1% sucralose + 0.1% saccharin, S+S) do not. Experiment 1 revealed that food-restricted (FR) male C57BL/6J mice displayed similar rapid glucose appetition effects (stimulation of glucose licking within minutes) and conditioned flavor preferences following 1-h experience with flavored 0.8% sucralose or 0.1% S+S and 8% glucose solutions. Thus, the inhibitory effects of 0.8% sucralose observed in 24-h tests were not apparent in 1-h tests. Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of food deprivation state and sweetener concentration on glucose appetition in female mice. Unlike FR mice tested with 0.1% S+S and 8% glucose, ad libitum (AL) fed mice displayed no stimulation of 8% glucose licking in the 1-h tests. A second ad libitum group (AL) tested with 0.2% S+S and 16% glucose solutions displayed stimulation of 16% glucose licking by the third 1-h test. Both AL groups, like the FR group, developed a preference for the glucose-paired flavor over the S+S paired flavor. Thus, food restriction promotes increased glucose licking but is not required for a conditioned preference. The FR male mice (Exp. 1) and FR female mice (Exp. 2) showed similar appetition responses (licking stimulation and flavor preference) to 8% glucose.

Kinetics of the formation of nanocrystals in aqueous glucose solutions

We describe a thermodynamic model in which an aqueous glucose solution is treated as nanocrystals of glucose crystal hydrates immersed in a liquid phase. With the help of this model, we demonstrate that at temperatures close to phase transition temperature the solution is in a significantly non-equilibrium state, resulting in a dissipative spatio-temporal structure, which is a set of autowaves, generated by nanocrystals. We experimentally support these findings using light scattering data for the 32% aqueous glucose solution at temperatures between 20 and 70 °C.

Comparison of Different Spectral Ranges to Monitor Alcoholic and Acetic Fermentation of Red Grape Must Using FT-NIR Spectroscopy and PLS Regression

AbstractWine vinegar is produced through a two-phase fermentation of grape must: initially, yeast converts grape sugars into ethanol, and subsequently, acetobacteria oxidize ethanol into acetic acid. This process, spanning weeks when conducted by surface fermentation, requires constant monitoring of ethanol and total acidity levels. To enhance the quality and efficiency of process monitoring, vinegar production is shifting to faster, environmentally sustainable methods. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, recognized for its non-invasiveness and speed, is ideal for online implementation in process control. This study tracked dual fermentation in red grape must over an extended period, monitoring two different batches simultaneously to assess fermentation kinetics and reproducibility. Ethanol content and total acidity were analyzed in fermenting musts throughout the whole fermentation process using both classical laboratory analyses and FT-NIR spectroscopy. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to explore the spectral dataset, then Partial Least Squares (PLS) was used to develop calibration models for predicting ethanol and acidity. The models calculated considering the entire spectral range were compared with those obtained for two narrower zones, where more cost-effective and easily miniaturizable sensors are available on the market. FT-NIR allowed to effectively determine ethanol content and acidity (R2Pred > 0.98), both over the entire range (12,500–4000 cm−1, corresponding to 800–2500 nm) and in the 10,526–6060 cm−1 (950–1650 nm) region. Although less satisfactory, still acceptable results were obtained in the 12,500–9346 cm−1 (800–1070 nm) region (R2Pred > 0.81), confirming the potential for cost-effective devices in real-time fermentation monitoring.

#2122 Dynamics of peritoneal transport and peritoneal dialysis outcomes

Abstract Background and Aims Volume overload is one of the most important factors associated with cardiovascular disease in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. On the other hand, the dynamics of peritoneal transport predicts important changes in the peritoneal membrane associated with local and systemic inflammation, which may be important for the progression of cardiovascular disease. The changes in free water transport (FWT) over time can characterize the development of peritoneal fibrosis. In a prospective study with retrospective historical control, the influence of the initial status and dynamics of peritoneal FWT on the outcomes of peritoneal dialysis, hard and surrogate cardiovascular outcomes was evaluated. Method According ISPD Recommendations (2021) the function of peritoneal membrane solute transfer was evaluated in classical PET in the exchange of 2 liters of 2.5% glucose solution with the calculation of the creatinine D/P4 ratio, which was used in the analysis as a continuous value (peritoneal solute transfer rate - PSTR), as well as categorized into high, medium-high, medium-low and low (H, HA, LA, L, respectively) levels of peritoneal transport. The mass transfer coefficient (MTAC) was also calculated. The ultrafiltration function of the membrane and its dynamics were evaluated by measuring the transport of water through small pores and free water through ultrapores, in double mini-PET (in two one-hour exchanges with solutions of 4.25% and 1.5% glucose). FWT is the calculated value; the primary measured value is the degree of reduction of sodium in the dialysis solution one hour after the start of the exchange (dipNa) formed as a result of electrolyte-free water transport through ultrapores (aquaporins), which dilutes dialysate. Results Table 1 shows the average values of peritoneal transport indicators at the beginning of follow-up and the annual changes calculated over the entire period of prospective follow-up for each patient. Major adverse cardiovascular events (Table 2) were recorded with a relatively low frequency, but significantly differed by incidence between the subgroups with high (H) and high-average (HA) peritoneal transport, on the one hand, and low-average (LA) and low(L), on the other: 0.626 ± 0.049 vs. 0.320 ± 0.042 events per year; p<0.001, (49% fewer events). Similarly, there was a significant difference in the MACE incidence between patients with slow and rapid decrease in free water transport (divided by the median of the rate of in free water transport decrease): 0.414 ± 0.044 vs. 0.510 ± 0.051 events per year; p < 0.001, (19% fewer events). The same calculations for nonfatal cardiovascular events showed a fewer incidence of 47.2% and 17.1%, respectively. Thus, patients with a high transport status (according to the PET test) and patients with a rapid decrease in water transport through aquaporins (indicating an increase in fibrotic changes in the peritoneal mesothelium), accompanied also by an increase in peritoneal permeability to solutes, including glucose, are at greater risk of progression of cardiovascular disease. Conclusion In addition to confirming the link between the initial status of peritoneal transport and the subsequent incidence of cardiovascular events, it would be interesting to confirm the influence of cardiovascular disease (as a proinflammatory condition and as a factor of volume overload, forcing the wider use of concentrated solutions which damage the peritoneum) on the progression of peritoneal fibrosis, but according to available materials it was not possible due to the limited number of patients in the study (especially – patients with repeated assessments of peritoneal transport after the cardiovascular events) and low frequency of peritoneal transport monitoring, on the one hand, and uncertainty in identifying the exact time of development of heart failure and the need for revascularization. Continued prospective observation would clarify these links.

#2361 The influence of glucose biocompatible solutions to the clinical outcomes of patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Abstract Background and Aims The use of biocompatible glucose solutions is associated with longer preservation of residual renal function and less frequent occurrence of complications in patients on peritoneal dialysis. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of conventional and biocompatible glucose solutions to laboratory parameters and clinical outcomes of PD patients during a four-year period at Zvezdara University Medical Center. Method This retrospective study included 25 incident patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) during the follow up period from 2018 to 2022. During 2018/2019 these patients used conventional solutions (Dianeal PD4) containing lactate as a buffer, while due to the change in solution production technology in 2020/2021, all patients were transferred to a biocompatible solution (Physioneal 40) with lactate and bicarbonate as a buffer. Clinical outcomes were compared in relation to the administered solution: pain during infusion (measured by a Visual Analogue Scale—VAS), correction of anaemia and bicarbonate, average annual 24h diuresis and 24h ultrafiltration, occurrence of CAPD peritonitis. The statistical significance of the differences between the two periods was checked using the SPSS. Results The average age of 25 patients was 61 ± 14 years, of which 59.1% were male and 40.9% female. The average BMI was 28.5 ± 5.30 kg/m2, and the most common comorbidities were HTA and DM. No statistically significant difference was found for the values of Le, albumin, Hb, PTH, bicarbonate, and K (p ˃ 0.05). During the use of biocompatible solutions, patients had statistically significantly lower Na values (138.84 ± 2.63 vs 137.17 ± 2.41 mmol/l, p = 0.0116, 95% CI 137.15– 138.84) and lower CRP values (15.3 ± 3.3 mg/l vs 7.7 ± 3.2, p = 0.0003, 95% CI 18.60-4.50). Although the dialysis exposure was longer, the rate of peritonitis was lower during the use of biocompatible solutions, but without a statistically significant difference (0.40 episodes per patient-year, vs 0.31 episodes per patient-year, p ˃ 0.05). No statistical significance was found in 24h diuresis value (900 ml vs 750 ml, p = 0.167.95% CI 686.90–1203.31) but the value is expected to be lower due to dialysis duration. Conclusion Our study showed that patients treated with the CAPD method while using a biocompatible solution have statistically significantly higher values of 24h ultrafiltration, lower Na and CRP values and less occurrence of pain during infusion, which significantly affects the quality of life. Although this may indicate better preservation of the peritoneal membrane, a prospective and randomized study is needed to clarify these potential differences.

Design and Development of a Non-invasive Opto-Electronic Sensor for Blood Glucose Monitoring Using a Visible Light Source.

Background The management of diabetes is critically dependent on the continuous monitoring of blood glucose levels. Contemporary approaches primarily utilize invasive methods, which often prove to be uncomfortable and can deter patient adherence. There is a pressing need for the development of novel strategies that improve patient compliance and simplify the process of glucose monitoring. Aim and objectives The primary objective of this research is to develop a non-invasive blood glucose monitoring system (NIBGMS) that offers a convenient alternative to conventional invasive methods. This study aims to demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of using visible laser light at a wavelength of 650 nm for glucose monitoring and to address physiological and technical challenges associated with in vivo measurements. Methods Our approach involved the design of a device that exploits the quantitative relationship between glucose concentration and the refraction phenomena of laser light. The system was initially calibrated and tested using glucose solutions across a range of concentrations (25-500 mg/dL). To get around the problems that come up when people's skin and bodies are different, we combined an infrared (IR) transmitter (800 nm) and receiver that checks for changes in voltage, which are indicative of glucose levels. Results The prototype device was compared with a commercially available blood glucose monitor (Accu-Chek active machine; Roche Diabetes Care, Inc., Mumbai, India). The results demonstrated an average linearity of 95.7% relative to the Accu-Chek machine, indicating a high level of accuracy in the non-invasive measurement of glucose levels. Conclusions The findings suggest that our NIBGMS holds significant promise for clinical application. It reduces the discomfort associated with blood sampling and provides reliable measurements that are comparable to those of existing invasive methods. The successful development of this device paves the way for further commercial translation and could significantly improve the quality of life for individuals with diabetes, by facilitating easier and more frequent monitoring.

Glucose derived carbon encapsulated boron nitride core-shell composites for efficient electromagnetic microwave absorption

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has the advantages of outstanding insulation, high thermal conductivity and excellent chemical stability, which promote the wide application of h-BN in thermal interface electronic packaging and other related fields. However, due to the poor dielectric loss ability of h-BN, which leads to its weak absorption capacity of electromagnetic waves (EMW), so it limits its practical application in related advantageous fields. In this paper, glucose-derived carbon-encapsulated BN core-shell composites (C@BN) were prepared by a simple hydrothermal reaction followed by high-temperature pyrolysis. The dielectric loss capacity of the C@BN was investigated by manipulating the concentration of glucose solution and pyrolysis temperature. Specifically, by adjusting the glucose derived carbon defect to induce polarization loss and impedance matching performance, so that more EMW entering the interior of the composite is absorbed and dissipated. The results show that C@BN obtained at 800 °C shows the best EMW absorption performance when the concentration of glucose solution is 3.6 wt%. The minimum reflection loss value (RLmin) is −43.5 dB and the maximum width effective absorption bandwidth (EABmax) of 6.72 GHz. Therefore, this study provides a reliable reference for the preparation of h-BN based EMW absorbing materials.

Fragmentation of polypropylene into microplastics promoted by photo-aging; release of metals, toxicity and inhibition of biodegradability

The widespread presence of microplastics (MP) in water represents an environmental problem, not only because of the harmful effects of their size and potential to vector other pollutants, but also because of the release of additives, degradation products and residues contained in the polymer matrix. The latter includes metallic catalysts, which are often overlooked. This study focuses on the photo-aging of polypropylene (PP) and the resulting structural changes that promote its fragmentation microplastics (PP-MPs) and release of metals, as well as the resulting toxicity of leachates and their potential to inhibit biodegradation of organics in water. The pristine, photo-aged and waste PP are ground under the same regime to assess susceptibility to fragmentation. Obtained PP-MPs are submitted to leaching tests; the release of organics and metals is monitored by Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis, respectively. The leachates are assessed for their toxicity against Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and their influence on the biodegradability of the glucose solution. Photo-aging induced changes in the crystallinity and morphology of the PP and manifested in the abundance of smaller MPs, as revealed by the particle size distribution. In the case of pristine PP, all particles were > 100 μm in size, while aged PP yielded significant mass fraction of MPs <100 μm. The toxicity of leachates from aged PP-MPs is higher than that of pristine and exhibits a positive correlation with portion of metals released. The biodegradability of glucose is strongly inhibited by PP-MPs leachates containing a mixture of metals in trace concentrations.

Effects of Five Dietary Carbohydrate Sources on Growth, Glucose Metabolism, Antioxidant Capacity and Immunity of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides).

This study investigated the effects of glucose (GLU), tapioca starch (TS), gelatinized tapioca starch (GTS), potato starch (PS) and gelatinized potato starch (GPS) on growth and physiological responses in juvenile largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. After 8 weeks, fish fed with starch diets had better weight gain and growth rates. Counts of red blood cells and monocytes were increased in the PS and GPS groups, compared to GLU group. Contents of serum triglyceride and total cholesterol were markedly elevated in the TS, PS and GPS groups. There were lower levels of serum glucose, insulin and cholecystokinin, and higher agouti-related peptide contents in the PS group compared to GLU group. PS and GPS could enhance glycolysis and TCA cycle by increasing their enzyme activities and transcriptional levels. Additionally, starch sources markedly heightened mRNA levels of key genes involved in the respiratory electron transport chain. Additionally, elevated mRNA levels of key antioxidant genes were shown in the TS and GTS groups. Moreover, TS and PS could promote immunity by upregulating transcriptional levels of the complement system, lysozyme and hepcidin. Taken together, starch exhibited better growth via increasing glycolysis and TCA cycle compared with GLU, and PS could improve antioxidant and immune capacities in largemouth bass.

Deep Learning‐Driven Robust Glucose Sensing and Fruit Brix Estimation Using a Single Microwave Split Ring Resonator

AbstractExtracting the desired information from sensor data with various internal and external effects is a significant challenge in sensor applications. Difficult‐to‐control factors such as temperature, humidity, and sample position can significantly affect the stability and reliability of sensor data. In this paper, a deep learning‐based glucose sensing method that is robust to variations in sample position is proposed. It is shown that the variations in sample position affect the sensor data measured by the designed split ring resonator‐based microwave sensor. Then, artificial neural network and 1D convolutional neural network (CNN) models are evaluated for extracting glucose concentration information from the sensor data measured at random sample positions. The concentration of the glucose solution ranged from 1% to 23% (2% increments). The 1D CNN with all frequencies (0.5–18 GHz) of the and datasets outperformed the other model, with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.695% and a mean squared error (MSE) of 0.876 evaluated via cross‐validation. The study demonstrated that the sensor system can be applied in real life by performing fruit Brix estimation based on transfer learning of the previous 1D CNN network, and the MAE and MSE are 0.450% and 0.305, respectively.

Test characteristics of glycated albumin in the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus

This study determined the test characteristics of glycated albumin in the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus. The gold standard for diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus is the oral glucose tolerance test which requires patient preparation, drinking of glucose solution, and multiple sample collections. A possible alternative biomarker for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes is glycated albumin does not require patient preparation and only one sample is collected. Glycated albumin levels are higher among Black Americans than in Caucasians.The study involved 200 pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. The diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus was made using the World Health Organization 2013 diagnostic criteria. The test characteristics of glycated albumin were determined using the area under the curve of the receiver operator characteristic curve, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus was 9.0%. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve for glycated albumin was 0.8 (95% CI 0.7-0.9; p=0.0001). The sensitivity and specificity of glycated albumin were 83.3% and 86.8% respectively. The positive predictive value was 38.5% and the negative predictive value was 98.1%. Glycated albumin has high sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive values and therefore, can be used as a preliminary test for gestational diabetes mellitus.

Efficient visible light photocatalytic green hydrogen production from Dy2O3 combined with nitrogen-deficient g-C3N4

The efficient construction of heterojunction photocatalysts has a crucial significance in achieving the decomposition of water for hydrogen generation. This work successfully prepared nitrogen-deficient g-C3N4 (ND-g-C3N4) and combined it with dysprosium oxide (Dy2O3) through high-temperature calcination to create a type II heterojunction photocatalyst (Dy2O3/ND-g-C3N4). Notably, under visible light, the Dy2O3/ND-g-C3N4 photocatalyst demonstrated impressive hydrogen production rates in both ethylene glycol and glucose solutions. Specifically, the photocatalyst achieved H2 generation rates of 463.256 and 510.305 μmol⋅g−1⋅h−1 in ethylene glycol and glucose solutions, respectively. And the quantum yield could be up to 21.76% and 23.96%, respectively. Furthermore, the photocatalytic reforming of glucose for H2 production yielded valuable intermediate products. The f-shell layer in the Dy2O3 had a significant function in enhancing photocatalytic hydrogen production efficiency. This improvement was attributed to the ability of the f-shell layer to capture excited electrons, thereby decreasing the rate of recombination of exciton pairs.

Anxiety Levels, Cortisol, Blood Gluc Ose and Sodium Levels in Working Wives: Comparison Between Husbands Who Were Hospitalized and Husbands Who Were Not Hospitalized

Anxiety Levels, Cortisol, Blood Gluc Ose and Sodium Levels in Working Wives: Comparison Between Husbands Who Were Hospitalized and Husbands Who Were Not Hospitalized

Effect of Fluid Intake on Acute Changes in Plasma Volume: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial.

Plasma volume (PV) undergoes constant and dynamic changes, leading to a large intra-day variability in healthy individuals. Hydration is known to induce PV changes; however, the response to the intake of osmotically different fluids is still not fully understood. In a randomized controlled crossover trial, 18 healthy individuals (10 females) orally received an individual amount of an isotonic sodium-chloride (ISO), Ringer (RIN), or glucose (GLU) solution. Hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) was determined with the optimized carbon monoxide re-breathing method. Fluid-induced changes in PV were subsequently calculated based on capillary hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) and hematocrit (Hct) before and then every 10 minutes until 120 min (t0-120) after the fluid intake and compared to a control trial arm (CON), where no fluid was administered. Within GLU and CON trial arms, no statistically significant differences from baseline until t120 were found (p > 0.05). In the ISO trial arm, PV was significantly increased at t70 (+138 mL, p = 0.01), t80 (+191 mL, p < 0.01), and t110 (+182 mL, p = 0.01) when compared to t0. Moreover, PV in the ISO trial arm was significantly higher at t70 (p = 0.02), t110 (p = 0.04), and t120 (p = 0.01) when compared to the same time points in the CON trial arm. Within the RIN trial arm, PV was significantly higher between t70 and t90 (+183 mL, p = 0.01) and between t110 (+194 mL, p = 0.03) and t120 (+186 mL, p < 0.01) when compared to t0. These results demonstrated that fluids with a higher content of osmotically active particles lead to acute hemodilution, which is associated with a decrease in [Hb] and Hct. These findings underpin the importance of the hydration state on PV and especially on PV constituent levels in healthy individuals.

Investigation of the Alternations in the Muscle Quality of Swimming Crab (Ovalipes punctatus) during Cold-Chain Transportation Using Physicochemical and TMT-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis.

Physicochemical properties and protein alterations in Ovalipes punctatus during cold-chain transportation were examined via sensory scores, water-holding capacity (WHC), glucose (GLU) content, catalase (CAT) activity, urea nitrogen (UN) content, and tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomic analysis. The results revealed that sensory characteristics and texture of crab muscle deteriorated during transportation. Proteomic analysis revealed 442 and 470 different expressed proteins (DEPs) in crabs after 18 h (FC) and 36 h (DC) of transportation compared with live crabs (LC). Proteins related to muscle structure and amino acid metabolism significantly changed, as evidenced by the decreased WHC and sensory scores of crab muscle. Glycolysis, calcium signaling, and peroxisome pathways were upregulated in the FC/LC comparison, aligning with the changes in GLU content and CAT activity, revealing the stress response of energy metabolism and immune response in crabs during 0-18 h of transportation. The downregulated tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and carcinogenesis-reactive oxygen species pathways were correlated with the decreasing trend in CAT activity, suggesting a gradual retardation in both energy and antioxidant metabolism in crabs during 18-36 h of transportation. Furthermore, the regulated purine nucleoside metabolic and nucleoside diphosphate-related processes, with the increasing changes in UN content, revealed the accumulation of metabolites in crabs.

Shading Treatment Reduces Grape Sugar Content by Suppressing Photosynthesis-Antenna Protein Pathway Gene Expression in Grape Berries.

To explore the impact of shade treatment on grape berries, 'Marselan' grape berries were bagged under different light transmission rates (100% (CK), 75% (A), 50% (B), 25% (C), 0% (D)). It was observed that this treatment delayed the ripening of the grape berries. The individual weight of the grape berries, as well as the content of fructose, glucose, soluble sugars, and organic acids in the berries, was measured at 90, 100, and 125 days after flowering (DAF90, DAF100, DAF125). The results revealed that shading treatment reduced the sugar content in grape berries; the levels of fructose and glucose were higher in the CK treatment compared to the other treatments, and they increased with the duration of the shading treatment. Conversely, the sucrose content exhibited the opposite trend. Additionally, as the weight of the grape berries increased, the content of soluble solids and soluble sugars in the berries also increased, while the titratable acidity decreased. Furthermore, 16 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the photosynthesis-antenna protein pathway from the transcriptome sequencing data. Correlation analysis revealed that the expression levels of genes VIT_08s0007g02190 (Lhcb4) and VIT_15s0024g00040 (Lhca3) were positively correlated with sugar content in the berries at DAF100, but negatively correlated at DAF125. qRT-PCR results confirmed the correlation analysis. This indicates that shading grape clusters inhibits the expression of genes in the photosynthesis-antenna protein pathway in the grape berries, leading to a decrease in sugar content. This finding contributes to a deeper understanding of the impact mechanisms of grape cluster shading on berry quality, providing important scientific grounds for improving grape berry quality.

235 Evaluation of an exogenous fibrolytic enzyme combination in forage-based growing diets fed to growing beef cattle

Abstract Crossbred steers [n = 73; 287±19 kg initial body weight (BW)] were used in an 84-d growing study to investigate the effects of feeding an exogenous xylanase and cellulase combination product (EFE) and wheat straw (WS) inclusion level on the growth performance of growing beef cattle. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial with two levels of WS, either 5% (low; LS) or 15% (high; HS) of diet dry matter, and two inclusion rates of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes, 0 (none; N) or 750 g/ton (enzyme; E; Bovizyme CX; Danisco Animal Nutrition and Health; Wilmington, DE) of diet. Body weights and blood samples were collected every 28 d. Individual intake data were collected using an automated feeding system (Insentec Roughage Intake Control, Hokofarm B.V., Marknesse, The Netherland). Average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), gain to feed ratio (G:F), plasma glucose (GLU), plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) were analyzed using PROC MIXED (SAS Ins. Inc., Cary, N.C.). Animal was the experimental unit and fixed effects included blocks of body weight (n = 3) and original source of steers (n = 2). The model included the level of WS (LS, HS), level of EFE (N or E), and WS × EFE interactions. There were no WS × EFE interactions (P ≥ 0.31) for all measured traits. Supplementing EFE resulted in no differences (P ≥ 0.16) for ending BW, ADG, DMI, G:F, NEFA, and PUN. However, within HS diet, inclusion of E numerically increased ADG by 0.05 kg/d compared with N (1.29 vs. 1.24 kg/d; HSE vs. HSN, respectively; P &amp;gt; 0.31). Steers consuming E diets tended to have greater GLU compared with N (4.92 vs. 4.80 µmol/L, respectively; P = 0.10). Between levels of straw inclusion, ending BW was greater for steers consuming LS diet compared with HS diet (413 vs. 393 kg, respectively; P &amp;lt; 0.0001). Resulting in greater ADG for steers consuming LS diet compared with HS diet (1.49 vs. 1.26 kg, respectively; P &amp;lt; 0.01). Dry matter intake was greater for steers consuming LS diet than HS diet (9.06 vs. 8.33 kg, respectively; P &amp;lt; 0.01). Therefore, G:F was improved for steers consuming LS diet compared with HS diet (0.165 vs. 0.151, respectively; P &amp;lt; 0.01). Steers consuming LS diet had decreased NEFA compared with HS diet (311 vs. 376 µmol/L, respectively; P &amp;lt; 0.01). Results from this study indicate that regardless of the inclusion level of WS, supplementing growing steers with EFE did not influence growth performance. However, replacing ten percent of corn silage with WS reduced the energy concentration of the diet, decreasing growth performance.

Effect of changing the proportion of C16:0 and cis-9 C18:1 in fat supplements on rumen fermentation, glucose and lipid metabolism, antioxidation capacity, and visceral fatty acid profile in finishing Angus bulls

This study evaluated the effects of different proportions of palmitic (C16:0) and oleic (cis-9 C18:1) acids in fat supplements on rumen fermentation, glucose (GLU) and lipid metabolism, antioxidant function, and visceral fat fatty acid (FA) composition in Angus bulls. The design of the experiment was a randomized block design with 3 treatments of 10 animals each. A total of 30 finishing Angus bulls (21 ± 0.5 months) with an initial body weight of 626 ± 69 kg were blocked by weight into 10 blocks, with 3 bulls per block. The bulls in each block were randomly assigned to one of three experimental diets: (1) control diet without additional fat (CON), (2) CON + 2.5% palmitic calcium salt (PA; 90% C16:0), (3) CON + 2.5% mixed FA calcium salts (MA; 60% C16:0 + 30% cis-9 C18:1). Both fat supplements increased C18:0 and cis-9 C18:1 in visceral fat (P < 0.05) and up-regulated the expression of liver FA transport protein 5 (FATP5; P < 0.001). PA increased the insulin concentration (P < 0.001) and aspartate aminotransferase activity (AST; P = 0.030) in bull's blood while reducing the GLU concentration (P = 0.009). PA increased the content of triglycerides (TG; P = 0.014) in the liver, the content of the C16:0 in visceral fat (P = 0.004), and weight gain (P = 0.032), and up-regulated the expression of liver diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2; P < 0.001) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1; P < 0.05). MA increased plasma superoxide dismutase activity (SOD; P = 0.011), reduced the concentration of acetate and total volatile FA (VFA) in rumen fluid (P < 0.05), and tended to increase plasma non-esterified FA (NEFA; P = 0.069) concentrations. Generally, high C16:0 fat supplementation increased weight gain in Angus bulls and triggered the risk of fatty liver, insulin resistance, and reduced antioxidant function. These adverse effects were alleviated by partially replacing C16:0 with cis-9 C18:1.

Oral glucose tolerance test clearance in type 2 diabetes patients who underwent remission following intense lifestyle modification: A quasi-experimental study.

Achieving diabetes remission (HbA1c<48mmol/mol without the use of anti-diabetic medication for 3 months) might not assure restoration of a normal glycemic profile [fasting blood sugar level <5.6 mmol/L and Post-Prandial (PP) blood glucose <7.8mmol/L]. The study investigates the factors associated with OGTT clearance in patients under type 2 diabetes remission. Four hundred participants who achieved remission during a one-year online structured lifestyle modification program, which included a plant-based diet, physical activity, psychological support, and medical management (between January 2021 and June 2022), and appeared for the OGTT were included in the study. OGTT clearance was defined by fasting blood glucose < 5.6 mmol/L and 2-hour post-prandial blood glucose <7.8 mmol/L post-consumption of 75g glucose solution. Of the 400 participants, 207 (52%) cleared OGTT and 175 (44%) had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). A shorter diabetes duration (<5 years) was significantly associated with OGTT clearance (p<0.05). Pre-intervention use of glucose-lowering drugs showed no association with OGTT clearance (p<0.1). Post-intervention, the OGTT-cleared group showed significantly higher weight loss (p<0.05) and a decrease in HbA1c compared to the IGT group (p<0.05). Improvement in Insulin resistance and β-cell function was also higher in the OGTT-cleared group compared to the IGT group (p<0.05). In conclusion, clearing the OGTT is a possibility for those achieving remission through lifestyle interventions. Higher weight loss, a shorter duration of diabetes, and improvement in insulin resistance were significantly associated with OGTT clearance in participants in remission. Future randomized controlled trials with longer follow-ups may help substantiate our findings.

Imparied insulin sensitivity in the early hours following either active or passive ascent to 3600m is associated with acute mountain sickness susceptibility

Reduced insulin sensitivity (a higher glucose level for the same insulin concentration) at baseline residence (BLR) has been associated with increased susceptibility to acute mountain sickness. (AMS) at high altitude (HA). The objective of this study was to determine whether fasting blood glucose (GLU), lactate (LAC) and insulin (INS) were impacted during an active versus passive ascent to 3600m in AMS-susceptible and AMS-resistant individuals. We hypothesized that insulin sensitivity would be reduced at BLR in the AMS-susceptible cohort based on previous research. To test this hypothesis, 78 active-duty Soldiers were tested at baseline residence (BLR), transported to Taos, New Mexico (2,845m), then hiked (n=39) or were driven (n=39) to 3600m, and stayed for four days. AMS-C was assessed using the Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire (ESQ) at HA twice on day 1, five times on days 2 and 3 and once on day 4. If AMS-C was ≥0.7 at any timepoint, individuals were categorized as AMS-susceptible (AMS+, n=33); others categorized as resistant (AMS−, n=45). Fasting rested blood GLU and LAC responses collected at 06:00 were measured using a blood gas analyzer and serum INS responses were measured using an ELISA assay at BLR, HA2 (14-h post-ascent), HA3 (38-h post ascent), and HA4 (62-h post ascent). An additional sample for blood GLU and LAC was collected on HA1 at 18:00 (2-h post ascent). As expected, the active compared to passive ascent group demonstrated an increase (p&lt;0.05) in GLU (113.6±14.3 vs. 101.9±15.1) and LAC (2.56±0.93 vs. 1.73±0.78) on HA1 most likely due to sympathetic stimulation following active ascent. However, differences in fasting GLU and LAC between ascent groups did not persist on HA2 through HA4. There were also no ascent group differences INS in any of the conditions. Fasting GLU levels on HA2 were higher in the AMS+ vs. AMS− cohorts (99.8±9.8 vs 95.3±7.9 mg/dl; p&lt;0.05) but fasting INS levels on HA2 did not differ between cohorts (9.8±5.4 vs.7.1±3.4 mIU/ml; p&gt;0.05) indicating impaired insulin sensitivity in those susceptible to AMS early in the HA exposure. There were no differences, however, in GLU and INS levels between AMS+ vs. AMS− cohorts on BLR, HA3 or HA4. Fasting LAC also demonstrated no differences in any of the conditions in the active vs. passive ascent groups or AMS+ vs. AMS− cohorts. In conclusion, the increase in blood GLU and LAC at HA1 following active compared to passive ascent was expected. Contrary to our hypothesis, however, a reduction in insulin sensitivity was not found in AMS-susceptible individuals at BLR but was found at 14-h post ascent to 3600m and quickly resolved thereafter. The inability to effectively utilize glucose as an O2-effcient fuel in the early hours of HA exposure may contribute to AMS symptoms. USAMRDC. Authors’ views not offcial U.S. Army or DoD policy. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.