Glucose Oxidase-peroxidase Method Research Articles

Anti-RAGE (Receptor Advanced Glycation End products) Antibody Improves Diabetic Retinopathy in Rats via Hypoglycemic and Anti-inflammatory Mechanism

Background: Receptor advanced glycation end products (RAGE) activation plays an essential role in diabetic retinopathy (DR) progression. This study was aimed to explore the role of anti-RAGE antibodies (RAGE antagonists) in inhibiting DR progression through their hypoglycemic and anti- inflammatory mechanism in diabetic retinopathy induced rats.
 Methods: A total of 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five group. The group was consisted of normal control group, DR group without treatment, DR group with anti-RAGE 1 g/kg BW, 10 g/kg BW, and 100 g/kg BW. To assess the diabetic retinopathy, fundus photographs were taken every week using a camera with 16x magnification placed in front of the rat's eyes. Blood glucose was checked by the glucose oxidase-peroxidase method. Retinal TNF-? levels and VEGF were examined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit.
 Results: The finding of this study showed that anti-RAGE treatment at dose of 10 and 100 g/kg BW, HbA1c levels were significantly higher (p< 0.05) compared to the normal control group but significantly lower (p< 0.05) than in the diabetes group. The mean blood vessel diameter in the DR+anti-RAGE 10 and 100 g/kg BW groups was significantly lower than in the diabetic retinopathy group (p< 0.05). The administration of anti-RAGE 10 and 100 g/kg BW showed the ability to significantly reduce VEGF levels compared to the DR group (p< 0.05).
 Conclusions: This study revealed at doses of 10 and 100 g/kg BW, anti-RAGE antibodies improved diabetic retinopathy in Wistar rats through hypoglycemic effects and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Homeostasis Model Assessment (Beta Cell Function) of a Type 2 Diabetes Nigerian Population

Diabetes mellitus has been described to be a metabolic disorder characterized by the presence of hyperglycemia resulting from defective insulin secretion, action or both. This study was designed to determine serum insulin level, fasting plasma glucose and % β-cell function in treated and untreated complicated and uncomplicated diabetes subjects. Ninety subjects comprising of sixty test subjects (30 uncomplicated and 30 complicated diabetes subjects) and thirty control subjects were recruited for this study. Glucose was estimated using Glucose-Oxidase Peroxidase method, while Insulin was analyzed using ELISA. The results obtained showed thatBMI, Glucose, %βCF and insulin showed no significant difference in treated uncomplicated diabetes subjects compared to control (p>0.05). Glucose and %βCF were significantly higher (p<0.05) in untreated uncomplicated diabetes subjects compared to control, while BMI and insulin showed no significant difference (p>0.05).Glucose and %βCF were significantly higher (p<0.05) in untreated uncomplicated diabetes subjects compared to treated subjects, while insulin and BMI showed no significant difference (p>0.05).BMI, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and insulin level were significantly higher (p<0.05) in treated complicated diabetes subjects compared to control, whereas Glucose and %βCF showed no significant difference (p>0.05). Glucose correlated positively with all parameters in untreated uncomplicated diabetes subjects. We conclude that insulin is increased, while % β-cell function is reduced in diabetes subjects especially in untreated complicated diabetes subjects. Insulin resistance and impaired β-cell function are important pathological basis for the deterioration of glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, early screening and intervention for T2DM might help improve islet function and delay the progression of diabetes.

Correlation of serum uric acid levels with certain anthropometric parameters in prediabetic and drug-naive diabetic subjects.

Uric acid is produced during the metabolism of nucleotide and adenosine triphosphate and contains the final product of human purine metabolism. It acts both as an antioxidant and pro-inflammatory marker and has a positive association with visceral fat in overweight subjects. The aim of the present study is to find an association of uric acid level with certain anthropometric parameters in subjects having type 2 diabetes. The study included 124 urban drug-naive diabetic Indian subjects above 18 years of age from the general population of the city of North India. Uric acid concentrations were estimated by the uricase method. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentrations were estimated by the glucose oxidase-peroxidase method. Anthropometric measurements and information on lifestyle factors and disease history were collected through in-person meeting. All participants of the study subjects had a body mass index (BMI) of more than 23.5. BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio, waist circumference, neck circumference, weight, age, sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD), skinfold thickness, and body roundness index were positively correlated with the serum uric acid level. The correlation of weight, BMI, SAD, and WHR was statistically significant. We found that serum uric acid level increases as body fat content increases. Statistical data show remarkable results for a significant correlation of uric acid level with BMI, WHR, SAD, and FPG. Hypertrophy occurs as a result of inflammatory processes and oxidative stress when the supply of energy starts to exceed the storage capacity of adipocytes, as a result, adipokines such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor-necrosis factor-alpha are released more frequently which lead to low-grade chronic inflammation. Uric acid levels are much lean toward visceral obesity than overall body fat content.

Glucose and Insulin Activities in the Leaf Extracts of Aloe vera, Bryophyllum, and Ivy Gourd

Objectives: Allopathic medicines, although they play a crucial role in controlling blood sugars among diabetic patients, alone may be insufficient for the effective management of diabetes. Therefore, it is essential to explore the food for its anti-diabetic potential and delay the development of long-term complications of this debilitating disease. Aloe vera, Bryophyllum, and Ivy gourd are edible and, if included in daily food, could contribute to preventing and managing diabetes. In this study, we have estimated the glucose and insulin concentrations of A. vera, Bryophyllum, and Ivy gourd plant extracts. Materials and Methods: The leaf extracts of A. vera, Bryophyllum, and Ivy gourd were assessed for glucose and insulin. Glucose was estimated using the glucose-oxidase peroxidase method and insulin was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Ivy gourd leaf extract revealed the highest concentration of both glucose and insulin at concentrations of 56 mg/dL and 46.46 µIU/mL, respectively. Bryophyllum leaf extracts revealed moderate concentrations of insulin (24.14 µIU/mL) and glucose (23.11 mg/dL). Among the extracts tested, the A. vera extract revealed the lowest concentrations of glucose (22 mg/dL) and insulin (10.87 µIU/mL). Conclusions: A. vera, Bryophyllum, and Ivy gourd leaves have reasonable concentrations of insulin which could be explored for pharmacological purposes. Moreover, being edible, these could be included in the diet as alternative methods to prevent and manage diabetes.

Haptoglobin and lipid profile in diabetic nephropathy in Ilorin, Kwara state

Background: Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) is a common cause of abnormal lipoprotein metabolism and can be influenced by impairment of renal function and metabolic controls in diabetes. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the level of Haptoglobin and Lipid Profile in Diabetic Nephropathy Patients. Subjects and Method: A prospective case-controlled study was carried out among Diabetic Nephropathy Patients and Control with a total number of 50 DN Patients and 50 Non-Diabetics control subjects respectively. Serum Glucose estimation was analyzed using Glucose Oxidase Peroxidase (GOD) method, Serum Haptoglobin was determined using a Nephelometric method while the Lipid Profile (Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, and HDL-cholesterol) was assayed using an enzymatic method of estimation, while LDL-cholesterol was calculated by Friedewald equation. Body Mass Index (BMI, kgm-2) was calculated from height and weight which were obtained from a questionnaire used to record the demographic features of all the participants/subjects. Result: The results obtained show that serum glucose was significantly increased in Diabetic Nephropathy Patients (8.62 ± 1.34, p<0.05) when compared with control subjects (3.02 ± 0.88, p<0.05). There was also a significant increase (p<0.05) in mean Serum Haptoglobin (38.25 ± 6.67) in Diabetics when compared with control subjects (19.40 ± 3.92). A significant increase was also observed in Triglycerides in DN Patients with a mean of (0.77 ± 0.53, p<0.05) when compared to control subjects (0.63 ± 0.26). However, there were no significant increases in Total Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol, with their mean value of (4.15 ± 1.27 and 1.95 ± 0.72) when compared to control subjects (3.59 ± 1.04 and 3.59 ± 1.04) respectively. While an insignificant decrease was observed in DN Patient’s HDL-cholesterol mean value (0.81 ± 0.34) when compared to control subjects (1.18 ± 0.19). In this study, a strong statistically significant positive correlation was observed in Haptoglobin and Total cholesterol (R= 0.939, P= 0.015), HDL-C (R= 0.897, P= 0.025). Conclusion: This study showed increased levels of Fasting Blood Glucose, Serum Haptoglobin, and Triglycerides increased Diabetic Nephropathy in Ilorin. Lipid control appears to be important in the prevention and treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy. This study suggests that serum Hp levels may be used as a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of Diabetic Kidney Diseases in Diabetes Patients.

Hearing loss in Type 2 diabetes: Impact of duration, glycemic control, and oxidative stress

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been linked to many problems, including hearing loss, which research studies have not paid much attention to. This study looks into the possible links between hearing loss in people with T2DM, the duration of time they have had diabetes, how well they control their blood sugar, and measures of reactive stress. Understanding how these things work together can help doctors find problems faster, develop better ways to treat them, and improve their patients’ health. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to see if there are any links between hearing loss and duration of T2DM, levels of glycemic control, and measures of oxidative stress in people with T2DM. The results of this study will help come up with early identification and healing ways to improve patient care. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study at Government Medical College, Kozhikode, 63 diabetic patients aged 30–60 were compared with 63 age and sex-matched controls. Blood sugar was assessed using the glucose oxidase peroxidase method, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) through cation exchange high-performance liquid chromatography, serum malondialdehyde (MDA) through the thiobarbituric acid test, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) using the technique by Marklund and Marklund, with the latter two assessed spectrophotometrically. Hearing abilities were evaluated using pure tone audiometry. Results: Diabetic participants exhibited a marked increase in hearing loss incidence compared to controls (P < 0.001). Males with diabetes showed a higher prevalence of hearing loss than females (P = 0.043). A significant correlation was found between hearing loss and the duration of diabetes (P < 0.001), elevated glycemic levels (fasting blood sugar, random blood sugar, and HbA1c, all P < 0.001), and altered oxidative stress parameters. Specifically, MDA levels were higher in people with diabetes (P < 0.001) and associated with hearing loss (P = 0.033), while SOD levels were reduced (P < 0.001) and significantly linked to hearing loss (P = 0.047). Logistic regression identified age, sex, HbA1c, MDA, and SOD as independent risk factors for hearing impairment in Type 2 diabetes patients. Conclusion: Our findings emphasize the significant association between Type 2 diabetes and heightened risk of hearing loss, influenced by age, gender, glycemic levels, and oxidative stress markers. Regular audiological assessments are crucial for early detection and intervention in diabetic patients.

Assessment of neuron-specific enolase, glycated haemoglobin and fasting plasma glucose levels in patients with diabetes peripheral neuropathy in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria: A case control study

Background: Persistent hyperglycemia has been implicated in the development of neuronal complications in diabetes patients. Nerve damage and metabolic abnormalities may cause the release of neuron specific enolase into circulation. Aim: To investigate the relationship between serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) levels in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy. Methods: one hundred and five patients with peripheral neuropathy and 60 apparently healthy non-diabetic controls aged 45-69 years attending Clinics in General Hospital Calabar and the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, between July 2021 and January 2022, were recruited into the study. Fasting plasma glucose was estimated using glucose oxidase peroxidase method. Glycated haemoglobin and NSE were determined using Boronate Affinity High Performance Liquid Chromatography and ELISA methods respectively. Height and weight were measured and BMI computed, and data analyzed using Student’s t-test, ANOVA, post hoc analysis and Pearson’s correlation at P<0.05. Results: Body mass index, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, glycated haemoglobin and neuron specific enolase concentrations were significantly different (P=<0.05) between the diabetic patients and the controls. Neuron specific enolase vary significantly (P<0.05) among the diabetic patients with different forms of diabetes peripheral neuropathy. Fasting plasma glucose correlated positively with NSE (r=0.441, P=0.000) and HbA1C (r=0.328, P=0.001) respectively. Glycated haemoglobin correlated positively with BMI (r=0.412, P=0.000) and NSE (r=0.328, P=0.001) in that order. Conclusion: This study has shown that glycated haemoglobin and fasting plasma glucose are related with neuron specific enolase levels in patients with diabetes peripheral neuropathy. Thus, rising levels of glycated haemoglobin and fasting plasma glucose (poor glycemic control) may be associated with progressive nerve damage in patients with diabetes peripheral neuropathy.

Association of Hepcidin levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus treated with metformin or combined anti-diabetic agents in Pakistani population.

To evaluate the impact of hepcidin and ferritin in pathogenesis and prognosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects taking only metformin or combined anti-glycaemic agents. The observational case-control study was conducted at the Department of Physiology, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, from August 2019 to October 2020, and comprised subjects from both genders who categorised into equal groups as non-diabetic controls, newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without any treatment, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with exposure to metformin only, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients taking oral hypoglycaemic agents along with metformin, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients taking only insulin, and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients taking insulin and oral hypoglycaemic agents. Fasting plasma glucose was determined using glucose oxidase-peroxidase method, glycated haemoglobin by high performance liquid chromatography, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein by direct methods, cholesterol by cholesterol oxidase phenol 4-amino antipyrine peroxidase and triglycerides by glycerol phosphate oxidase-phenol 4-amino antipyrine peroxidase method. Serum levels of ferritin, insulin and hepcidin were evaluated using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Insulin resistance was assessed using homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance. Data was analysed using SPSS 21. Of the 300 subjects, there were 50(16.66%) in each of the 6 groups. Overall, there were 144(48%) males and 155(51.66%) females. The mean age was significantly lower in the control group 34.72±7.87 compared to all the diabetic groups (p<0.05), and the same was the case with respect to all the parameters (p<0.05) except high-density lipoprotein (p>0.05). Besides, hepcidin level was significantly higher in the control group (p<0.05). Ferritin levels were significantly increased in newly-diagnosed T2DM subjects compared to the controls (p<0.05) while all other groups showed decreased ferritin levels (p<0.05). Hepcidin gave inverse correlation with glycated haemoglobin only in diabetics taking only metformin (r = -0.27, p=0.05). Anti-diabetes drugs not only addressed type 2 diabetes mellitus, but also reduced levels of ferritin and hepcidin that are found to play a role in diabetes development.

Anti-RAGE (Receptor Advanced Glycation End products) Antibody Improves Diabetic Retinopathy in Rats via Hypoglycemic and Anti-inflammatory Mechanism.

Receptor advanced glycation end products (RAGE) activation plays an essential role in diabetic retinopathy (DR) progression. This study was aimed to explore the role of anti-RAGE antibodies (RAGE antagonists) in inhibiting DR progression through their hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory mechanism in diabetic retinopathy induced rats. A total of 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five group. The group was consisted of normal control group, DR group without treatment, DR group with anti-RAGE 1 ηg/kg BW, 10 ηg/kg BW, and 100 ηg/kg BW. To assess the diabetic retinopathy, fundus photographs were taken every week using a camera with 16x magnification placed in front of the rat's eyes. Blood glucose was checked by the glucose oxidase-peroxidase method. Retinal TNF-α levels and VEGF were examined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The finding of this study showed that anti-RAGE treatment at dose of 10 and 100 ηg/kg BW, HbA1c levels were significantly higher (p< 0.05) compared to the normal control group but significantly lower (p< 0.05) than in the diabetes group. The mean blood vessel diameter in the DR+anti-RAGE 10 and 100 ηg/kg BW groups was significantly lower than in the diabetic retinopathy group (p< 0.05). The administration of anti-RAGE 10 and 100 ηg/kg BW showed the ability to significantly reduce VEGF levels compared to the DR group (p< 0.05). This study revealed at doses of 10 and 100 ηg/kg BW, anti-RAGE antibodies improved diabetic retinopathy in Wistar rats through hypoglycemic effects and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Obtaining a Reliable Diagnostic Biomarker for Diabetes Mellitus by Standardizing Salivary Glucose Measurements.

Salivary glucose is frequently utilized in diabetes mellitus (DM), and it might be proposed as a potential biomarker candidate for DM, as it is non-invasive and cost-effective and achieves adequate diagnostic performance for DM patients. However, salivary glucose levels may change under specific conditions. It is consequently essential to maintain a consistent strategy for measuring saliva, taking into account the possibility of external factors influencing salivary glucose levels. In this study, we analyzed salivary glucose levels under different handling conditions and donor-dependent factors, including age, interdiurnal variations, and collection and processing methods. A structured questionnaire was used to determine the symptoms and predisposing factors of DM. The glucose oxidase peroxidase method was used to estimate glucose levels in the blood and saliva of people in a fasting state. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of such conditions on salivary glucose levels. We found that these extraneous variables should be taken into account in the future when salivary glucose is used as a predictive biomarker for DM.

Comparison of sodium fluoride and serum separator tubes for blood glucose estimation – What’s the best option?

The efficacy of sodium fluoride tubes in preserving glucose was compared against a serum separator tube with a gel barrier. We compared the fall in blood glucose levels in a fluoride - oxalate tube against levels in a serum separator tube. A heparinized tube was used as a standard.45 samples were drawn from healthy patient volunteers and distributed into the different tubes. Patients on medications or with chronic kidney disease were excluded. Glucose estimation was done by glucose oxidase-peroxidase method using a semi-automated colorimetric analyser. Samples were immediately centrifuged and stored at room temperature. The fall in glucose levels in each tube was measured at predefined time intervals of 1, 2, 4, 12 and 24 hours.There was no statistically significant difference in the glucose values measured in the fluoride and serum separator tubes at all time intervals from 1 to 24 hours. There was no statistically significant difference in the glucose values measured in all three tubes until 4 hours. However, there was an error beyond acceptable limits (for medical decision making as per CLIA criteria) in the difference in values between the fluoride and heparin tubes at 2 and 4 hours.Thus, there is no difference between use of a fluoride tube or a serum separator tube for up to 24 hours. A serum separator tube can be used when many analytes are to be measured in the same sample and a fluoride tube can be used when only glucose is to be estimated. A heparinized tube will suffice if glucose estimation will be done within one hour of collection.

Development of a Thin-Layer Chromatography-Enzymatic Test Combination Method for the Isolation of α-Glucosidase Inhibitors From Thymelaea hirsuta.

A rapid, easy and simple method for the isolation and purification of α-glucosidase inhibitors of the ethyl acetate extract of Thymelaea hirsuta (EaTh) by a combination of thin layer chromatography (TLC) and enzymatic test has been developed. EaTh was demonstrated previously a potent α-glucosidase inhibitory effect. In this study, we developed a simple TLC-enzymatic test (TLC/EZ) combination to isolate α-glucosidase inhibitors present in EaTh.EaTh was extracted by Soxhlet from Thymelaea hirsuta (T. hirsuta). The EaTh was separated on a silica gel column and then on a TLC plate. After TLC separation, the TLC/EZ combination method was applied. α-glucosidase inhibitors were detected directly in the TLC plate using the glucose oxidase peroxidase method (GOD-POD). A good detection of active compounds was obtained in the TLC favoring the TLC/EZ method. Active compounds were then characterized using high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis. The main α-glucosidase inhibitors present in EaTh have a molecular ion [M + H]+ at m/z = 543. This proposed method is suitable for a reliable isolation and purification of α-glucosidase inhibitors present in EaTh. It could be proposed as an interesting alternative of the classical method for the isolation and purification of α-glucosidase inhibitors in plant extracts.

Serum Activities of Ferritin Among Controlled and Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients.

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by the cells' inefficient utilization of blood glucose. DM occurs in two types: type 1 DM (T1DM) and type 2 DM (T2DM). DM results in increased blood sugar levels attributed to the non-functioning of the insulin-producing islet cells of the pancreas (type 1 DM) and insulin resistance, among other causes. Despite the initiation of treatment, in some people, diabetes remains uncontrolled and, over some time, could cause damage to other organs of the body, including the eyes, heart, and kidneys, among others. Recently, it was observed that iron metabolism and increased activity of serum ferritin (hyperferritinemia) could influence the development of T2DM. This study aims to assess the activities of ferritin among controlled and uncontrolled T2DM patients and compare them with the control group who were non-diabetic.MethodsThe study included 30 controlled and uncontrolled T2DM patients and an equal number of controls. The study was conducted between September and October 2021, and all patients included were those attending the General Medicine outpatient department attached to the RVM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Siddipet, Telangana, South India. Blood glucose activities were estimated by the glucose oxidase-peroxidase (GOD-POD) method using the Randox Daytona plus analyzer, and serum ferritin was measured by the chemiluminescence method using the Beckmann Coulter Access 2 instrument.ResultsThe mean age of the cases and the controls was 56.5 years and 46.7 years, respectively. Serum ferritin activities among people with controlled diabetes (73.3±56.6 ng/ml) (p=0.0003) and uncontrolled diabetes (269.8±347.1 ng/ml) (p=0.0006) varied significantly as compared to the controls (40.853±15.55). Glucose activities among controls (82.9±7.4 mg/dl), controlled T2DM patients (120.9±28.6 mg/dl), and uncontrolled T2DM patients (316.06±145.41 mg/dl) also showed significant differences.ConclusionHyperferritinemia is evident among uncontrolled T2DM patients. However, increased serum ferritin activities were also noted among controlled T2DM patients as compared to normal activities observed in the non-diabetic control group.

Docking, synthesis and evaluation of N-(2-(4-methoxy-2-oxo-1-phenyl/methyl-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-N-substitutedphenylbenzenesulfonamide derivatives as hypoglycemic agents

The current research work involves in silico docking studies, synthesis, characterisation and study on hypoglycemicactivity of a series of N-(2-(4-methoxy-1-methyl/phenyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)-2-oxoethyl)-N-substitutedprimaryamino) -benzenesulfononamides [IVa/b (1-6)]. Compounds exhibit prominent anti-diabetic activity by glucose oxidase peroxidase (GOD-POD) method which involves measurement of average serum glucose levels in mg/dl as well as conserved hydrogen bonds with one or more amino acid residues in the active pocket of murine 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase domain. Among all the synthesized compounds, compound IVb2 shows prominent anti-diabetic activity and higher Moldock score as compared to standard drug Glibenclamide. Structural analysis of the synthesized compounds has been done by standard spectroscopic techniques.

Evaluation of Salivary Components and Dental Plaque in Relation to Dental Caries Status in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

PurposeTo evaluate the dental caries prevalence in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) as compared to healthy children and, to assess the salivary components (flow rate, glucose, α-Amylase, Streptococcus mutans) and dental plaque in relation to their dental caries status.MethodsDental caries were estimated by using the DMFS index and dental plaque by Sillness and Loe plaque index. The following methods were used to assess the salivary components; draining method to determine the flow rate; glucose oxidase peroxidase method for glucose; substrate method for α-Amylase, Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin agar was used to culture Streptococcus mutans.ResultsCaries prevalence was significantly lower in T1DM. In the diabetic group, a significant positive correlation was found between DMFS value and plaque, DMFS value and salivary glucose, and also with DMFS value and salivary α-Amylase. A significant negative correlation was found between the DMFS value and the unstimulated salivary flow rate. The multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that decrease in the unstimulated salivary flow rate to be significantly associated with increasing DMFS values.ConclusionThe caries prevalence was found to be low in T1DM when compared to the healthy children, the cause for it being related to the low plaque scores. Low caries prevalence could also be due to the restriction of sucrose in their diet.Clinical significanceAs clinicians, along with restoring the smiles of a child patient, we have to retrospectively analyze the factors involved in the causation of dental caries. Educating the parents and the child in regard to this will help prevent the occurrence of any new carious lesion.How to cite this articleManjushree R, Anandakrishna L, Prasad KS K, et al. Evaluation of Salivary Components and Dental Plaque in Relation to Dental Caries Status in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(S-2):S121-S125.

Early detection of kidney diseases in diabetic patients with serum cystatin-C

Background: Prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increased worldwide. According to Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes guidelines, CKD is defined as abnormalities of kidney structure or function, present for >3 months with implications for health. In individuals with Type-2 diabetes, assessment of kidney function is mandatory, as diabetic nephropathy constitutes the major cause of CKD which leads to end-stage renal disease in diabetic patients. Cystatin-“C”, an alternative biomarker of kidney function, is a better predictor of CKD and is less affected by age, race, or muscle mass. Hence, the presence of elevated serum cystatin C is directly linked with risk of developing a progressive form of CKD. Aim and Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the importance of serum cystatin C as a marker for early detection of CKD in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 25 non-diabetics with CKD (Group-I) and 25 diabetics with CKD (Group-II) were included in the study. Cystatin C and glucose were estimated in the serum sample. Latex-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay method was used for the estimation of serum cystatin-C. Random blood glucose was estimated using glucose oxidase-peroxidase method. Student’s t-test was used for comparison between CKD with non-diabetics and CKD with diabetics by SPSS statistical package version 20.0. “P” < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The results of the two groups are expressed as Mean ± SD. Results: Serum cystatin-C levels were significantly increased (P < 0.001) in Group-I when compared to Group-II. There was a significant negative correlation (r = –0.447, P < 0.001) between serum cystatin C and estimating glomerular filtration rate was observed, which indicates that there is a possibility of renal damage in non-diabetic subjects. Conclusion: Cystatin C can be used as a good alternative marker compared to creatinine for assessing severe kidney damage.

Comparison of Clinical Chemistry Analysers ERBA XL-640 vs ERBA XL-1000 for Glucose Estimation

Introduction: With advance in technology, many instruments with wide variety of principle or technologies are available in market and in laboratory to conduct sample processing in time bound period. To fulfill the laboratory quality goal, it is essential that result matching be obtained in all used biochemical analysers for examinations. Documented evidence of method/instrument comparison can be used in future for quality improvement purposes. Aim: To assess and compare equivalence and harmonisation in glucose results produce by ERBA XL-640 vs ERBA XL-1000 in clinical biochemistry laboratory. Materials and Methods: A comparative study was carried out by results comparison of glucose measurements obtained in two automated systems ERBA XL-640 and ERBA XL-1000 in Clinical Biochemistry laboratory at Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education and Research between June 2021 to October 2021, based on protocol EP09-3A of result harmonisation and review article-method comparison. The results value were compared according to the total allowable error in Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA’88). Results were analysed by visual and quantitative analysis method Regression analysis and Bland-Altman plot, Method evaluation chart (Normalised MEDx chart). Results: Total of 48 samples were run within the batches and between the batches and quantitative analysis of difference was done. It is acceptable at medical decision level 40 mg/dL, 120 mg/dL and 180 mg/dL with comparison to total allowable error. Conclusion: The present study concluded that the comparison of ERBA XL-640 and ERBA XL-1000 for glucose examination by end point method {Glucose Oxidase-Peroxidase (GOD-POD) method} is acceptable and can be used interchangeably without repeat at major clinical decision levels.

Relationship between Fasting Blood Sugar and Some Haematological Parameters in Diabetic Patients Attending Nigerian Navy Reference Hospital Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria

Background of Study: Diabetes mellitus is a clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia due to absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. Lack of insulin, whether absolute or relative, affects the metabolism of carbohydrate, protein, fat, water and electrolytes (Sacks, 2013). Gestational Diabetes develops usually in the second or third trimester, as a result of hormones secreted by the placenta, which inhibit the action of insulin. A survey in Cross River State (CRS) gave a prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) at 6.5% in the age group 20 and above. This translates to an estimated 97,500 Diabetics within the population of 3 million.&#x0D; Aim of Study: This study evaluated fasting blood sugar and some haematological parameters in patients with diabetes mellitus visiting Nigeria Navy Reference Hospital Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study evaluated a total of one hundred (100) subjects (males and females) comprising of diabetic and non-diabetic (controls) subjects using glucose oxidase peroxidase method, and sysmex KX-21N haematology CBC auto analyzer. Patients were aged between 20-55 years of age.&#x0D; Results: It showed that diabetes patients exhibited significant (p&lt;0.05) decrease in the following parameters compared with the control group:Lymphocyte, Eosinophil and Platelets count. The Total White Blood Cells, Neutrophil, Monocyte, Basophil and FBS did not vary between the diabetes patients and the control group and only platelet established significant relationship in terms of age compared with other parameters. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that there is a statistically significant increases (P&lt;0.05) in platelet in the males compared with the females. Also, diabetic patients showed no significant in PCV and Hb value than the control subject.&#x0D; Conclusion: It is important that haematological profile should be included as a routine screening investigation to diagnose diabetic patient and treat accordingly. Full blood count as one of the routine laboratory tests is required in the management of diabetic patients.

Study of serum ferritin in type 2 DM patients in north Gujarat

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder in which metabolism of various trace elements is being altered. Present study has been carried out to determine association between serum ferritin and type 2 diabetes mellitus. To analyze level of serum ferritin in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in comparison with healthy controls. The present cross-sectional study was carried at Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, department of Biochemistry, GMERS Medical College and Hospital, Vadnagar, Gujarat. There were 100 cases having minimum 5 years history of type 2 diabetes mellitus residing at North Gujarat. There were 100 healthy controls in this study. GOD-POD (Glucose Oxidase- Peroxidase) method was used for estimation of Glucose.Nephelometry method was used for estimation of Ferritin and HbA1c. In comparison to healthy controls; Serum ferritin level was found high in Type 2 DM patients. High level of serum ferritin was found in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients who have poor glycemic control.

Glucose absorption regulation and mechanism of the compounds in Lilium lancifolium Thunb on Caco-2 cells

In this paper, the Caco-2 cell was used to study the glucose absorption regulation and mechanism of kaempferol, caffeic acid and quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactoside in Lilium lancifolium Thunb in vitro. Glucose oxidase-peroxidase (GOD-POD) method was used to measure glucose consumption in supernatant. The fluorescent D-glucose analog (2-NBDG) was used as a tracer probe to study the changes in the fluorescence intensity of 2-NBDG uptake by Caco-2 cells with an inverted fluorescence microscope. Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR were used to detect the protein expression and mRNA transcription of SGLT1 and GLUT2. The results showed that caffeic acid and quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactoside could significantly promote the absorption of glucose by normal Caco-2 cells compared with the control group (P < 0.001). Both caffeic acid and quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactoside could significantly promote the uptake of glucose tracer 2-NBDG on Caco-2 cells. Caffeic acid and quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactoside could significantly promote SGLT1 and GLUT2 protein expression levels and mRNA transcription (P < 0.001, P < 0.01, P < 0.05). The mechanism might be related to the promotion of SGLT1 and GLUT2 protein expression levels and mRNA transcription.