Different Concentrations Of Glucose Research Articles

A solar-driven photoelectrochemical platform based on Ag-sensitized TiO2 NTAs for pollutant treatment and hydrogen generation

Nanofunctional photocatalysts are attractive materials in solar energy transformation for environmental protection and green energy source generation. TiO2 nanoparticles are the most prospective photocatalysts due to the high photoactive property. In this paper, Ag nanoparticle-sensitized TiO2 nanotube arrays (Ag/TiO2 NTAs) were constructed as the photoelectrochemical platform for pollutant removal and hydrogen generation. TiO2 NTAs were firstly obtained by the anodization method, and carbon layer was formed by the hydrothermal carbonization of glucose in different concentrations, and then Ag nanoparticles were deposited by carbon reduction of Ag+. Ag/TiO2 NTAs could effectively decompose organic dye molecules and remove toxic heavy metal ions. The samples also could achieve visible light photocurrent and hydrogen generation. The surface plasmon resonance absorption and electron transfer path of Ag nanoparticles benefit photochemical performance improvement of TiO2 NTAs. The construction of multifunctional platform of Ag/TiO2 NTAs would cause extensive response and focus in the synergistic applications of semiconductor photocatalysts.

Communication—A Simple Empirical Method for Determination of CuOOH/CuO Redox Couple in Electrochemical Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensing

In this work, we introduced a model of glucose reaction at the electrode and determined the reduction potential of CuOOH/CuO redox couple at CuO nanowires/ITO electrode (CNIE) via an empirical study. The cyclic voltage scanning of CNIE to glucose in different concentrations of NaOH electrolyte solution was conducted using the background subtraction (BS-CV) method. By interpolating the glucose concentration to zero based on the curve of glucose concentration versus oxidation potential in different pH media of NaOH, the standard electrode potential of the CuOOH/CuO redox couple was calculated to be +0.433 (V vs SHE).

Glucose Involvement in Articular Cartilage Remodeling

Currently, the interest in studying glucose as a signaling molecule and a regulator of chondrocyte metabolism is increasing significantly. There is little available data on chondrocytes’ ability to respond to extracellular glucose concentration changes that help them to avoid harmful effects resulting from the lack or accumulation of intracellular glucose. We have collected and analyzed the information about the mechanism of glucose influence on articular cartilage chondrocyte in this study. We have learned that chondrocytes adapt to both high and low glucose concentrations by modulating the synthesis and degradation of GluT1. Consequently, glucose in different concentrations affects many fundamental cellular functions such as the cartilage matrix synthesis and disruption, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. To build a functional model of glucose participation in articular cartilage remodeling the exhaustive search and analysis of literature has been performed using open access resources. The scheme reflects key processes that have direct or indirect effects on the catabolic or anabolic function of chondrocytes. As a result, we have created a functional model that shows the effect of glucose on the suppression or expression of compounds that are actively involved in cartilage tissue remodeling. For example, these are compounds such as nitric oxide, aggrecans and type II collagen and others. Despite the role of glucose in energy metabolism in all cell types, including chondrocytes, high concentrations of glucose can also have a harmful effect. The advantage of this model is systematic data, which facilitates the perception of the results and their relevance.

Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in placental tissues of gravidas with gestational diabetes mellitus

Objective To investigate the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in placental tissues of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) women and in JEG3 cells after high glucose treatment. Methods Placental tissues were collected from 60 singleton pregnant women at term, who underwent elective cesarean section in Peking University First Hospital from December 2016 to June 2017, including 30 GDM women (GDM group) and 30 normal glucose tolerance (NGT) women (NGT group). Expressions of mTOR, Rictor, Raptor, S6 kinase (S6K) and phosphorylated-S6K (p-S6K), which were mTOR signaling pathway-related molecules in those placental tissues were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. At the same time, JEG3 cells were treated with glucose of different concentrations (5.5, 10.0, 15.0, 25.0 and 50.0 mmol/L) for 24 h, and the expressions of mTOR, S6K and p-S6K were detected by Western blotting. Two independent samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance test and Spearman correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results Compared with the NGT group, the pre-pregnancy body mass index(BMI), neonatal birth weight, fasting blood glucose(FBG), and 1 h and 2 h post-load blood glucose in oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) of the GDM group were significantly increased [pre-pregnant BMI: (21.6±2.7) vs (23.4±3.5) kg/m2, t=-2.192; neonatal birth weight: (3 337.5±347.7) vs (3 618.3±580.9) g, t=-2.727; FBG: (4.6±0.4) vs (5.2±0.8) mmol/L, t=-3.947; 1 h glucose level: (7.4±1.2) vs (9.6±1.9) mmol/L, t=-5.332; 2 h glucose level: (6.3±1.0) vs (8.1±1.5) mmol/L, t=-5.314; all P<0.05]. The mRNA expressions of mTOR, Rictor and Raptor were significantly higher in the GDM group than in the NGT group (0.051±0.015 vs 0.031±0.011, t=-5.635; 0.038±0.017 vs 0.026±0.010, t=-3.485; 0.036±0.012 vs 0.025±0.011, t=-3.312; all P<0.05). The expression of mTOR, Rictor, Raptor and p-S6K protein in the GDM group were enhanced as compared with those in the NGT group (0.834±0.432 vs 0.386±0.361, t=-2.249; 0.589±0.236 vs 0.262±0.075, t=-3.726; 0.767±0.345 vs 0.323±0.109, t=-3.472; 1.847±1.025 vs 0.834±0.432, t=-2.575; all P<0.05). The results of immunohistochemistry also showed that the p-S6K in the placental tissues of the GDM group was higher than that of the NGT group (0.29±0.09 vs 0.18±0.08, t=-3.122, P=0.004). The expressions of mTOR protein (0.190±0.085, 0.301±0.089, 0.419±0.065, 0.562±0.108, 0.412±0.058, F=18.351, P<0.05) and p-S6K protein (0.753±0.150, 1.146±0.289, 2.148±0.188, 2.248±0.115, 2.134±0.214, F=66.242, P<0.05) in JEG3 cells treated with different concentrations of glucose (5.5, 10.0, 15.0, 25.0 and 50.0 mmol/L) were significantly different and increased with increasing concentrations of glucose (r=0.314, P=0.035; r=0.457, P=0.002). Conclusions The up-regulated expressions of mTOR signaling pathway-related molecules in GDM placenta and high glucose-treated trophoblast cells (JEG3 cells) indicate a possible correlation between mTOR signaling pathway and GDM. However, the specific mechanisms need further study. Key words: Diabetes, gestational; Placenta; Mammalian target of rapamycin, serine/threonine kinases; Signal transduction

Induction of proliferation and activation of rat hepatic stellate cells via high glucose and high insulin.

To further investigate the occurrence mechanism of diabetic hepatic fibrosis through observing the effects of insulin and glucose in different concentrations on hepatic stellate cell (HSC) proliferation, and mRNA expressions of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in rats, so as to provide a theoretical and experimental basis for the occurrence, prevention and treatment of diabetic hepatic fibrosis (HF). The HSCs in rats were cultured in vitro with high glucose alone and high glucose + high insulin as the stimulating factors and mannitol as the high osmotic pressure control. After the above 10 groups of HSC were cultured for some time, the absorbance value of each group was determined using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) to clarify the number of proliferative HSC. Moreover, the count per minute (Cpm) of DNA in HSC was detected via the 3H-thymidine incorporation (3H-TDR incorporation) to clear the proliferation status of HSC. Finally, the mRNA expressions of TGF-β1 and TIMP-1 in HSC in each group were detected via Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-FQ-PCR). Both HSC proliferation and DNA synthesis were increased in a glucose concentration-dependent manner, while the HSC proliferation and DNA synthesis in glucose groups with insulin were significantly higher than those in glucose groups without insulin (p<0.05). The DNA synthesis in insulin + mannitol group was higher than that in insulin + normal glucose group. The mRNA level in TGF-β1 in glucose groups with insulin was decreased, but that in TIMP-1 was increased. Both high glucose and high insulin can induce the HSC proliferation, and high insulin can further activate HSC and promote the progression of hepatic fibrosis course.

Glucose diffusion in colorectal mucosa-a comparative study between normal and cancer tissues.

Colorectal carcinoma is a major health concern worldwide and its high incidence and mortality require accurate screening methods. Following endoscopic examination, polyps must be removed for histopathological characterization. Aiming to contribute to the improvement of current endoscopy methods of colorectal carcinoma screening or even for future development of laser treatment procedures, we studied the diffusion properties of glucose and water in colorectal healthy and pathological mucosa. These parameters characterize the tissue dehydration and the refractive index matching mechanisms of optical clearing (OC). We used ex vivo tissues to measure the collimated transmittance spectra and thickness during treatments with OC solutions containing glucose in different concentrations. These time dependencies allowed for estimating the diffusion time and diffusion coefficient values of glucose and water in both types of tissues. The measured diffusion times for glucose in healthy and pathological mucosa samples were 299.2 ± 4.7 ?? s and 320.6 ± 10.6 ?? s for 40% and 35% glucose concentrations, respectively. Such a difference indicates a slower glucose diffusion in cancer tissues, which originate from their ability to trap far more glucose than healthy tissues. We have also found a higher free water content in cancerous tissue that is estimated as 64.4% instead of 59.4% for healthy mucosa.

A Low-Cost and High Sensitive Paper-Based Microfluidic Device for Rapid Detection of Glucose in Fruit

The concentration of glucose in fruit is a key index for fruit quality. Despite the fact that there are many methods to detect glucose, finding a rapid, visual, and inexpensive method to detect glucose in fruit is still a great challenge. In this study, the concept of paper-based microfluidic device (μPAD) was extended to high-performance chemo-sensors for semi-quantitative detection of glucose in different kinds of fruit. Under optimized conditions, the results showed that the method detected glucose of different concentrations and the limit of detection (LOD) can reach 3.12 mM. In the quantifications, a good linear relationship was obtained between mean intensity and glucose concentration (5∼50 mM, R2 = 0.952). The analytical results obtained by the developed approach were in good agreement with the results by spectrophotometric method. In addition, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was added to cellulose paper surface to improve the both hydrophilic and sensing performance, indicating that the PEG-cellulose paper was superior for its rapid response for glucose. Herein, a low-cost and high sensitive μPAD sensor was exploited to assess the fruit quality and guide fruit intake for diabetes mellitus patients.

Mixed thread/paper-based microfluidic chips as a platform for glucose assays.

A novel microfluidic thread/paper-based analytical device (μTPAD) to detect glucose through a colorimetric assay is described. The μTPAD was fabricated from nylon thread trifurcated into three channels terminating at analysis sites comprised of circular zones of chromatography paper, which have previously been spotted with glucose of different concentrations. A solution of glucose oxidase (GOx), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and potassium iodide (KI) is transported via capillary action to the analysis sites where a yellow-brown color is observed indicating oxidation of iodide to iodine. The device was then dried, scanned, and analyzed yielding a correlation between yellow intensity and glucose concentrations. Both a flat platform constructed mainly of tape, and a cone platform constructed from tape and polyvinyl chloride, are described. Studies to quantitate glucose in artificial urine showed good correlation using the μTPAD.

Effect of different glucose concentrations on cAMP generation and insulin secretion in INS-1 cell

Objective To analyze the effect of glucose on cAMP generation and insulin secretion in INS-1 cell.Method We detected the changes of cAMP and insulin in INS-1 cell at 30 min stimulation by glucose of different concentrations (2.8,7.5,15 mmol/L).Result cAMP generation and insulin secretion in INS-1 cell were obviously stimulated as glucose concentration increased (P ＜ 0.05) and were relative to the concentration of glucose.Conclusion The increasing concentration of glucose could induce the cAMP production and insulin secretion in INS-1 cell. Key words: Glucose; cAMP; ELISA; Second messengers; Insulin secretion

IGF-1 Inhibits The Apoptosis of Mouse Embryo Induced by Diabetes*

In order to investigate the mechanisms of pregnancy associated with diabetes harm to gravida and fetal, The Kunming mice models for pregnancy associated with diabetes were simulated , The effects of glucose in different concentrations was detected on the growth of embryo cells in vitro culture. The effects of IGF-1 in different concentrations was determined on the development of blastocyst in hyperglycemic conditions (30.0 mol/L glucose) in vitro, as well as the apoptosis of embyro cells by using nuclear DNA double-dyed assays. Moreover, the expression of igf-1 and other genes associated with apoptosis in vitro embryo was detcted by Real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed that the total cell number of blastocyst fell off along with the increasing of glucose concentration. High concentrations of glucose (≥30 mmol/L) could significantly inhibit the growth of embryo cells (P 0.01). The results of real-time quantitative PCR showed that the expression of igf-1 was down-regulated in mouse blastocyst with pregnancy associated with diabetes, and positively correlated with the concentration of glucose. The expressions of apoptosis-related genes bcl-2 and bcl-xl were up-regulated along with the increasing of IGF-1 concentration, while the p53 gene and the apoptosis-related gene Bax were down-regulated. The embryo cells apoptosis had been gradually reduced with the increasing of IGF-1 concentration in vitro, and in the IGF-1 concentration of 100 μg/L, there was almost no apoptosis in embryo cells. These experiments demonstrated that hyperglycemic conditions in vitro can inhibit the growth and development of the embryo cells resulting in the down-regulated expression of igf-1, and IGF-1 could inhibit the apoptosis of blastocyst and be benefit for the growth of blastocyst.

Glucose endothelial cytotoxicity and protection by Dan Gua-Fang, a Chinese herb prescription in huVEC in hyperglycemia medium

Background Low success rate of blood glucose in diabetes is an international problem. The endothelia cytotoxicity of hyperglycemia has been widely accepted. However, it has not been seen in reports of the value of concentration of high glucose beginning to produce cytotoxicity and the relationship between hyperglycemia and cytotoxicity as well as how to effectively prevent and control hyperglycemia cytotoxicity. Dan Gua prescription is an effective Chinese herb prescription for diabetic vascular complications. Methods Dan Gua prescription was contained in Dan Gua liquor utilized in experiments. (1) The cytotoxicity experiment of Dan Gua was carried out with M199 medium whose glucose (Glu) was 5.55 mmol/l to seek for a suitable experimental concentration of Dan Gua. (2) The human vessel endotheliocyte was cultivated for 72 h with mediums containing glucose in different concentrations (Group G1 to Group G11, Glu: 5.5 to 99.9 mmol/l, respectively), and assayed an optical density (OD) value using the 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide method. (3) Experiment 2 was repeated. However, the medium of each group (Groups Y1 to Y11) contained Dan Gua liquor whose concentration was 1/300. Results There was a negative correlation between means of cell OD values and glucose concentrations ( r=−.927, R 2=.844), and it presented a notable linear correlation ( y=0.681−0.002 x). Based on the OD value of 5.5-mmol/l glucose concentration (group G1), when glucose concentration reached 22.2 mmol/l (G4), the difference in OD values has a statistical significance. OD values in Y1–Y11 were not less than that of G1. Conclusion There is a notable linear correlation between the endothelial cytotoxicities of Glu and its concentrations. The spinodal point concentration of statistical significance of hyperglycemia cytotoxicity is 22.2 mmol/l; 1/300 Dan Gua can reverse the endothelia cytotoxicity in different concentrations of hyperglycemia.

Experimental results and modeling of the osmotic dehydration kinetics of chestnut with glucose solutions

Osmotic dehydration of chestnut ( Castanea sativa Mill.) was carried out using aqueous solutions of glucose of different concentrations (40.0, 50.0 and 56.5% w/w) as osmotic media, and working at three temperatures (25, 35 and 45 °C). At different time intervals (up to 8 h) of contact with the osmotic media, total mass, solids gain, water loss and moisture content were determined for each sample. The experimental data modelling was successfully achieved employing an empirical model based on logistic dose response (LDR) curves considering constant dimensions. A model based on Fickian diffusion was also employed with satisfactory results considering the effective coefficient of diffusion constant. Additionally, at the same operating conditions, glucose and moisture contents were obtained for different depths of the samples to determine composition profiles during osmotic dehydration. All the results obtained allow concluding that the osmotic dehydration kinetics depends strongly on glucose concentration and temperature of osmotic media. At higher values for both variables, the water loss and solid acquisition are more intensive. If the water loss/solid gain ratio as a quality parameter of the osmotic operation is analyzed, working at the lowest temperature and the highest concentration assayed the best results (values around 4.2 after 8 h of operation) are obtained. The results on the penetration of osmotic agent indicated that the glucose concentration and the water removal is only significant in the external slabs (4 mm depth) at 25 °C being appreciable concentration gradients present in the product after osmotic dehydration. At higher temperatures, the influence of the osmotic agent is deeper.

In vitro cultivation of human fetal pancreatic ductal stem cells and their differentiation into insulin-producing cells.

To isolate, culture and identify the human fetal pancreatic ductal stem cells in vitro, and to observe the potency of these multipotential cells differentiation into insulin-producing cells. The human fetal pancreas was digested by 1 g/L collagease type IV and then 2.5 g/L trypsin was used to isolate the pancreatic ductal stem cells, followed by culture in serum-free, glucose-free DMEM media with some additional chemical substrates in vitro (according to the different stage). The cells were induced by glucose-free (control), 5 mmol/L, 17.8 mmol/L and 25 mmol/L glucose, respectively. The cell types of differentiated cells were identified using immunocytochemical staining. The shape of human fetal pancreatic ductal stem cells cultured in vitro was firstly fusiform in the first 2 wk, and became monolayer and cobblestone pattern after another 3 to 4 wk. After induced and differentiated by the glucose of different concentrations for another 1 to 2 wk, the cells formed the pancreatic islet-like structures. The identification and potency of these cells were then identified by using the pancreatic ductal stem cell marker, cytokeratin-19 (CK-19), pancreatic beta cell marker, insulin and pancreatic alpha cell marker, glucagons with immunocytochemical staining. At the end of the second week, 95.2% of the cells were positive for CK-19 immunoreactivity. Up to 22.7% of the cells induced by glucose were positive for insulin immunoreactivity, and less than 3.8% of the cells were positive for glucagon immunoreactivity in pancreatic islet-like structures. The positive ratio of immunoreactive staining was dependent on the concentration of glucose, and it was observed that the 17.8 mmol/L glucose stimulated effectively to produce insulin- and glucagons-producing cells. The human fetal pancreatic ductal stem cells are capable of proliferation in vitro. These cells have multidifferentiation potential and can be induced by glucose and differentiated into insulin-producing cells in vitro.

Irrigação intranasal: avaliação dos efeitos do uso de soluções hidroeletrolíticas na mucosa de ratos

A irrrigação intranasal tem grande importância como terapia adjuvante de doenças nasossinusais. Entretanto, faltam estudos que avaliem as alterações histológicas que as diferentes soluções utilizadas podem causar na mucosa do nariz. OBJETIVO: Analisar os aspectos histológicos da mucosa nasal de ratos após irrigação local com diferentes soluções hidroeletrolíticas. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Experimental. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: 120 ratos Wistar foram divididos igualmente em 4 grupos. O grupo número 1 recebeu solução salina a 0,9%. Os grupos 2 e 3 receberam soluções contendo Cloreto de Sódio associado a Cloreto de Potássio e Glicose, em diferentes concentrações. O grupo 4 foi o grupo controle. Duas vezes ao dia, 0,1ml (2 gotas) das soluções foram aplicados na narina esquerda dos ratos, através de uma seringa. Metade dos animais de cada grupo foi sacrificado após a primeira semana e a metade restante após a quarta semana de tratamento. Os fragmentos de mucosa obtidos foram processados e estudados em microscopia óptica, utilizando a hematoxilina e eosina. RESULTADOS: Pôde-se observar que a infiltração de células inflamatórias foi estatisticamente mais intensa no grupo 2, em 1 e 4 semanas de administração das soluções (p&lt;0,05), quando comparada ao grupo controle. A formação de glândulas intraepiteliais foi estatisticamente mais evidente no grupo 1, quando comparada aos grupos 3 e 4 (p&lt;0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A solução salina hipertônica testada causou a menor reação tecidual na mucosa nasal de ratos quando comparada ao grupo controle. Não foram encontradas vantagens na utilização da solução salina a 0,9% em comparação com o uso das demais soluções em estudo.

Exogeneous energy supply and excitability of cells in embryonic atypical epidermis of Cynops cultured in vitro

Cells of in vitro cultured epidermis explants of ectoderm isolated at early gastrula stage, showed only weak excitability or even non-excitable at 6V when examined electrophy-siologically. If non-excitable explants were treated with 100mM glucose, the action potential (AP) appeared and within 1 hr reached its maximum. At the same time, their stimulus threshold became lowered gradually. And, if the glucose was washed out, AP gradually disappeared. If explants were treated with glucose of different concentrations, the percentage of explants which displayed AP increased with the increase of glucose concentration. When explants with approximately the same original stimulus threshold were treated with glucose of different concentrations, the stimulus threshold became lowered more in the more concentrated solution. If explants with different original stimulus thresholds were treated with glucose of the same concentration, the lowering of stimulus threshold was more obvious in those with higher original stimulus threshold. Other energy supplying substances used showed similar effect.

Der Einfluß des NaCl und anderer Alkalisalze auf die Nitratreduktaseaktivität von Salicornia europaea L.

Salicornia europaea was cultivated with nitrate as the only N-source. Therefore it seemed to be necessary to study the effect of NaCl and other alkaline salts on the nitrate reductase, the key enzyme of the nitrate metabolism. In vivo the nitrate reductase was stimulated by small to medium gifts NaCl (50–150 mM). The enzyme could be inhibited by higher concentrations of NaCl (250 mM). In vitro the nitrate reductase was not affected at concentrations of NaCl below 25 mM. At higher concentrations (50–250 mM) the enzyme activity decreased proportionally. Other alkaline salts (KCl and KNO3) effected the enzyme in a similar way. By using glucose in different concentrations it could be excluded that the effect of the salts on the enzyme activity was produced by osmolarities. The nitrate reductase of Chenopodium album showed nearly the same NaCl-tolerance as that of Salicornia europaea. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, daß in vivo die Nitratreduktase von Salicornia europaea durch geringe bis mittlere NaCl-Gaben (50–150 mM) stimuliert wurde. Höhere NaCl-Konzentrationen (250 mM) führten zu einer Enzymhemmung. In vitro-Untersuchungen ergaben, daß sich das NaCl in geringeren Konzentrationen (bis 25 mM) gegenüber der Nitratreduktase indifferent verhielt. Höhere NaCl-Gehalte der Inkubationslösungen (50–250 mM) führten direkt proportional zu einer Enzymhemmung. Andere Alkalisalze (KCl und KNO3) zeigten eine dem NaCl entsprechende Wirkung. Ein osmotischer Effekt der Salze konnte ausgeschlossen werden, da isoosmotische Glukosekonzentrationen keinen Einfluß auf die Nitratreduktaseaktivität zeigten. Die Nitratreduktase von Chenopodium album, das als Vergleichspflanze herangezogen worden war, verhielt sich bezüglich der NaCl-Toleranz nahezu identisch.