Glucose Molecules Research Articles

Lossy Mode Resonance Optical Fiber Enhanced by Electrochemical-Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Glucose Detection.

Noninvasive glucose sensors are emergent intelligent sensors for analyzing glucose concentration in body fluids within invasion-free conditions. Conventional glucose sensors are often limited by a number of issues such as invasive and real-time detection, creating challenges in continuously characterizing biomarkers or subtle binding dynamics. In this study, we introduce an efficient lossy mode resonance (LMR) optical fiber sensor incorporating the molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) to amplify glucose molecules. A molecularly imprinted recognition platform is created on an LMR sensor surface through a convenient one-step electrochemical (EC) polymerization method, in which 3-Aminophenylboric acid and glucose serve as the functional monomer and template molecule, respectively. LMR resonance wavelength shift induced by the coupling of the optical lossy mode and the fiber core mode is employed as the parameter to characterize biomolecules. Due to its high sensitivity to surrounding environment changes, a limit of detection (LOD) of 4.62 × 10-2 μmol/L for glucose can be achieved by this optical fiber sensor. Additionally, the prepared EC-MIPs LMR sensor is capable of detecting glucose molecules in human saliva samples with high accuracy, endowing its potential for practical applications.

Unlocking the Anion Effect on Steerable Production of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural

AbstractHomogeneous metal salt catalysts play a pivotal role in industrial production of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Herein, we first proposed the anion effect on steerable production of HMF using metal salts with different anions as catalyst in a biphasic system of tetrahydrofuran (THF)/NaCl aqueous solution (NaCl aq). Notably, the anions affected the catalytic activity of the metal salts, leading to an order of magnitude difference in the HMF yields, i.e., AlBr3 (74.0 mol %)>AlCl3 (60.8 mol %)>Al2(SO4)3 (35.2 mol %)>Al(NO3)3 (14.9 mol %). The anion effect on steerable production of HMF could be attributed to the proximity effect and electron tension. Anions form close‐range interactions with glucose molecules by proximity effect to promote electron transfer, facilitating the isomerization of glucose to fructose. Besides, anions induce a reduction of the electron cloud density of glucose carbon atoms, generating electron tension that rapidly transforms glucose from the ground state to the transition state, thereby increasing the HMF yield. Based on the revelation of anions effect and evaluation of techno‐economic process, we expect to provides theoretical guidance for high‐throughput screening of metal salt catalysts in industrial biorefinery.

Unlocking the Anion Effect on Steerable Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural.

Homogeneous metal salt catalysts play a pivotal role in industrial production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Herein, we first proposed the anion effect on steerable production of HMF using metal salts with different anions as catalyst in a biphasic system of tetrahydrofuran (THF)/NaCl aqueous solution (NaCl aq). Notably, the anions affected the catalytic activity of the metal salts, leading to an order of magnitude difference in the HMF yields, i.e., AlBr3 (74.0 mol %)>AlCl3 (60.8 mol %)>Al2(SO4)3 (35.2 mol %)>Al(NO3)3 (14.9 mol %). The anion effect on steerable production of HMF could be attributed to the proximity effect and electron tension. Anions form close-range interactions with glucose molecules by proximity effect to promote electron transfer, facilitating the isomerization of glucose to fructose. Besides, anions induce a reduction of the electron cloud density of glucose carbon atoms, generating electron tension that rapidly transforms glucose from the ground state to the transition state, thereby increasing the HMF yield. Based on the revelation of anions effect and evaluation of techno-economic process, we expect to provides theoretical guidance for high-throughput screening of metal salt catalysts in industrial biorefinery.

Stoichiometric Regeneration of Biomimetic Nicotinamide Coenzyme Powered by Biomass Sugars via In Vitro Synthetic Enzymatic Biosystems.

Biomimetic nicotinamide coenzymes, including nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN+), have been demonstrated as promising low-cost alternatives to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)+) in biocatalysis. Herein, to efficiently regenerate NMNH from NMN+ in vitro powered by biomass sugars, a thermophilic NADP+-dependent glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Thermotoga maritima (TmG6PDH) was engineered to increase the activity toward NMN+. The catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of optimal mutant (TmG6PDH-R7) toward NMN+ increased by 71.7-fold than TmG6PDH-WT. As a result, compared to the wild type, the coenzyme specificity ([kcat/Km]NMN+/[kcat/Km]NADP+) of TmG6PDH-R7 increased by ~2.0×105-fold. The structural analysis revealed that the introduced hydrophobic and bulky residues lead to the formation of a smaller binding pocket, which resulting in a higher affinity for NMN+ with small size than NADP+. Then several in vitro synthetic enzymatic biosystems (ivSEBs) comprising this thermophilic TmG6PDH-R7 and a previously engineered thermophilic 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were constructed. These ivSEBs harnessed the complete oxidation of renewable biomass sugars to facilitate the stoichiometric regeneration of 12 molecules of NMNH from 1 molecule of glucose, thereafter producing various products such as levodione, 2,3-butanediol or bioelectricity, over a wide temperature range. This study could pave the way for using stable and low-cost biomimetic coenzymes in ivSEBs for industrial biomanufacturing.

Pd-anchored VSe2 for glucose sensing: Prediction from first principle simulations

Accurate detection of glucose molecule is clinically important for treatment of diabetes. The sensor should efficiently detect the glucose molecule with suitable response time. The conductivity of the sensor material thus plays a vital role in fast and precise sensing. Layered vanadium di-selenide (VSe2) is a transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) with metallic characteristics. The current study is to portray a theoretical exhaustive investigation about enhancement in effectual detection of glucose using VSe2 decorated with transition metals (TM) such as Ag and Pd. We have performed extensive DFT simulations to relate adsorption energy of glucose with pristine and decorated VSe2. Introduction of TM to pristine VSe2 was found to increase the adsorption energy of glucose which increases the sensitivity of metal- anchored VSe2. Comprehensive partial density of states (PDOS) and total density of states (TDOS) analysis has been carried out to analyse orbital interaction and qualitative charge transfer which has also been measured using Bader charge analysis. In addition to that, permanency of the best decorated system has been verified through molecular dynamics calculation and modality of recurrent serviceability has been determined by means of recovery time estimation. This is crucial since as on today, most of the available glucose detectors are meant for single usage. Our theoretically derived findings clearly point to the prediction that TM-decorated layered VSe2 can be an efficient glucose sensor, if practically developed in forthcoming times. The obtained results will thus potentially be beneficial for experimentalists for scheming and evolving VSe2-based glucose sensors.

Structural and electronic properties of AgNPs adsorbed by glucose molecules determined using DFT theory

In order to build and design stable molecular structures of α‐D‐glucose molecules after adding to a cluster of silver atoms, an optimization process was precisely carried out for α‐D glucose/Ag3 molecule at low energy. The correlation between glucose molecule and silver atoms is evaluated by investigating configurational and electronic features of the named molecules by adopting the Density functional theory DFT using the hybrid B3LYP functional and 6–311+G∗ as a basis set for C, O, and H atoms, while LANL2DZ set for silver (Ag) atoms. Frequencies of vibrational modes are essential analyses that have been instrumental in understanding the IR spectra of studied molecules. These analyses enable the detection of the active groups along the spectrum chart including C–O–C, C=O, C–O, O–H, C–C and C–H peaks confirming the previous experimental findings. Another important finding is the energy gap (Eg) obtained by the difference between the higher occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lower unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). Remarkably, Eg was found to increase from 3.440 to 4.358 eV in a configuration consisting of two glucose molecules with one Ag atom (2α‐D glucose/Ag-C12H24O12Ag) to another with one glucose molecule with three Ag atoms (α‐D glucose/Ag3-C6H12O6Ag3) configuration. Additionally, the potential of the molecular electrostatic isosurface (MEP) in 3D diagram for two configurations is clarified by the colour-coded bar with the distributions of charge density distributions to examine the nucleophilicity and electrophilicity behaviour.

Postnatal Wing Morph of Pea Aphids Regulates Hemolymph Trehalose Levels.

Trehalose, a nonreducing disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules, functions as a critical energy source in various insect tissues and organs and is the predominant sugar component of the hemolymph. The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, exhibits higher hemolymph trehalose levels than other insects. However, the dynamics of hemolymph trehalose levels throughout its life stages remain unclear owing to the challenges associated with obtaining hemolymph from these small insects. Therefore, this study was conducted to quantify hemolymph trehalose levels in A. pisum using a fluorescent trehalose sensor (Tre-C04), which enhances green fluorescent protein fluorescence through the binding of trehalose to a ligand-binding protein fused to the fluorophore. Trehalose levels were successfully quantified in minimal hemolymph samples from individual aphids, with measurements spanning from the first nymphal stage to the adult stage in both the winged and wingless forms of A. pisum. Hemolymph trehalose levels remained relatively stable throughout the life cycle but exhibited a gradual increase with each developmental stage. Notably, adult winged aphids exhibited significantly higher hemolymph trehalose levels than wingless aphids. Given that wing morph determination occurs early in the nymphal stage, these findings suggest that hemolymph trehalose levels are regulated post-wing morph development. Further investigation of the expression of genes associated with trehalose metabolism revealed that trehalose phosphate synthase 2 levels were downregulated in early-stage wingless adults, whereas insulin-related peptide 5 levels were upregulated in wingless aphids. These findings indicate that A. pisum synthesizes trehalose during the winged adult stage to serve as an energy source for flight.

Sensitivity and accuracy of single-mode fiber optic sensor for non-invasive glucose measurement

Abstract Routine glucose level monitoring is essential for diabetic patients. Standard measurement methods based on finger pricking are inconvenient and susceptible to infection risk. Therefore, simple and non-invasive measurements are urgently needed. Compared to other approaches, glucose level measurement using optical methods offers many advantages, such as set-up simplicity, high sensitivity, and high accuracy. We optimize the sensing performance of glucose level sensors based on a single-mode fiber optic. The fiber optic serves as a medium for light propagation from a diode laser to a photodiode and, at the same time, serves as an active sensing medium. In the sensing area, the fiber optic cladding is partly (i.e., 1 – 5 cm) stripped to allow direct contact, which leads to evanescent wave absorption by glucose molecules. The length of fiber optic stripping and bending radius, which determine the sensitivity and accuracy of the sensor, varied. Bent fiber optic sensors consistently show a higher sensitivity and accuracy than straight ones. Maximum sensitivity of 2.35 mV/(mg/dL) was attained for a 3 cm stripping length and 4.5 cm bending radius. The lowest sensitivity of the sensor, 0.453 mV/(mg/dL), was acquired at the stripping length of 5 cm for the straight fiber optic sensor. The highest accuracy of the developed sensor is 99% for bent fiber optic sensors.

Injectable Gelled Multiple Emulsion for Glucose-Responsive Insulin Delivery.

A glucose-responsive insulin delivery system that sustains blood glucose equilibrium for an extended duration can address the low therapeutic window of insulin in diabetes treatment. Herein, insulin is loaded in a water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) gelled multiple emulsion using poly (4-vinylphenylboronic acid) (PVPBA) homopolymer as an effective emulsifier. The gelled multiple emulsion exhibits a high encapsulation efficiency (99%), enhanced stability and remarkable shear-thinning behavior, making it easy to inject. Under hyperglycemic conditions, the gelled emulsion system instantly binds to glucose molecules and reduces the hydrogen bonds of the PVPBA homopolymer, resulting in insulin release. In a streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mouse model, a single subcutaneous injection of the gelled emulsion rapidly responds to high blood glucose concentration (BGC)and release insulin in a glucose dependent manner, thus prolonging the antihyperglycemic effect compared with free insulin.

Electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose biosensors based on Au-thiol-linked molecular architectures

In this work, an electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensor consisting of di-methanethiol-grafted poly (3,4-propylenedioxythiophene), gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was synthesized by a one-step method through Au-S chemisorption. The structure and morphology of the as-prepared poly (ProDOT-(MeSH)2)/Au/rGO composite were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, EDX, TEM, SEM, and XPS, and the electrochemical performance of the composite was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The results show that because of the hydrogen bond interaction between the thiol group on the polymer units and the functional groups on GO, poly (ProDOT-(MeSH)2)/Au/rGO was successfully prepared. In addition, due to the unique morphological structure of the composite and the ability to absorb glucose molecules through hydrogen bonds, the poly(ProDOT-(MeSH)2)/Au/rGO electrode possesses excellent selectivity and unique sensitivity (46.13 μA mM−1 cm−2) for sensing glucose in the linear range of 0.04–16.0 mM with a detection limit of (S/N = 3) 0.01. This paper demonstrates that the poly(ProDOT-(MeSH)2)/Au/rGO composite holds great promise for application as a new glucose sensor in life science.

Galacto-oligosaccharides as functional foods and their properties

Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are classified as prebiotics due to their indigestible nature. GOS are regarded as resistant to salivary digestion and are not utilized by the mouth. Thus, they can be utilized as substitutes for low-cariogenic sugar. The structure of GOS mixtures is determined by the differentiation between the transferase reaction and hydrolysis. Transgalactosylation can be achieved intramolecularly when the glycosidic bond in lactose cleaves and reassembles itself on another glucose molecule. Microbes can be used as a source for the β-galactosidase enzyme or as agents to produce GOS units. Commercial β-galactosidase enzymes likewise do have a great potential for their use in GOS synthesis. These transgalactosyl reactions could find useful applications in dairy. Since 70% of the world's population cannot tolerate lactose, lactose utilization could only be enhanced through hydrolysis into its components, the monomer sugars of D-glucose and D-galactose. GOS can be produced industrially using whey or lactose as the substrate. Trisaccharide (β1-4 or β1-6 galactosyllactose) are generally the major products of this process. In comparison with lactose and other saccharide molecules, GOS has been shown to have low carcinogenicity, low calorific value, and low sweetness. This review focuses on GOS production, and the physicochemical characteristics, physiological effects, and applications of these prebiotics are summarized.

Brewer's Spent Grain-Cellulose-Coated Copper Electrode-Based Extended Gate Field-Effect Transistor for Nonenzymatic Glucose Detection toward Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus.

The demand for environmentally friendly, reliable, and cost-effective electrodes for glucose sensor technology has become a major research area in the paradigm shift toward green electronics. In this regard, cellulose has emerged as a promising flexible biopolymer solution with unique properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, nontoxicity, renewability, and sustainability. Because of their large surface area and porous structure, fibrous cellulose substrates quickly adsorb and disperse analytes at detection sites. This work focuses on utilizing glyoxal-treated cellulose (derived from brewer's spent grain (BSG)) for the fabrication of extended gate field-effect transistor (EGFET)-based glucose sensors. This investigation extends to the utilization of BSG-cellulose for glucose detection in biomimicking electrolytes (phosphate buffer saline) to facilitate glucose detection in human blood samples. The fabricated electrode demonstrates a linear range of glucose detection from 1 to 13.5 mM with a Langmuir adsorption coefficient (K) of 0.102. Also, its selectivity toward glucose over interfering molecules such as sucrose, fructose, ascorbic acid, and uric acid under physiological conditions has been demonstrated. This cellulose-based EGFET electrode exhibits a sensitivity of 6.5 μA mM-1 cm-2 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.135 mM. Computational studies by density functional theory calculations confirmed the higher binding affinity of glucose molecules with glyoxal-modified cellulose (-0.95 eV) than with pristine cellulose (-0.46 eV). Here, the novelty lies in the fabrication of electrodes with biodegradable catalysts and their integration into the EGFET configuration.

Microfibrous Carbon Paper Decorated with High-Density Manganese Dioxide Nanorods: An Electrochemical Nonenzymatic Platform of Glucose Sensing.

Nanorod structures exhibit a high surface-to-volume ratio, enhancing the accessibility of electrolyte ions to the electrode surface and providing an abundance of active sites for improved electrochemical sensing performance. In this study, tetragonal α-MnO2 with a large K+-embedded tunnel structure, directly grown on microfibrous carbon paper to form densely packed nanorod arrays, is investigated as an electrocatalytic material for non-enzymatic glucose sensing. The MnO2 nanorods electrode demonstrates outstanding catalytic activity for glucose oxidation, showcasing a high sensitivity of 143.82 µA cm-2 mM-1 within the linear range from 0.01 to 15 mM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.282 mM specifically for glucose molecules. Importantly, the MnO2 nanorods electrode exhibits excellent selectivity towards glucose over ascorbic acid and uric acid, which is crucial for accurate glucose detection in complex samples. For comparison, a gold electrode shows a lower sensitivity of 52.48 µA cm-2 mM-1 within a linear range from 1 to 10 mM. These findings underscore the superior performance of the MnO2 nanorods electrode in both sensitivity and selectivity, offering significant potential for advancing electrochemical sensors and bioanalytical techniques for glucose monitoring in physiological and clinical settings.

One-pot synthesis of γ-cyclodextrin of high purity from non-food cellulose via an in vitro ATP-free synthetic enzymatic biosystem

γ-Cyclodextrin (γ-CD) is a cyclic oligosaccharide composed of eight glucose molecules linked together via α-1,4-glycosidic bonds. It has a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and chemical industries. Two pathways were designed for the synthesis of γ-CD from the non-food feedstock cellulose via an in vitro adenosine triphosphate (ATP) –free synthetic enzymatic biosystem. Cellulose was employed as the substrate for producing cellobiose, which was subsequently converted to γ-CD via a cascade reaction utilizing five enzymes. A stoichiometric conversion of cellulose to γ-CD was achieved by adding the synthesis module for glucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P) and optimizing the reaction conditions. The productivity of γ-CD obtained via pathway II–condition III was as high as 517 g/m3·h from cellobiose, representing a 16-fold increase compared to pathway II–condition I. A process for producing γ-CD from cellulose was established in this study, which yielded γ-CD of >90 % purity. This study presents a novel process that could be employed in next-generation biorefineries and a strategy for improving the economic considerations associated with cellulose utilization.

Degradation of acid blue 41 with carbon quantum dots@MOF-808 nanocomposite as a biocompatible photocatalyst under visible light

CQDs@MOF-808 guest@host nanocomposite as a biocompatible photocatalyst has been synthesized using a ship-bottle approach involving the impregnation method for immobilization of glucose molecules as carbon quantum dots (CQDs) precursor into the MOF-808 pores to form Glucose@MOF-808 and further fabrication of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) via in-situ thermolysis route of glucose molecules loaded into the pores of MOF-808. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of 86.62 % was calculated for CQDs@MOF-808 nanocomposite for degradation of Acid Blue 41 in 120 min under visible light irradiation, that was attributed to the presence of CQDs inside MOF-808 pores. The exceptional characteristics of CQDs include outstanding up-converted photoluminescence (UCPL) effects, photo-induced electron transfer, electron reservoir properties, and electron-hole separations, all contributing to the photocatalytic degradation of Acid Blue 41. The synthesized samples were characterized by PXRD, FT-IR, EDX, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm, TEM, DRS, PL, EIS and Mott − Sckottky measurements.

Fabrication of Glucose Fluorescent Aptasensor Based on CdTe Quantum Dots.

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose (or blood sugar) levels, which harms the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves over time. So, it is crucial to regularly control glucose concentration in biological fluids to check its targets, reduce unpleasant symptoms of high and low blood sugar, and avoid long-term diabetes complications. This study developed a simple, rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective fluorescence system for glucose determination. The fluorescent Aptasensor was fabricated using cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QDs) modified with thioglycolic acid and functionalized with thiol-glucose-aptamer through ligand exchange. The thiol-glucose-aptamer interacted directly with CdTe QDs, increasing fluorescence intensity. However, it decreased when the target molecules of glucose were introduced. The structural and morphological characteristics of the Aptasensor were confirmed by various analytical methods such as UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). According to the typical Stern-Volmer equation, the relationship between fluorescent quenching and target concentration was linear with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.13 ± 1.95 × 10-11 mol L-1 and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.05%. The Aptasensor demonstrated high specificity towards the target and stability over 28 days. Furthermore, it detected glucose in human serum and urine with a recovery rate of up to 99.74%. The results indicate that the fluorescent Aptasensor could be valuable in developing robust sensing technology for low-concentrated analytes.

Enhanced cellobiose hydrolysis over fluorine-modulated carbon-based solid acid catalysts

In this study, we synthesized novel carbon-based solid acid catalysts using plasma engineering by integrating sulfonic acid groups as primary catalytic sites and supplemented these with fluorine-containing, chlorine-containing, and other oxygenated functional groups (OFGs). Notably, the catalyst with the fluorine-containing functional groups results superior glucose yield (58.2 %) than that containing only OFGs (37.6 %). Theoretical analysis of the reaction energetics revealed that the cleavage of cellobiose's 1,4-O linkage to form two glucose molecules potentially constitutes the rate-determining step (RDS) in cellobiose hydrolysis. The reaction energy for this RDS was found to increase in the sequence of G–SO3H–F, G–SO3H–Cl, and G-SO3H, consistent with the experimentally obtained catalytic activity trends. Through extensive characterization, including textural analysis, surface chemistry, and density functional theory calculations, we identified that the –F groups are the key to strengthening cellulose–catalyst interactions. This study is the first study to demonstrate the potential of fluorine-modulated carbon-based solid acid catalysts for upgrading cellulosic biomass to value-added compounds.

‘Glycolysis’- Its Role in Prosthodontics- A Narrative Review

Glycolysis, found in almost all organisms, is a metabolic pathway providing anaerobic energy. The Embden- Meyerhof pathway is also known by another name. The procedure involves the oxidation of glucose molecules, the most important organic fuel in plants, microbes, and animals. During glycolysis, 2 ATP molecules are used up, resulting in the production of 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvates for every glucose molecule. Pyruvate can be utilized in the citric acid cycle or act as a precursor for additional reactions. Glycolysis involves two stages that take place within the cytosol of cells. The initial stage is known as the "investment" phase as it requires two ATP molecules, while the following stage is referred to as the "payoff" phase. All of these reactions are facilitated by their respective enzyme, with phosphofructokinase being crucial for regulating glycolysis speed. The disrupted Glycolysis pathway plays a crucial part in dental conditions. The prosthodontist should be aware of these conditions and strategically plan for patients impacted by these faulty glycolytic conditions. Key Words: Glycolysis; Aerobic Glycolysis; Anaerobic Glycolysis; Dysregulated Glycolysis.

Enhancing the sodium storage performance of hard carbon by constructing thin carbon coatings via esterification reactions

Hard carbons derived from pitch are considered a competitive low-cost anode for sodium-ion batteries. However, the preparation of pitch-based hard carbon (PHC) requires the aid of a pre-oxidation strategy, which introduces unnecessary defects and oxygen elements, which leads to low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and poor cycling stability. Herein, we demonstrate a new surface engineering strategy by grafting chemically active glucose molecules on the PHC surface via esterification reactions, which can achieve low-cost nano-scaled carbon coating. Thin glucose coating can be carbonized at a lower temperature, which results in a more closed pore structure and fewer functional groups. The as prepared PHC exhibits a high reversible capacity of 328.5 mAh/g with a high ICE of 92.08 % at 0.02 A/g. It is noteworthy that the PHC can be adapted to a variety of cathode materials for full-cell assembling without pre-sodiation, which maintains the characteristics of high capacity and excellent cycling stability. The performance of resin-based hard carbon coated with a similar method was also improved, demonstrating the universality of the technique.

Nickel foam-decorated hollow-Co3O4/GO nanocomposites: A highly sensitive non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for glucose detection

Cobalt-based nanomaterials, characterized by multiple oxidation states and high stability in alkaline environments, have been found extensive applications in glucose detection. In this study, a cobalt-based zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67) was employed as a precursor, where Co2+ was coordinated with carboxyl groups of oxidized graphene oxide (GO), resulting in the formation of cobalt-based nanoparticles. The integration of Co2+ with GO established a novel cobalt-based nanomaterial with potential implications for glucose detection. At a calcination temperature of 260 °C, the calcination process extended for 4 h, fulfilling the synthesis of Hollow-Co3O4/GO nanocomposites. These nanocomposites were subsequently engaged as electrochemical electrodes for glucose detection through the impregnation method. The distinctive structure of Hollow-Co3O4/GO has spurred mutual promotion of the reoxidation reactions at the interface, culminating in a substantial augmentation of the specific surface area and a consequent considerable surge in the glucose oxidation current. In addition, due to the retention of the structure of MOFs, the pores can be used to adsorb glucose molecules, which is conducive to the accurate detection of the reaction. Under optimal conditions, the sensitivity of the Hollow-Co3O4/GO modified electrode hits 1582.7 μA mmol−1 cm−2, with a detection limit of 0.49 μmol/L (S/N = 3) and a response time of approximately 2 s. These achievements have emphasized the promising applicability of Hollow-Co3O4/GO nanocomposites as an active material for practical electrochemical biosensors.