Glucose Levels In Saliva Research Articles

Pyrene Derivative Incorporated Ni MOF as an Enzyme Mimic for Noninvasive Salivary Glucose Detection Toward Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus.

Herein, we demonstrate the detection of glucose in a noninvasive and nonenzymatic manner by utilizing an extended gate field-effect transistor (EGFET) based on the organic molecule pyrene phosphonic acid (PyP4OH8) incorporated nickel metal-organic framework (NiOM-MOF). The prepared electrode responds selectively to glucose instead of sucrose, fructose, maltose, ascorbic acid, and uric acid in a 1× phosphate buffer saline solution. Also, utilizing the scanning Kelvin probe system, the sensing electrode's work function (Φ) is measured to validate the glucose-sensing mechanism. The sensitivity, detection range, response time, limit of detection, and limit of quantification of the electrode are determined to be 24.5 μA mM-1 cm-2, 20 μM to 10 mM, less than 5 s, 2.73 μM, and 8.27 μM, respectively. Most interestingly, the developed electrode follows the Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and the calculated rate constant (km) 0.07 mM indicates a higher affinity of NiOM-MOF toward glucose. The real-time analysis has revealed that the prepared electrode is sensitive to detect glucose in real human saliva, and it can be an alternative device for the noninvasive detection of glucose. Overall, the outcomes of the EGFET studies demonstrate that the prepared electrodes are well-suited for expeditious detection of glucose levels in saliva.

Https://www.biotech-asia.org/vol21no1/physiochemical-and-sensory-properties-of-edible-cups-conceptualized-from-food-by-products/

ABSTRACT: Aim: To assess whether nonsurgical periodontal therapy lowers salivary glucose levels in diabetic patients and healthy individuals with chronic periodontitis patients. Materials and methods: 20 individuals with and without type 2 diabetes with widespread periodontitis were involved in this study. Subjects were designated into two groups based on their systemic status. Group I consisted of ten systemically healthy periodontitis patients. Group II consisted of ten diabetic patients with periodontitis. Glucose levels in saliva along with the periodontal parameters were recorded in all the subjects preoperatively at baseline and 3months after periodontal therapy. Results: At baseline, when the clinical parameters were compared among the groups, no statistically discernible difference was found. At baseline, mean salivary glucose levels in group 1 and group 2 were 0.76±0.34mg/dl and 6.02±2.55mg/dl respectively. At 3 months post-operatively, mean salivary glucose levels in group 1 and group 2 were 0.67±.0.30 mg/dl and 5.71±2.27mg/dl.At 3-months follow-up, clinical parameters and salivary glucose reduced in both groups. Conclusion: The considerable reduction in salivary glucose levels following therapy raises the possibility that it could be used as a target inflammatory marker in periodontal diseases. Keywords: Chronic periodontitis, Non-surgical periodontal therapy, salivary glucose, Type2 diabetes mellitus

Anti-biofilm super-hydrophilic gel sensor for saliva glucose monitoring

Accurate detection of saliva glucose levels is crucail for diagnosing diabetes and oral diseases. However, the complex bacterial environment in the oral cavity presents challenges, particularly in reducing sensor sensitivity due to bacterial adhesion. The excellent self-cleaning capabilities of super-hydrophilic materials make them one of the top choices. To surpass the limitations of traditional super-hydrophilic materials, a Spin coating-Plasma treatment-Coprecipitation treatment (SPC) strategy was implemented to develop a super-hydrophilic gel saliva glucose sensor. Surface-initiated polymerization was used to form phenylboric acid hydrogels for glucose binding. A spin-coated transition layer protects the hydrogel, while plasma treatment and co-precipitation methods create a super-hydrophilic surface, providing antibacterial properties. The sensor demonstrated a remarkable ability to reduced bacterial adhesion of the five oral pathogenic bacteria by over 95 %, and significantly inhibited biofilm formation of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus mitis by 95.7 % and 96.7 %, respectively. Its detection limit of 3.04 mg/L meets the requirements for saliva glucose detection. Overall, the development of this super-hydrophilic gel sensor holds great promise for wearable oral monitoring devices, offering new opportunities in healthcare managing and monitoring.

Dual enzymes proteinosome with cascade activity for ultrasensitive glucose biosensing

Catalytic cascades derived from the combination of multiple enzymes with efficient catalytic activity and high selectivity have attracted widespread attention in biosensing and biomedical applications. A key consideration in the development of cascade reaction systems is the combination of multiple enzymes to improve overall catalytic performance. Inspired by natural protein self-assembly, herein, proteinosomes formed by enzyme-surfactant complexes based on an interfacial assembly strategy are developed and they exhibit significant enhanced activity via cascade reaction of glucose oxidase (GOX) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) that are located in proximity. The proteinosomes not only exhibit significantly elevated stability and reusability, but also possess enhanced cascade catalytic performance. These enhanced activities can be explained on the basis of the proximity effect of multiple enzymes within proteinosomes. Moreover, we employed highly efficient and reusability dual-enzyme-based proteinosomes to demonstrate the ultrasensitive detection of glucose, achieving a detection limit as low as 1.08 µM. Finally, the proteinosomes can be immobilized in a test strip for easy and fast glucose detection. Due to their ultra-sensitive detection limit, they can be used for non-invasive glucose detection. They can accurately assess glucose levels in saliva, yielding results highly congruent with those from commercially available assay kits. We further indicate the rapid capability of our system to detect glucose, as compared to commercial glucose kit. These finds demonstrate the potential of the test strip as a promising tool for daily glucose monitoring, and the facile approach presents an inventive solution for test strip development.

Designing A Non-Invasive Testing Device for Infant Diabetes using Saliva

Neonatal diabetes is estimated to affect 1 in every 95,000 to 1 in every 400,000 live births. Male and female infants are equally affected by the disease, which has been recorded in all ethnic groups. Neonatal diabetes mellitus is a type of diabetes that develops within the first six months of life. Insulin is a hormone that aids in the production of energy in our cells. This condition causes infants to produce insufficient insulin, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. Therefore, it is very important to design a testing device that can monitor premature babies indicating symptoms of diabetes. Recognizing the signs of diabetes in an infant might be difficult because diabetes in babies is not common. Frequent wet diapers, a high appetite, dehydration, and weight loss are all signs of neonatal diabetes. Once you have diabetes, you're used to having to take tests to monitor your condition. Conventionally invasive methods are used to check neonatal diabetes which is a painful procedure for infants as it requires prinking to draw blood several times per day. Therefore, this paper aims to design a non-invasive testing design for neonatal diabetes that is not painful to babies. There are several non-invasive ways to test blood glucose levels; urine, sweat, and saliva. Urine tests can be used to detect glucose levels in urine and check for the presence of ketones. The presence of ketone above the threshold indicates a high blood glucose level of over 300ml/dL. Sweat is also used to test diabetes. Hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating) is caused by high blood sugar levels, and it indicates that blood sugar control has to be tightened. Saliva is a new medium to measure blood glucose levels and research is going on its use to measure diabetes. Previous research has found a strong relationship between blood glucose levels and saliva glucose levels. In this paper, saliva is used as a non-invasive method to measure neonatal diabetes. Saliva containing glucose is collected and treated with glucose oxidase. H2O2 produced during this reaction is further treated and an optical sensor along with a microcontroller is used to measure the concentration of blood glucose. The expected results based on the study indicate the amount of glucose in the saliva increases in proportion to the amount of glucose in the blood and confirms the relationship between glucose concentrations in the blood and saliva, implying that the proposed design can take the place of the existing devices. However, more tests should be carried out to improve the efficacy of the proposed design for detecting glucose in saliva.

Carbon nanotubes/polyethylenimine/glucose oxidase as a non-invasive electrochemical biosensor performs high sensitivity for detecting glucose in saliva

With the aim of improving the life quality for diabetics, we develop a novel electrode for the noninvasive glucose sensor which can determine the glucose levels in saliva. In this work, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are directly grown on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrate through chemical vapor deposition, followed by the immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) via electrostatic force with the aid of polyethylenimine (PEI). The results confirm that the CNT forest can substantially enhance the charge transferability, and considerable quantities of GOx can be stably immobilized on the rough surface of the electrode because of the networked structure of the CNT forest. With a fast electron transfer rate and short electron transfer distance, both the current difference of the oxygen consumption and enzyme reduction reaction are detected for glucose sensor using the cyclic voltammetry method. The FTO-CNTs/PEI/GOx electrode exhibits the high sensitivity of 63.38 µA/mMcm2 with a wide linear range of 70–700 µM glucose. Furthermore, the FTO-CNTs/PEI/GOx electrode shows good stability as well as high selectivity towards glucose. Finally, the glucose sensing performance of the FTO-CNTs/PEI/GOx electrode is investigated in artificial saliva, which exhibits great sensitivity even under high-viscosity conditions such as artificial saliva, thus, reveals excellent potential for use in practical applications.

PREPARATION OF A NEW AZO COMPOUND (HAZM) USED FOR ANALYTICAL SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF GLUCOSE IN BLOOD AND SALIVA

Because health resources are limited, low-income conditions demand affordable technological development. The design and analysis is a low-cost colorimetric method for non-invasive diabetic diagnostic monitoring by glucose detection of the saliva and blood discussed, where a new compound (HAZM) was prepared through a reaction 4-aminoantipyrine with 1-phenyl-2-methyl-5-pyrazolon; FTIR, 1HNMR, and 13CNMR diagnosed for this synthetic compound. Samples have been processed and analyzed using the production equipment using glucose oxidase (GO) and peroxidase (PO) enzymes reaction with (HAZM); give the method the ability to calculate glucose level in less than 15 seconds accurately. The slope of the calibration curve is equal to 0.0026, ε = 468.26, and Sandel sensitive equals 0.384 mg/dL, to quantify the glucose salivary concentrations and blood (5-500 mg/dL) at 423 nm. Achieve a detection limit of 0.421 mg/dL where 5 % CV to (n = 3). Because HAZM tests performed according to a kit method, which reflects the mean kit values (101.35 ± 3.647 mg/dL) and the results of HAZM (104.41 ± 4.951 mg/dL) with 3.1 mg/dL positive bias in blood. Comparing the mean kit and HAZM glucose levels in saliva, 99.48 ± 1.26, and 100.97 ± 2.38 mg/dL, respectively, shows 1.5 mg/dL positive bias for the kit process. Results from the use of this method for measuring glucose in blood and saliva samples indicate that it is effective, as it offers accurate, and its cheap results compared to other commercial techniques.

Salivary glucose levels in diabetes mellitus patients: A case-control study.

Aim:The aim of the present study was undertaken to correlate the glucose levels in saliva and blood of diabetic and healthy nondiabetic individuals and to determine the efficacy of saliva as a diagnostic tool.Setting and Design:This was a case–control study.Materials and Methods:Forty-five patients previously diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and 45 healthy controls were included in the study. The patients and controls were asked to come to the clinic in the morning, after 8–10 h fasting. At that time, 5 ml of venous blood and unstimulated saliva was collected from both the groups, and 2 h after meal, again, venous blood and unstimulated saliva were collected. The saliva and sera from blood samples were subjected to glucose estimation. Saliva was collected in sterilized vials, and blood was collected in test tubes. Glucose estimation was done by oxidase–peroxidase method.Statistical Analysis:Pearson's correlation coefficient, Student's t-test and paired t-test were used for statistical analysis.Results:Correlation coefficient values show that there is a significant positive correlation between fasting blood and fasting salivary glucose levels and postprandial blood and postprandial salivary glucose levels.Conclusion:Salivary glucose level estimation can be used as a potential indicator in screening, diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, it is an easy and noninvasive method.

Salivary glucose estimation: A noninvasive method

Background: There is an alarming rise in number of people with diabetes mellitus over these years. Oral physicians are more liable to come in contact with a significant number of patients with diabetes mellitus. Due to the lack of early diagnosis and treatment, diabetes is a major cause of death worldwide. While the early diagnosis of diabetes is essential to prevent its complication, the most commonly used diagnostic method is by the detection of glucose level in blood, but the sample collection is invasive and painful. Thus, there arises a need for a noninvasive and painless technique to detect glucose levels. The aim of this study is to estimate the glucose levels in saliva and correlate it with serum glucose. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Outpatient Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology. Forty patients' serum and saliva were collected and the levels were estimated using the glucose oxidase-peroxidasemethod. Results: Data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using t-test. Highly significant P value (P = 0.00) was obtained between the serum blood glucose and salivary glucose level. A distinct difference was observed in the salivary glucose between the control and diabetic group. Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus is a globally widespread disease. As the salivary collection is easy and noninvasive, in this study, an attempt has been made to diagnose diabetes mellitus by estimating the salivary glucose level in comparison with serum blood glucose level.

Stimulated and Unstimulated Saliva Glucose Levels in Children Suffer Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Objectives: Occurrence insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or Type 1 DM is growing worldwide. Checking serum glucose is necessary for management of DM. Serum glucose assessment involves needle puncture or venipuncture. The aim of this study was to assess the salivary glucose level in monitoring glycaemia in children with IDDM. Methods: Serum as well as stimulated and unstimulated saliva were collected from 34 IDDM and 34 non-diabetic subjects. Serum and saliva glucose levels were measured by GOD-POP. For the statistical analysis of student’s t-test, Pearson correlation test and Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used. Results: Stimulated and unstimulated salivary levels of glucose were significantly higher in children with IDDM compared to control subjects. Serum glucose concentration correlates with stimulated (r = 0.407; P = 0.005), but not with unstimulated salivary concentration of glucose (r = 0.189; P = 0.145). Serum HbA1c correlates with unstimulated (r = 0.404; P = 0.001), but not with stimulated salivary concentration of HbA1c (r = 0.0.95; P = 0.526). The cut-off value of stimulated and unstimulated salivary glucose for the diagnosis of IDDM were 2.15 mg/dL and 1.05 mg/dL, respectively. Conclusions: It seems that saliva glucose is higher in Type 1 diabetic mellitus subjects and checking of glucose in saliva may be applied as an index of DM.

Toward the Development of a Glucose Dehydrogenase-Based Saliva Glucose Sensor Without the Need for Sample Preparation.

Strict glycemic control is known to be a vital key in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM). However, traditional methods face limitations in their efficacy due to the pain and invasiveness of needle pricking which often discourages DM patients from performing the required number of tests per day. Saliva glucose (SG) sensing has long been considered a noninvasive alternative to blood glucose monitoring for diabetes management, however the sample preparation and sensor detection limit have been deemed as challenges to overcome. Herein, we describe a preliminary clinical validation of a disposable SG sensor without any requirement for sample preparation. The sensor utilizes glucose dehydrogenase flavine-adenine dinucleotide (GDH-FAD) in conjunction with disposable screen printed electrodes to measure glucose levels in saliva collected directly from 9 healthy subjects. Cyclic voltammetry and amperometric-time (Amp-it) assays were used to develop calibration curves and test subjects. Sensor calibration was performed using simulated saliva at 6.5 pH and 37ºC. The lower limit of detection was determined to be 0.11 mg/dL. A lag time of 15 minutes with a positive correlation between SG and BG levels was found, which agrees with literature results. The detected SG ranges from 2.38 to 3.40 mg/dL over a BG range of 90 to 143 mg/dL. This is the first reported use of measuring SG with GDH-FAD without prior sample preparation. Upon optimization, the sensor has the potential to serve as a supplement to blood glucose monitoring.

Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Bienzyme and Carbon Nanotubes Incorporated into an Os‐complex Thin Film for Continuous Glucose Detection in Human Saliva

AbstractSaliva opens a door for noninvasive and painless glucose testing since it reflects changes in the body physiology of diabetic individuals as compared to healthy ones. In this paper, a unique, disposable saliva biosensor has been developed for accurate, low cost, and continuous glucose monitoring. The biosensor exhibits linear dependence of the catalytic current upon glucose bulk concentration over the 0.05–1.5 mM range (R=0.998). A detection limit of 0.003 mM can be calculated considering three times the standard deviation of the blank signal divided by the sensitivity of the sensor. The selectivity of the biosensor was evaluated by adding the interferent species of lactate, ascorbic acid and uric acid into in 0.5 mM glucose; the nearly negligible interference current indicates its good selectivity. The operational stability of the biosensor was measured in 1 mM glucose over a 2 h period (RSD=3.27 %). A clinical trial on real‐time noninvasive salivary glucose monitoring was carried out on 30 individuals by measuring subjects’ salivary glucose and blood glucose in parallel. The results show that there is a good correlation of glucose levels in saliva and in blood 2 h after breakfast. Thus, the disposable biosensor would be a potential alternative for continuous glucose detection in human saliva.

Noninvasive glucose monitoring using saliva nano-biosensor

Millions of people worldwide live with diabetes and several millions die from it each year. A noninvasive, painless method of glucose testing would highly improve compliance and glucose control while reducing complications and overall disease management costs. To provide accurate, low cost, and continuous glucose monitoring, we have developed a unique, disposable saliva nano-biosensor. More than eight clinical trials on real-time noninvasive salivary glucose monitoring were carried out on two healthy individuals (a 2–3h-period for each trial, including both regular food and standard glucose beverage intake with more than 35 saliva samples obtained). Excellent clinical accuracy was revealed as compared to the UV Spectrophotometer. By measuring subjects’ salivary glucose and blood glucose in parallel, we found the two generated profiles share the same fluctuation trend but the correlation between them is individual dependent. There is a time lag between the peak glucose values from blood and from saliva. However, the correlation between the two glucose values at fasting is constant for each person enabling noninvasive diagnosis of diabetes through saliva instead of blood. Furthermore, a good correlation of glucose levels in saliva and in blood before and 2h after glucose intake was observed. Glucose monitoring before and 2h after meals is usually prescribed by doctors for diabetic patients. Thus, this disposable biosensor will be an alternative for real-time salivary glucose tracking at any time.

A paper strip based non-invasive glucose biosensor for salivary analysis.

In our present study, we developed an optical biosensor for direct determination of salivary glucose by using immobilized glucose oxidase enzyme on filter paper strip (specific activity 1.4 U/strip) and then reacting it with synthetic glucose samples in presence of co-immobilized color pH indicator. The filter paper changed color based on concentration of glucose in reaction media and hence, by scanning this color change (using RGB profiling) through an office scanner and open source image processing software (GIMP) the concentration of glucose in the reaction medium could be deduced. Once the biosensor was standardized, the synthetic glucose sample was replaced with human saliva from donors. The individual's blood glucose level at the time of obtaining saliva was also measured using an Accuchek(™) active glucometer (Roche Inc.). In this preliminary study, a correlation of nearly 0.64 was found between glucose levels in saliva and blood of healthy individuals and in diabetic patients it was nearly in the order of 0.95, thereby validating the importance of salivary analysis. The RGB profiling method obtained a detection range of 9-1350 mg/dL glucose at a response time of 45 s and LOD of 22.2 mg/dL.

Noninvasive Method for Glucose Level Estimation by Saliva

Aims: Diagnostic devices available in the market to measure blood glucose level require blood as diagnostic body fluid. Hence, necessity arises to find some non-invasive diagnostic mean to measure body glucose level frequently without any discomfort to the patient. The present study was aimed at estimation of blood and salivary glucose level in diabetic and non diabetic subjects. Methods: Forty diabetic and forty non-diabetic subjects were randomly selected. A detailed history of each patient was obtained. The quantitative estimation of blood and saliva glucose levels was performed by glucose oxidase method using enzymatic kit GOD-POD, glucose oxidase-peroxidase. Results: A correlation was observed between FSG, fasting saliva glucose and FPG, fasting plasma glucose of diabetic as well as non diabetic subjects. The correlation coefficient for non-diabetic and diabetic subjects were +0.58 and +0.40 respectively, proving the correlation between fasting saliva glucose and fasting blood glucose values statistically. Conclusion: Values observed regarding blood and saliva glucose level were found distinctly different between normal and diabetic subjects suggesting that monitoring of saliva glucose level can be used as an index of diabetes mellitus.

Noninvasive Procedure for Monitoring Blood Glucose Using A Saliva Analyzing System

If blood glucose levels measuring procedure is developed that can monitor blood glucose levels noninvasively, it will ease medical check drastically detection and cure of the disease at an early stage. This study aim to develop a noninvasively measuring of blood glucose using saliva. We manufactured a saliva analyzing system using glucose sensor and performed in vivo evaluations of it. As the results, it was cleared that determination of saliva glucose levels were in the range of 0.1 to 10.0mg/dl. This system allows us to monitor the time-course changes of saliva glucose levels. Thus, this measurement system of saliva glucose levels can be used as an indicator of blood glucose levels.

Experiment on Correlation of Blood Glucose and Saliva Glucose

Aiming to elucidate whether the blood glucose level can be estimated from the saliva glucose level or not, this study was made to establish a sampling method of saliva available for the determination of saliva glucose level. Next, 75 gOGTT was carried out in six healthy adults for three days and the time-course changes in the glucose level in blood and saliva and were simultaneously determined. As the results, it revealed that the saliva glucose levels in the normal subjects varied within arange of 1/50∼1/100 of their blood glucose levels. The former level of all subjects was not correlated with the latter with a correlation factor of O.37, but personal correlation factor was O.76± 0.10(mean±SD). The present study demonstrated that there are a positive correlation between the blood glucose level and the saliva one of an identical subject.