Glucose Levels In Diabetic Rats Research Articles

Exploring the Cardiorenal Benefits of SGLT2i: A Comprehensive Review

The history of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) is so long and started in 1835 when Petersen extracted a compound called phlorizin from apple tree bark. About fifty years later, von Mering discovered its glucosuric properties. In the 1980s, it was discovered that the glucosuria resulted from inhibition by phlorizin of glucose reabsorption by the renal tubules, which lowered blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. Nowadays, beyond their glucose-lowering effects, growing evidence suggests significant cardiorenal benefits associated with SGLT2i therapy. Indeed, several clinical trials, including landmark studies such as EMPA-REG OUTCOME, CANVAS Program, and DECLARE-TIMI 58, have demonstrated robust reductions in cardiovascular events, particularly heart failure hospitalizations and cardiovascular mortality, among patients treated with SGLT2i. However, subsequent trials showed that SGLT2i benefits extend beyond the diabetic population, encompassing individuals with and without diabetes. Additionally, SGLT2i exhibit nephroprotective effects, manifesting as a slowing of the progression of chronic kidney disease and a reduction in the risk of end-stage kidney disease. The mechanisms underlying the cardiorenal benefits of SGLT2i are multifactorial and include improvements in glycemic control, reduction in arterial stiffness, modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress, reduction of intraglomerular pression and promotion of natriuresis and diuresis through inhibition of SGLT2 in the luminal brush border of the first segments of the proximal kidney tubule. This narrative review aims to explore the cardiorenal outcomes of SGLT2i, encompassing their mechanisms of action, clinical evidence, safety profile, and implications for clinical practice.

Combined Anti-Diabetic and Wound Healing Effects of Binahung Leaf (Basella rubra L.) and Snakehead Fish (Channa striata) Extracts in Alloxan-Induced High-Fat Diet Rats

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that continues to increase in the world. Lifestyle factors cause diabetes cases to increase uncontrollably. The development of medicines based on natural ingredients has become a subject of study for researchers throughout the world. Meanwhile, binahong leaf extract contains flavonoids and saponins, which can reduce the absorption of glucose. Snakehead fish extract containing albumin also influences the reduction of diabetic wounds. The combination of binahong and snakehead fish extract is expected to synergistically lower blood glucose levels and cure diabetic wounds. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the anti-diabetic and wound healing activity resulting from the combination of binahong leaf and snakehead fish extract in rat models of diabetes induced with alloxan and fat diet. The test animals were divided into six groups with five per group, namely normal, positive, and negative control, as well as dose 1 (snakehead fish 250 mg/kg and binahong extract 100 mg/kg), dose 2 (snakehead fish 250 mg/kg and binahong extract 300 mg/kg), and a single dose of snakehead fish extract 500 mg/kg. The experiment was conducted for 21 days by administering the test solution once a day. The results showed that administering a combination of binahong extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg and snakehead fish at a dose of 500 mg/kg significantly reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic rats (p≤0.05). Treatment using a combination of the two extracts was more effective in lowering blood sugar levels compared to a single dose of snakehead fish extract.

Metformin and Caffeine’s Influence on Lipid Profile Indices of Streptozotocin-Induced Dyslipidemia in an Animal Model

Dyslipidemia has been linked to insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia, which is the outcome of either insufficient insulin production or insensitivity to insulin, is the hallmark of diabetes mellitus (DM). In this study, thirty-six (36) male Wistar rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin were used to determine the effect of metformin and caffeine on blood glucose levels and lipid profile indices. The rats weighed between 150 and 200 grams and were split into six groups of six animals each at random. Group A was given unlimited access to chow (Grower feed) and water adlibitum. Group B was administered 60 mg/kg of streptozocin (STZ) without any medication, while Group C was given 60 mg/kg of STZ together with 50 mg/kg of metformin. Groups D and E were administered 60 mg/kg of streptozocin and 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg of caffeine, for a duration of 21 days respectively. Group F was given 50 mg/kg of caffeine together with 50 mg/kg of metformin for a duration of 21 days. After performing a post-hoc LSD comparison and using ANOVA to analyze the results, the lipid profile and blood glucose level were deemed significant at p<0.05. A paired t-test was used to analyze body weight. Rats with diabetes had reduced body weight, whereas those receiving metformin and caffeine treatments had noticeably increased body weight. The findings demonstrated that whereas metformin and caffeine therapy greatly reduced blood glucose levels, STZ caused hyperglycemia in group B. However, diabetic rats had considerably higher levels of triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), which were reduced by metformin and caffeine administration. HDL activity was considerably increased after treatment with metformin and caffeine, despite the rats' reduced HDL levels in group B. Rats with diabetes had considerably elevated levels of LDL and VLDL, and therapy with metformin and caffeine markedly restored their activity. The study shows that caffeine plus metformin may be utilized to control the lipid profile and blood glucose levels in diabetic rats.

Effects of Sargassum Glaucescens Algae on Blood Glucose Level in Diabetic Rats With a High-Fat Diet and Streptozotocin

Background: Diabetes medications can have dramatic effects on controlling the disease and achieving the therapeutic goals of people with diabetes, but most of them have side effects. Given the role of brown algae in maintaining blood glucose levels, their investigation can provide valuable information for the control and treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Accordingly, this study investigated the effect of Sargassum glaucescens on blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Forty-six randomly selected rats were assigned to five groups. The control group was fed the normal diet, and diabetic rats were induced by streptozotocin (STZ) and a high-fat diet (HFD). The other groups included the diabetes+low dose insulin group, diabetes+high dose insulin, and diabetic rats that received Sargassum Glaucescens 20% alga powder added to fatty food. Weekly blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), the amount of drinking water, food consumed, urine volume, glucose tolerance test (GTT), and insulin tolerance test (ITT) underwent measurement. Results: The mean of ITT in the diabetic group was significantly higher than in the control group (P=0.001), which indicates insulin resistance in these groups. The lowest blood glucose concentration was in the high-dose insulin group; weekly blood glucose, GTT, ITT, and HbA1c in the alga group did not change compared to diabetes. However, some indicators, such as HbA1c, were better in the group receiving algae than in the low-dose insulin group. The weight of the group receiving algae increased until the third week, but it decreased after that, and at the end of the study, it was lower in this group than in the control group (P<0.001). Conclusion: The study findings revealed that Sargassum Glaucescens algae had no significant effect on serum glucose, GTT, ITT, or HbA1c in the studied rats.

EFFECTIVITY TEST OF THE COMBINATION OF ETHANOL EXTRACT MAHKOTA DEWA FRUIT (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.) WITH METFORMIN TO LOWERING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED WISTAR WHITE RATS STRAIN

Metformin is a first-line biguanid drug for type 2 of diabetes mellitus. Metformin potentially causes liver fibrosis in long-term use, its decrease it in their effectiveness of antidiabetic. Combining metformin with antidiabetic a-glucosidase enzyme inhibitors can increase the effectiveness of metformin. Mahkota dewa fruit is a natural ingredient that has antidiabetic activity with the mechanism of action of inhibiting a-glucosidase enzyme. This study aims to determine the effect of the combination of mahkota dewa fruit extract (EEMF) with metformin on the effectiveness of reducing blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. A total of 20 rats were grouped into 4, namely, group I: given distilled water (negative control); group II: given metformin 45 mg/kgBW; group III: given EEMF 50 mg/kgBW; group IV: given a combination of metformin 45 mg/kgBW and EEMF 50 mg/kgBW. The study was conducted by determining blood glucose levels using the GOD-PAP method. The results showed that the combination of EEMF with metformin had an average decrease per day from after induction to day 7 of 42,9 mg/dL and from day 7 to day 14 of 0,45 mg/dL. It can be concluded that the combination of EEMF dose 50 mg/kgBW with metformin 45 mg/kgBW is not recommended to be used together, because the large decrease has the risk of hypoglycemia effect. Keywords: antidiabetic, alloxan, metformin, fruit of mahkota dewa.

Antidiabetic Effects of Foeniculum vulgare in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Male Rats

Background & objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become one of the most challenging health problems of the 21st century. Foeniculum vulgare (Mouri in Bengali), an ancient culinary herb, is known to reduce blood glucose levels thus reducing the risk of diabetes. This study was done to observe the antidiabetic role of Mouri in alloxan-induced diabetic male rats. Methods: This experimental study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka from July 2018 to June 2019. A total of 30 healthy Wistar albino male rats, 90-120 days old, weighing between 150-180g were included in the study. After acclimatization for 14 days, they were divided into two groups: the control group (Group A) and the experimental group (Group B – diabetic rats treated with Mouri). The control group was again subdivided into Group A1 (normal control group) and Group A2 (alloxan-induced diabetic control group). Each of these groups consisted of 10 rats. All the rats received a basal diet for 21 days. In addition to the basal diet, Group A2 and Group B received a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan 140 mg/kg on day 1 to induce diabetes. Moreover, Group B received Mouri extract 150 mg/kg/day orally for 21 consecutive days starting from day 1 of the study period. After 12 hours of fasting, blood samples were collected from the tail veins of every rat on day 1 for estimation of Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) and serum ALT levels. On day 4 FBG levels of all the rats were measured once again. Then all the rats were sacrificed on day 22 and their blood samples were collected from the heart. The outcome variables, such as FBG level, serum levels of insulin, were measured and compared among the study groups. The pancreatic tissue was also collected and histopathology was done by standard laboratory procedure to study their histologic architecture. Result: In this study, fasting blood glucose level in diabetic rats treated with Mouri at the endpoint of the study (on day 22) was significantly lower (5.51 ± 0.47 mmol/L) than that in alloxan-induced diabetic control (13.52 ± 0.76 mmol/L) (p < 0.001) and was almost equal to that in normal control (5.38 ± 0.55 mmol/L) (p = 0.891). The serum insulin level in diabetic rats treated with Mouri (11.52 ± 0.84 mmol/L) was almost similar to that of normal control (12.46 ± 1.07 mmol/L) on day 22, whereas it was much higher than that in alloxan-induced diabetic control (8.51 ± 0.68 mmol/L) (p < 0.001). Histological study of pancreases of the rats, revealed extravasation of blood in the pancreatic acini, reduced area of islets of Langerhans with atrophy, vacuolation, degeneration, and pyknosis of β-cell nuclei and centrilobular necrosis in the alloxan-induced diabetic control rats. Conclusion: Mouri (Foeniculum vulgare) improves the glycemic status of the alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Ibrahim Card Med J 2023; 13 (1&2): 53-59

Comprehensive chemical profiling with UHPLC-MS, in-vitro, in-silico, and in-vivo antidiabetic potential of Typha domingensis Pers; A novel source of bioactive compounds

Aim of studyTypha is one of the valuable plant genera in folklore use in diabetes, and it can be a good source of bioactive chemicals. The current project was planned to investigate the pharmaceutical potential of n-butanol fraction of Typha domingensis Pers. (TDBF), a less explored medicinal plant. Materials and methodsThe phytochemical composition of the TDBF was assessed through a comprehensive analysis, encompassing the quantification of total bioactive contents (including total tannins and HPLC-PDA quantification) and a thorough exploration of secondary metabolites through scanning with UHPLC-MS. The pharmacological assessment included the determination of antioxidant activity (Total Antioxidant Capacity and Metal Chelating Assay), hemolytic potential, in-vitro antidiabetic effects (α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition, and antiglycation activity), as well as in-vivo antidiabetic activities. Molecular docking and ADMET studies were also performed for UHPLC-MS identified compounds. ResultsThe TDBF showed 134.76 ± 8.23 mg TAE/g total tannin contents. With HPLC-PDA, p-Hydroxy benzoic acid and p-Coumaric acid were quantified. During UHPLC-MS scanning, a total of five bioactive metabolites were identified in the negative mode, while 54 were detected in the positive mode. The in-vivo assessment of antidiabetic activity revealed a notable reduction in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats following treatment with the extract, demonstrating its efficacy compared to the control groups. Furthermore, the extract exhibited a positive impact on renal and liver function, evidenced by lowered levels of serum urea, ALT, ALP, creatinine, and a decrease in serum cholesterol levels. ConclusionThe results of this study showed that Typha domingensis Pers. possesses a variety of bioactive compounds and demonstrates notable potential in regulating diabetes. The study recommends further investigation into isolating these bioactive phytochemicals for their potential therapeutic applications across various diseases.

TGR5, GLP-1, and GIP expression in diabetic Wistar rats in response to Ficus exasperata vahl leaf extract

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus remains a critical global health issue, driving the need for continual exploration of new therapeutic strategies. Ficus exasperata Vahl, renowned for its extensive ethnomedicinal use, holds promise as a potential remedy for diabetes. However, its precise mechanisms of action in managing diabetes remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the impact of Ficus exasperata Vahl leaf extract (MEFE) on the expression of TGR5, GLP-1, and GIP in diabetic Wistar rats. MethodUsing methanol extraction, Ficus exasperata was processed and characterized through GC–MS analysis. Twenty rats were divided into four groups: diabetic untreated, normal control, diabetes treated with MEFE (200 mg/kg), and diabetes treated with insulin (0.3 units). Diabetes induction utilized alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), followed by daily treatments for 28 days. Blood glucose and insulin levels were assessed via glucose oxidase and ELISA, while antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, catalase, GPx) and total protein were measured using randox kits. Gene expression of GLP-1, TGR5, and GIP was quantified through qPCR. In silico docking of MEFE compounds to the P2Y1 receptor was conducted using Cavity-detection guided blind-docking software. Pancreatic islet histology was examined with hematoxylin and eosin stains, and statistical significance was determined with GraphPad Prism (p < 0.05). ResultThe GC–MS analysis identified 23 constituents in MEFE, with kaur-16-ene exhibiting the highest binding affinity (-8.2 Kcal) against the P2Y1 receptor. Significant reductions in blood glucose levels were observed in the MEFE-treated diabetic group, accompanied by increased expression of insulin, TGR5, GLP-1, GIP, SOD, catalase, and GPx compared to the untreated diabetic group. Additionally, MEFE treatment facilitated the regeneration of pancreatic islet cells. ConclusionThese findings suggest that MEFE exerts antioxidative effects and stimulates genes crucial for controlling blood glucose levels in diabetic rats.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF Β-SITOSTEROL LOADED NIOSOMES FOR ENHANCED ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY: A POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVE IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MANAGEMENT

Niosomes, vesicles formed by non-ionic surfactants, offer advantages in drug delivery by enhancing solubilization and encapsulating both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. This study focuses on β-sitosterol-loaded niosomes designed to protect its anti-diabetic properties. Formulated with Span™ 60, Span™ 80 and cholesterol, the niosomes showed high entrapment efficiency (90%) and favorable release kinetics. Stability studies confirmed their robustness in various conditions. In vivo experiments demonstrated significant improvements in body weight and blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. The optimized formulation (NF8) exhibited controlled release and substantial antidiabetic activity, suggesting its potential as an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Effects of Insulin and Metformin on Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Injury in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Rats

Diabetes is one of the major health issues globally. Diabetic gastropathy is a well-documented phenomenon. Current treatments for diabetes and its complications have proven to be unsatisfactory. Currently, standard insulin therapy alone is still not the best treatment for type 1 diabetes (T1D). Metformin, besides use in type 2 diabetes (T2D), might be considered for a treatment of T1D. This study analyzed the effects of insulin and metformin on the gastric injury caused by indomethacin in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic (T1D) and control non-diabetic rats. STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered once 2 weeks before indomethacin (IM, 35 mg/kg, s.c.) in rats. Control non-diabetic rats were injected with STZ vehicle. The development of diabetes was assessed by blood glucose levels, changes in the rats' body weight, and water consumption. Insulin (2 IU/kg, i.p.) and metformin (100 mg/kg, orally) were administered daily, separately to different groups of rats, starting from the 8th day after the administration of STZ, for 7 days. After the last administration of the drugs, the rats were fasted for 22 hours before IM administration. Four hours after IM administration, the rats were decapitated, the stomachs were removed to estimate the erosion area; the adrenal glands and thymus were removed to estimate their weight, and trunk blood was collected to test the corticosterone and glucose levels. During the first week after STZ administration characteristic signs of diabetes developed: increased blood glucose, increased water consumption, and slower body weight gain. A week after daily insulin administration (on the 14th day), the glucose level in diabetic rats was lower compared to the corresponding level on the 7th day (before insulin administration). At the same time, the glucose levels before (day 7) and after administration (day 14) of metformin did not differ significantly. The development of STZ-induced diabetes led to a pronounced worsening of the ulcerogenic effect of IM: the average area of erosions caused by IM was increased significantly compared to that in control non-diabetic rats. Administration of both insulin and metformin for 7 days prevented the ulcer-promoting effect of STZ. In addition, insulin, but not metformin, also had a gastroprotective effect in non-diabetic rats: it reduced the average area of IM-induced erosions. The development of STZ-induced diabetes was accompanied by the manifestation of signs of chronic stress: an increase in plasma corticosterone level, an increase in the relative weight of the adrenal glands, and a decrease in the relative weight of the thymus. Daily administration of insulin for 7 days, but not metformin, resulted in a decrease in corticosterone levels on day 14 in diabetic rats. In conclusion, both insulin and metformin effectively prevented the pronounced ulcer-promoting effect of STZ-induced diabetes on the gastric injury caused by indomethacin in rats. However, only insulin, but not metformin, also exerted gastroprotective effect against IM-induced injury in non-diabetic rats under our experimental conditions. Grant for the creation and development of the world-class scientific center "Pavlov Center “Integrative Physiology - to medicine, high-tech healthcare and technologies of stress resistance” and with financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (No 075-15-2022-303 от 21.04.2022.). This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Synergistic effects of Metformin and Forskolin on oxidative stress induced by diabetes and hepatocellular cancer: An animal study

AimThis study proposed to assess the synergistic effects of Forskolin and Metformin (alone and in combination) on glucose, hematological, liver serum, and oxidative stress parameters in diabetic, healthy, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) induced rats. Materials and methodsEighty male Wistar rats were divided into 10 experimental groups (8 rats for each group), including 1) healthy group, 2) diabetic group, 3) HCC group, 4) diabet + Metformin (300 mg/kg), 5) diabet + Forskolin (100 mg/kg), 6) diabet + Metformin (300 mg/kg) & Forskolin (100 mg/kg), 7) HCC + Metformin (300 mg/kg), 8) HCC + Forskolin (100 mg/kg), 9) HCC + Metformin (300 mg/kg) & Forskolin (100 mg/kg), and 10) healthy group + Metformin (300 mg/kg) & Forskolin (100 mg/kg). The rats were administrated Forskolin/Metformin daily for 8 weeks. Glucose, hematological, and liver serum parameters were measured and compared among the groups. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as well as 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8 OHdG) levels, were also measured. ResultsThe average blood glucose reduction in diabetic rats with the Forskolin, Metformin, and Forskolin + Metformin treatments was 43.5%, 47.1%, and 53.9%, respectively. These reduction values for HCC rats after the treatments were 21.0%, 16.2%, and 23.7%, respectively. For all the diabetic and HCC rats treated with Forskolin/Metformin, the MDA, SOD, and GPx levels showed significant improvement compared with the diabetic and HCC groups (P < 0.05). Although the rats treated with Forskolin + Metformin experienced a higher reduction in oxidative stress of blood and urine samples compared to the Forskolin group, the differences between this group and rats treated with Metformin were not significant for all parameters. ConclusionMetformin and Forskolin reduced oxidative stress in diabetic and HCC-induced rats. The results indicated that the combination of agents (Metformin & Forskolin) had greater therapeutic effects than Forskolin alone in reducing glucose levels in diabetic rats. However, the ameliorative effects of combining Metformin and Forskolin on blood and urine oxidative stress were not statistically higher than those of Metformin alone.

Amphiphilic, lauric acid-coupled pluronic-based nano-micellar system for efficient glipizide delivery

Glipizide; an insulin secretagogue belonging to the sulfonylurea class, is a widely used antidiabetic drug for managing type 2 diabetes. However, the need for life-long administration and repeated doses poses challenges in maintaining optimal blood glucose levels. In this regard, orally active sustained-release nano-formulations can be a better alternative to traditional antidiabetic formulations. The present study explored an innovative approach by formulating orally active sustained-release nano-micelles using the amphiphilic lauric acid-conjugated-F127 (LAF127) block copolymer. LAF127 block copolymer was synthesized through esterification and thoroughly characterized before being employed to develop glipizide-loaded nano-micelles (GNM) via the thin-film hydration technique. The optimized formulation exhibited mean particle size of 341.40 ± 3.21 nm and depicted homogeneous particle size distribution with a polydispersity index (PDI) < 0.2. The formulation revealed a surface charge of −17.11 ± 6.23 mV. The in vitro release studies of glipizide from developed formulation depicted a sustained release profile. Drug loaded micelles exhibited a substantial reduction in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats for a duration of up to 24 h. Notably, neither the blank nano-micelles of LAF127 nor the drug loaded micelles manifested any indications of toxicity in healthy rats. This study provides an insight on suitability of synthesized LAF127 block copolymer for development of effective oral drug delivery systems for anti-diabetic activity without any significant adverse effects.

Development of oral formulation of Lepidium seeds significantly decreases the high blood glucose levels in diabetic rats: in vitro formulation and in vivo antidiabetic performance

Background Lepidium sativum, Garden Cress (GC), seeds have a lot of natural molecules with a pronounced activity against different disorders. It was reported that GC seeds have the ability to lower the blood glucose level. Aim The aim of this work was to formulate GC seeds into oral tablets containing a fixed dose of the grounded seeds. Furthermore, the anti-diabetic performance of the prepared tablets was studied in the streptozotocin rats’ model in comparison with positive control metformin. Methods Micrometrics of GC grounded seeds with different excipients were investigated. Then, GC tablets were prepared via direct compression technique. GC tablets were characterized for their uniformity of dosage unit, friability, hardness, disintegration time, and in vitro release. The antidiabetic effect was studied in rats for a period of 28 days. Glycosylated hemoglobin, liver performance, and lipid levels include total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were also estimated. In addition, histopathological study of liver and pancreas was also performed. Results Prosolv®EasyTab produced tablets with higher hardness, lower disintegration time, and fast release. GC tablets significantly lower the elevated blood glucose level. In addition, they have antihyperlipidemic activity, hepatocellular protective role and restore the histology of the liver and pancreas. Conclusion GC tablets could be a promising alternative formulation to control the high blood glucose level in diabetic rats rather than chemically derivatized drugs.

INFLUENCE OF FERMENTED MELON SEED (OGIRI) PROTEIN ISOLATE ON POSTPRANDIAL BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN DIABETIC RATS

ABSTRACT Abstract Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent endocrine disorder affecting millions worldwide, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and associated with serious complications. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the anti-diabetic properties of Ogiri Protein Isolate (OPI) derived from fermented melon seeds (Citrullus vulgaris) and its effects on blood glucose levels, lipid profiles, and key organs in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methods Forty-two rats were divided into seven groups: positive control, negative control, diabetic group treated with 20% OPI, non-diabetic group treated with 20% OPI, diabetic group treated with 10% OPI, non-diabetic group treated with 10% OPI, and diabetic group treated with 80mg/kg Glibenclamide for 14 days. Fasting serum glucose levels, feed and water intake, weight gain, and plasma HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels were measured. Results OPI treatment significantly reduced fasting serum glucose levels in diabetic rats. There was a significant (p&lt;0.05) decrease in feed and water intake in treated groups. Weight gain improved in OPI-treated diabetic rats compared to untreated diabetic rats. Plasma HDL-cholesterol levels increased significantly in all treated groups compared to the control, with the highest levels in non-diabetic and untreated groups. Similar trends were observed in plasma and liver triglycerides. Conclusion The findings suggest that OPI possesses anti-diabetic properties, significantly lowering blood glucose levels and improving lipid profiles in diabetic rats. OPI holds promise as a potential therapeutic agent for diabetes management. Further research is needed to validate these results in human studies. Keywords: Ogiri Protein Isolate (OPI), anti-diabetic, Diabetes mellitus, Postprandial blood glucose and Alloxan.

Multilayer track-etched membrane-based electroosmotic pump for drug delivery.

Herein, we report an electroosmotic pump (EOP) based on a multilayer track-etched polycarbonate (PC) membrane. A remarkable increase of maximum backpressure (198.2-2400mmH2 O) of a fundamental pump unit was obtained at 0.8mA, when the number of PC membranes was increased from 1 to 10. Meanwhile, the corresponding flow rate was increased from 80.3 to 111.7µL/min. Furthermore, multiple pump units were assembled in series to obtain a multistage EOP. For a three-stage EOP (EOP-3), the operating voltage and power can be decreased significantly by 52%-72% under different driving currents, with a minimum power of 26.7µW. Thus, EOP-3 can run stably over 35h at a pulse current of 0.1mA without the generation of gas bubbles. The pump was further integrated into a miniature device, which was successfully used to decrease the blood glucose level of diabetic rats by subcutaneous delivery of fast-acting insulin. This work brings a facile and efficient strategy to enhance the backpressure and lower the operating voltage and power of EOPs, which may find promising applications in drug delivery.

Ethyl Acetate Fractions of Tectona Grandis Crude Extract Modulate Glucose Absorption and Uptake as Well as Antihyperglycemic Potential in Fructose-Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a global health challenge with increased morbidity and mortality rates yearly. Herbal medicine has provided an alternative approach to treating T2D with limited access to formal healthcare. Tectona grandis is being used traditionally in the treatment of diabetes. The present study investigated the antidiabetic potential of T. grandis leaves in different solvent extractions, and the crude extract that demonstrated the best activity was further fractionated through solvent-solvent partitioning. The ethyl acetate fraction of the ethanol crude extract showed the best antidiabetic activity in inhibiting α-glucosidase, delaying glucose absorption at the small intestine's lumen, and enhancing the muscle's postprandial glucose uptake. The ethyl acetate fraction was further elucidated for its ability to reduce hyperglycemia in diabetic rats. The ethyl acetate fraction significantly reduced high blood glucose levels in diabetic rats with concomitant modulation in stimulated insulin secretions through improved pancreatic β-cell function, insulin sensitivity by increasing liver glycogen content, and reduced elevated levels of liver glucose-6-phosphatase activity. These activities could be attributed to the phytochemical constituents of the plant.

Administrations of Butterfly Pea Flower (Clitoria Ternatea L) Extract Reduce Oxidative Stress and Increase Body Weight of Male Wistar Rats with Diabetes

Background: Asian pigeonwings flower (Clitoria Ternatea L.) is a plant that contains high antioxidants. Numerous research studies have shown that CT flowers can reduce the blood glucose levels of diabetic rats. Lower blood glucose levels can reduce MDA in DM patients. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the effect of CT on serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and body weight of diabetic rats. Methods: Male albino Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin 45 mg/kgBW and nicotinamide 110 mg/kgBW to generate type 2 diabetes. Diabetes rats were randomly divided into three groups: T1 was the control of diabetic rats, T2 was given 300 mg/kgBW extract of CT, and T3 was given 600 mg/kgBW extract of CT for 21 days. Data collected before, during, and after treatment were analyzed using One Way ANOVA and LSD posthoc. Results: The mean of MDA in the T2 and T3 groups decreased on day 14 that was T2 4,67±0,17 µmol/l and T3 3,99±0,30 µmol/l, (p&lt;0,001) and on day 21 also decreased that was T2 4,07±0,14 µmol/l and T3 3,34 ±0,23 µmol/l (p&lt;0,001). While T1 did not experience a significant decrease. The mean of body weight in the T2 and T3 groups increased on day 14 that was T2 187,83±4,67 grams and T3 183,50±4,41 grams (p&lt;0,001), and on day 21, also increased was T2 195,17±3,65 grams, 190,67±4,08 grams (&lt;0,001). In contrast, T1 did not experience a significant increase. Conclusion: Administration of CT flower extract 300 mg/KgBW, and CT flower extract 600 mg/KgBW reduces serum MDA levels of diabetic rats compared to the control of diabetic rats.

PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY AND ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITIES OF FLACOURTIA INDICA LEAVES EXTRACTS FROM THE TOGOLESE FLORA

Objective: Faced with the devastating effect of diabetes, the search for new natural antidiabetic molecules is an exploratory avenue. Methods: In this study, the leaves of Flacourtia indica were collected from the Togolese flora, and their antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays, following a phytochemical screening conducted through colorimetric and precipitation reactions. The content of total phenols was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu's reagent and flavonoids by aluminum trichloride. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was evaluated using the method of dilution in agar wells with Muller-Hinton® agar. Additionally, the extracts' antidiabetic effect was evaluated in rats made diabetic by alloxan at a dose of 120 mg/kg. b.w. Results: The results of our work showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanins, and saponins in the extracts. The best polyphenol and flavonoid contents were measured in the hydroethanolic extract and were 186.46±0.308 mg EqAG/g and 464.14±17.043 mgEqQ/g. ES respectively. The hydroethanolic extract has a higher antioxidant power with an IC50 = 110.22 µg/ml. The reducing powers of the ferric ions were 3706±12.124 and 3777±9.238 µmol/ml, respectively for the hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts. The extracts were active against Staphylococcus aureus and are bacteriostatic. The hydroethanolic extract of the leaves of Flacourtia indica significantly reduced (p = 0.0014) blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. Conclusion: This plant can therefore be a potential medicine in the treatment of diabetes.

Phytochemical Screening And Antidiabetic Test Of Ethanol Extract Of Turmeric Leaves (Curcuma domestica Val.) On Decreasing Blood Glucose Of Diabetic Rats

The turmeric plant (Curcuma domestica Val.) is a tropical plant that grows a lot on the Asian continent with is use as a food coloring and fragrance. The use of turmeric leaves by residents is only a cooking ingredient not used in large quantities. Even most of these turmeric leaves are considered waste and have minimal utilization. Turmeric leaf methanol extract can be used to lower blood glucose. Turmeric leaf extract has the potential as a valuable food source of its antioxidant components, such as total phenolic compounds and flavonoids which increase radical scavenging activity. In particular, the water extract of turmeric leaves contains high total phenolic compounds (2.741 ± 0.099 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (4.776 ± 0.010 mg QCE/g). Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder associated with several chronic complications, such as nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy and cardiomyopathy. Part of the turmeric plant leaves is reported to have the ability as an antioxidant. Antioxidant compounds can control blood glucose levels and prevent diabetes complications. This study was conducted to test the ability of turmeric leaf ethanol extract (EEDK) to reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic rats induced by nicotinamide and streptozotocin and to perform phytochemical screening to determine the compounds contained in turmeric leaves so that it becomes an alternative as a diabetes treatment and can prevent damage. or diabetic complications. The results showed that turmeric leaves contained secondary metabolites, namely flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, and triterpenoids/steroids, but there were no alkaloids or saponins. The characterization results show that the sample meets the requirements. Turmeric leaf ethanol extract doses of 400 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg could reduce the Blood Glucose Level of NA and STZ-induced rats from the fourth day of treatment.

THE EFFECT OF NEEM GUM ON THE REDUCTION IN RAT BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS INDUCED BY STREPTOZOTOCIN

Pharmacological therapy for diabetes, which is primarily made up of chemicals, still causes a lot of side effects. The numerous side effects of pharmacological therapy for diabetes have generated innovations in alternative diabetes therapies using ingredients derived from nature. One of the natural ingredients with an anti-hyperglycemia effect is neem gum (NG), or the sap of the neem plant (Azadirachta indica). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of NG on the reduction of blood glucose levels. Moreover, this study had six groups, including a normal control group and groups with doses of 0, 3.75, 7.5, 15, and 30 grams/kgBW. The results showed that NG reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. The paired t-test showed a significant reduction in blood glucose in all groups administered NG except for the dose 3.75 group (P&lt;0.05). The minimum and maximum effective doses of NG were calculated using the quadratic regression test with the equation y = 1.059x2–46.576x+408. With a target blood glucose level of between 80 and 126 mg/dL, the minimum and maximum effective doses of NG were obtained in the range of 12–15 mg/dL. This study concluded that administering NG to diabetic rats can reduce blood glucose levels. Phytochemical studies and research are needed with serial examinations using the effective dose range of neem gum.