High Fructose Corn Syrup Research Articles

환경사회지배구조(ESG) 맥락에서 친환경식품 개념 정립

With climate change-related crises, people started to be aware of the importance of global cooperation and collaboration instead of global competition. In particular, in a situation where climate change-induced food system issues are threatening human survival, a need to have a new approach as to what environmentally sustainable food (ESF) is arises. Unfortunately promoting green food in the traditional paradigm without its proper concept, has often led to a form of green washing. Therefore, with the content analysis, this paper was to re-conceptualizes it in the ESG context. The newly defined concept is ‘sustainable food in the food systems integrating production, farming, processing and global supply chains, which restricts or does not use pesticides, chemical fertilizers, antibiotics and antimicrobial; is not processed using irradiation, industrial solvents, or synthetic food additives; and does not use or reduces using high fructose corn syrup. In addition, ESF is mainly based on locally grown seasonal fruits, vegetables and insects rather than meat and contributing to socially responsible and ethical management ’ This paper suggests that effective ESG strategies should be further established to enhance consumers’ affective utility associated with the newly defined ESF.

Insulin-induced long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation

The discovery that brain areas involving in learning and memory express receptors for insulin hormone, led to the idea that insulin signaling may have a role in regulating cognitive function. Although previous studies have shown a role for insulin in regulation of the threshold of plasticity induction, no study has addressed whether insulin can induce a chemical plasticity per se. Young-adult male rats that are fed with standard diets with or without carbohydrate syrup (sucrose or high-fructose corn syrups) were enrolled in this study. Extracellular field potentials were recorded from the dentate gyrus in response to perforant pathway stimulation at 0.033 Hz in anesthetized rats. The slope of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) and the amplitude of population spike (PS) were measured 15 min after a 60-min infusion of insulin (500 nM), NT157 (an IRS inhibitor, 6 μM), alone or together, or physiological saline. mRNA expressions of insulin signaling proteins were measured by rt-PCR in the whole hippocampus. We did not observe any appreciable change in the fEPSP slope and the PS amplitude before and after saline infusion. However, intra-hippocampal insulin application results in the induction of LTP of fEPSP and of PS in the dentate gyrus. Insulin infusion together with NT157 inhibited fEPSP-LTP, but not PS-LTP, and rats that are fed with carbohydrate syrup did not express synaptic LTP. In rats that additional carbohydrate syrup is not given, insulin-induced LTP was accompanied with an increase in PI3K-mRNA, AKT-mRNA, and GSK-3β-mRNA which was not observed when co-administered with NT157. The GSK-3β-mRNA and IRS1-mRNA levels were found to be lower in rats that received supplemental carbohydrate and that not express insulin-induced synaptic LTP, compared to the rats expressing synaptic LTP and fed by standard diet. The results obtained provide a mechanistic link between insulin and synaptic plasticity. We concluded that insulin not only functions as a modulator of synaptic plasticity but also acts as a chemical inducer of LTP.

Determining the metabolic effects of dietary fat, sugars and fat-sugar interaction using nutritional geometry in a dietary challenge study with male mice

The metabolic effects of sugars and fat lie at the heart of the “carbohydrate vs fat” debate on the global obesity epidemic. Here, we use nutritional geometry to systematically investigate the interaction between dietary fat and the major monosaccharides, fructose and glucose, and their impact on body composition and metabolic health. Male mice (n = 245) are maintained on one of 18 isocaloric diets for 18–19 weeks and their metabolic status is assessed through in vivo procedures and by in vitro assays involving harvested tissue samples. We find that in the setting of low and medium dietary fat content, a 50:50 mixture of fructose and glucose (similar to high-fructose corn syrup) is more obesogenic and metabolically adverse than when either monosaccharide is consumed alone. With increasing dietary fat content, the effects of dietary sugar composition on metabolic status become less pronounced. Moreover, higher fat intake is more harmful for glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity irrespective of the sugar mix consumed. The type of fat consumed (soy oil vs lard) does not modify these outcomes. Our work shows that both dietary fat and sugars can lead to adverse metabolic outcomes, depending on the dietary context. This study shows how the principles of the two seemingly conflicting models of obesity (the “energy balance model” and the “carbohydrate insulin model”) can be valid, and it will help in progressing towards a unified model of obesity. The main limitations of this study include the use of male mice of a single strain, and not testing the metabolic effects of fructose intake via sugary drinks, which are strongly linked to human obesity.

Study of the Hydroxymethylfurfural and Sugar Profile of Apis melifera Honey in Madhya Pradesh, India

Aims: The present study was undertaken to determine the Hydroxymethylfurfural and sugar profile of Apis melifera honey.
 Place and Duration of Study: Honey samples were collected from beekeepers of eight selected villages of Guna and Morena region of Madhya Pradesh during two season 2021/22 - 2022/23
 Methodology: The study covers the sugar characterization in term of reducing sugar, sucrose, glucose, fructose, fructose/glucose ratio and Hydroxymethylfurfural content. Collected honey samples were investigated in lab and data analysis by two factor without replication.
 Results: The result recorded different parameters Hydroxymethylfurfural, (9.77-15.73 and 9.50- 15.91 mg/kg) total reducing sugars (70.08-73.53 and 69.16-73.83 %), sucrose (1.70-3.43 and 1.77-3.39%), glucose (31.60-35.60 and 31.20-35.30), fructose (36.47- 39.94 and 36.73-.39.69) and
 fructose glucose ratio (1.03-1.22 and 1.04-1.22) respectively, during 2021-22 and 2022-23. All the parameters showed significant variation in honey among the selected locations.
 Conclusion: According to the study, all of the honey samples met the allowed limit as required by Indian standards and were of acceptable quality.

The Influence of Starch Sweeteners on Functional Properties of Cellulose Fat Mimetics: Rheological and Textural Aspects.

Starch sweeteners are commonly used in many confectionery food products. Usually, considering the trend of producing low-energy and low-fat products, these products include fat mimetics. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of fructose sweeteners on the development of functional properties of MCG fat mimetic, such as rheological and textural behavior. Fat mimetics made from Microcrystalline cellulose gel (MCG) consist of colloidal microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) and were observed in five different concentrations (1, 3, 5, 7, and 10%). The amount of starch sweetener in the mixture with the fat mimetics was 20%. The effect of pure crystalline fructose and a mixture of crystalline-fructose and high-fructose corn syrup in a ratio of 1:1 was analyzed. Rheological parameters significantly decreased with the application of starch sweeteners. By adding a mixture of starch sweeteners, this decrease was further increased by 10%. At higher gel concentrations of 5, 7, and 10%, the dominance of the elastic modulus G' was preserved. Texture parameters such as firmness, consistency, cohesiveness, and viscosity index were reduced accordingly. The presence of starch sweeteners significantly disrupted the networking of the three-dimensional structure of the MCG gel and the proper hydration process during the formation of fat mimetics.

Modeling and evaluation of the sucrose-degrading activity of recombinantly produced oligo-1,6-glucosidase from A. gonensis

Fructose is the most preferred sugar to provide benefits for sweetening and health. As many industrial enzymes are used to produce High Fructose Syrup (HFS), it is vital to explore alternative enzymes for fructose production. Oligo-α-1,6-glucosidase (O-1-6-glucosidase) hydrolyzes non-reducing ends of isomaltooligosaccharides, panose, palatinose, and an a-limit dextrin by breaking α-1,6-glucoside bonds, although it generally has no activity on α-1,4-glucoside bonds of maltooligosaccharides. In this study, sucrose-hydrolyzing activity of O-1-6-glucosidase of thermophilic A. gonensis was evaluated. For this purpose, O-1-6-glucosidase gene region of A. gonensis was cloned in the pET28(a)+ expression vector, the expression product was purified, modeled, and biochemically characterized. The optimal activity of the enzyme was to be at pH 7.0 and 60 °C. The enzyme activity was halved at the end of the 276th h at 60 °C. The enzyme maintained its activity even after 300 h at pH 6.0-10.0. The values of Km , Vmax , kcat, and kcat/Km were determined as 44.69 ± 1.27 mM, 6.28 ± 0.05 µmoL/min/mg protein, 6.70 1/s and 0.15 1/mMs−1, respectively. While Zn2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Ag2+, Fe3+, Hg2+, and Al2+ metal ions inhibited O-1-6-glucosidase, Mn2+, Fe2+, and Mg2+ ions activated the enzyme. Consequently, A. gonensis O-1-6-glucosidase (rAgoSuc2) has interesting properties, especially for HFS production.

Comparative evaluation of natural and artificial sweeteners from DNA damage, oxidative stress, apoptosis, to development using Drosophila melanogaster

The overconsumption of added sugars makes people vulnerable to a myriad of diseases. Several biochemical and developmental assays were performed in the current study to assess the effect of fructose on Drosophila melanogaster and to find substitutes for fructose by comparing it to well-known sweeteners. Drosophila was exposed separately to the same ratio of sugar 9.21% (w/v) of several types of sweeteners (sucrose, fructose, glucose syrup, high-fructose corn syrup and stevia). Results revealed that fructose might induce recombination, whereas stevia lacks genotoxic potential. No developmental delay, growth defects, or neurotoxic effects were recorded for any of the sweeteners. We also observed no striking differences in reactive oxygen species levels. Thus, stevia seems to be an alternative sweetener to fructose that can be consumed to reduce fructose-induced anomalies.

YÜKSEK FRUKTOZLU DİYETİN KARACİĞERDE GHRELİN VE KİSSPEPTİN DÜZEYLERİNE ETKİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Aim: High fructose corn syrup has been used commonly in the food industry and it is related to many diseases including obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, fatty liver, and metabolic syndrome. Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone besides it has widely spread receptors in many tissues which have various central and peripheral effects. Food intake may reduce its synthesis. Kisspeptin plays a major role in reproductive hormones and its receptor are expressed in tissue with high metabolic activities including the liver. It is aimed to examine the effects of HFCS consumption on liver tissue and its relationship with kisspeptin and ghrelin levels.
 Material and Method: Eight-ten weeks old, 14 adult Wistar albino male rats were used in the study and divided into 2 groups (Control, HFCS). Caspase 3, TNF-α, Ghrelin, and Kisspeptin levels in the liver tissues of the rats were measured by immunohistochemical method and then analyzed by histoscoring. 
 Results: According to our data, it was observed a significant increase in the levels of kisspeptin, Caspase 3, TNF-α and a decrease in ghrelin levels in the HFCS group compared to the control group. 
 Conclusion: In conclusion, in our study, changes in liver kisspeptin levels caused by a high fructose diet were shown for the first time. In addition, the use of HFCS in food caused inflammatory activation, tissue damage, and reduced ghrelin levels.
 Keywords: Apoptosis, Proinflammatory cytokines, Immunohistochemistry,

Influence of rare sugar syrup on quality attributes and acceptability of bread

SummaryRare sugar syrup (RSS) prepared by alkaline isomerisation of high‐fructose corn syrup (HFCS) contains rare sugars as well as D‐glucose (Glc) and D‐fructose (Fru) and has antiobesity and antidiabetic effects. RSS was used in making bread, and the quality of the final bread product was compared with bread with added sucrose (Suc). 20°Bx RSS‐ and 20°Bx HFCS‐added breads had lower loaf height and volume, moisture content and water activity compared with 20°Bx Suc‐added bread and had higher hardness and gumminess of bread crumb. In contrast, adding 2°Bx RSS did not affect the physical and texture characteristics of the bread. GC–MS analysis of the RSS‐added bread showed that acetol, 3,5‐dihydroxy‐6‐methyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐4H‐pyran‐4‐one, 5‐methylfurfural and acetic acid were the main volatiles, and the amounts were higher than in the Suc‐ and HFCS‐added breads. The addition of 20°Bx RSS resulted in the lowest liking scores for the bread texture, hardness and elasticity. The RSS‐added bread, with a lower evaluation than the 20°Bx Suc‐added bread, was acceptable in overall preference as the 20°Bx HFCS‐added bread. Moreover, after processing, the 20°Bx RSS‐bread retained 86% of the rare sugar D‐allulose with its health functions, so it could be beneficial to consumer health compared with HFCS and Suc.

The Metabolic Effects of High-fructose Corn Syrup in Dental Tissues and Parotid Glands of Rats and the Therapeutic Effect of Alpha Lipoic Acid

The Metabolic Effects of High-fructose Corn Syrup in Dental Tissues and Parotid Glands of Rats and the Therapeutic Effect of Alpha Lipoic Acid

What the Lactate Shuttle Means for Sports Nutrition

The discovery of the lactate shuttle (LS) mechanism may have two opposite perceptions, It may mean very little, because the body normally and inexorably uses the LS mechanism. On the contrary, one may support the viewpoint that understanding the LS mechanism offers immense opportunities for understanding nutrition and metabolism in general, as well as in a sports nutrition supplementation setting. In fact, regardless of the specific form of the carbohydrate (CHO) nutrient taken, the bodily CHO energy flux is from a hexose sugar glucose or glucose polymer (glycogen and starches) to lactate with subsequent somatic tissue oxidation or storage as liver glycogen. In fact, because oxygen and lactate flow together through the circulation to sites of utilization, the bodily carbon energy flow is essentially the lactate disposal rate. Consequently, one can consume glucose or glucose polymers in various forms (glycogen, maltodextrin, potato, corn starch, and fructose or high-fructose corn syrup), and the intestinal wall, liver, integument, and active and inactive muscles make lactate which is the chief energy fuel for red skeletal muscle, heart, brain, erythrocytes, and kidneys. Therefore, if one wants to hasten the delivery of CHO energy delivery, instead of providing CHO foods, supplementation with lactate nutrient compounds can augment body energy flow.

Optimization of production and partial purification of inulinase from Bacillussubtilis

The use of inulinase enzyme for production of high fructose syrups (HFS) found more attention during that last few decades due to the less efforts and cost required compared with the traditional two-step method. In the current study, a bacterial isolate have been selected for its potential inulinase productivity. It was identified using 16S rRNA as Bacillus subtilis Inu and given the accession number “OK444102″ in the database of NCBI. Statistical methods; Taguchi Orthogonal Array and Box-Behnken, have been applied for the improvement inulinase production and the data revealed maximum enzyme activity titer (70.8 U/ml) at 15.61 g/l, sucrose; 15.94 g/l, molasses; 5.2 g/l, peptone; 5.2, pH; 32.5 °C, incubation temperature and 6 days, incubation period). The produced enzyme was purified using aqueous two phase system (ATPS) composed of Poly ethylene glycol (PEG) conjugated with salt solution (PEG/salt). The two phases in the system were studied and the data revealed that PEG 6000 (15%)/Sodium sulfate (15%) was the most effective system in the partitioning inulinase enzyme by 13.5 purification fold and 285% yield recovery in the top PEG rich phase. The isolated Bacillus subtilis is an efficient strain for production of inulinase compared with the other conducted studies.

High Fructose Corn Syrup Accelerates Kidney Disease and Mortality in Obese Mice with Metabolic Syndrome.

The presence of obesity and metabolic syndrome is strongly linked with chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the mechanisms responsible for the association are poorly understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that mice with obesity and metabolic syndrome might have increased susceptibility to CKD from liquid high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) by favoring the absorption and utilization of fructose. We evaluated the pound mouse model of metabolic syndrome to determine if it showed baseline differences in fructose transport and metabolism and whether it was more susceptible to chronic kidney disease when administered HFCS. Pound mice have increased expression of fructose transporter (Glut5) and fructokinase (the limiting enzyme driving fructose metabolism) associated with enhanced fructose absorption. Pound mice receiving HFCS rapidly develop CKD with increased mortality rates associated with intrarenal mitochondria loss and oxidative stress. In pound mice lacking fructokinase, the effect of HFCS to cause CKD and early mortality was aborted, associated with reductions in oxidative stress and fewer mitochondria loss. Obesity and metabolic syndrome show increased susceptibility to fructose-containing sugars and increased risk for CKD and mortality. Lowering added sugar intake may be beneficial in reducing the risk for CKD in subjects with metabolic syndrome.

Maternal High-Fructose Corn Syrup Intake Impairs Corticosterone Clearance by Reducing Renal 11β-Hsd2 Activity via miR-27a-Mediated Mechanism in Rat Offspring.

We previously reported that maternal fructose consumption increases blood corticosterone levels in rat offspring. However, the underlying mechanism of action remains unclear. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which maternal high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) intake increases circulating GC levels in rat offspring (GC; corticosterone in rodents and cortisol in humans). Female Sprague Dawley rats received HFCS solution during gestation and lactation. The male offspring were fed distilled water from weaning to 60 days of age. We investigated the activities of GC-metabolizing enzymes (11β-Hsd1 and 11β-Hsd2) in various tissues (i.e., liver, kidney, adrenal glands, muscle, and white adipose tissue) and epigenetic modification. 11β-Hsd2 activity decreased in the kidney of the HFCS-fed dams. Moreover, the epigenetic analysis suggested that miR-27a reduced Hsd11b2 mRNA expression in the kidney of offspring. Maternal HFCS-induced elevation of circulating GC levels in offspring may be explained by a decrease in 11β-Hsd2 activity via renal miR-27a expression. The present study may allow us to determine one of the mechanisms of GC elevation in rat offspring that is often observed in the developmental origins of the health and disease (DOHaD) phenomenon.

Differentiation of High-Fructose Corn Syrup Adulterated Kelulut Honey Using Physicochemical, Rheological, and Antibacterial Parameters.

Kelulut (stingless bee) honey (KH) possesses a wide range of benefits for human consumption and can exhibit medical effects. Due to its high value, this premium honey is often adulterated with different types of cheaper sugars, causing low nutrients and potential food safety threats in the final product. This study aims to determine the physicochemical, rheological, and antibacterial properties of sugar-based adulterated KH from the stingless bee species Heterotrigona itama. Adulterated samples were prepared using pure honey mixed with different concentrations of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), i.e., 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. Water activity, colour, total soluble solids, pH, turbidity, viscosity, and antimicrobial activity of KH were determined. In addition, the primary sugar composition (fructose, glucose, and trehalulose) was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light-scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD). This study shows that the increasing percentage of HFCS addition in the KH samples significantly increases (p < 0.05) the total soluble solids, colour, pH, turbidity, viscosity, glucose, and fructose content; meanwhile, the water activity and trehalulose were reduced significantly (p < 0.05). Antimicrobial activity against S. aureus was reduced significantly (p = 0.006) by an increased percentage of HFCS compared to Control. Antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa was also found to be reduced significantly but showed non-significant effect from an increased percentage of HFCS in honey (p = 0.413). The bacterium S. aureus was more vulnerable to treatment with honey from both Control and adulterated groups compared to P. aeruginosa. In conclusion, HFCS-adulterated KH and authentic KH can be differentiated using all the parameters investigated. These data are vital for the governing bodies to ensure that KH sold in the markets is free from HFCS adulteration.

The protective role of selenium in an experimental high fructose corn syrup exposure

&lt;b&gt;Objective:&lt;/b&gt; Nowadays, fructose is recognized as a significant health threat. Prepared foods containing fructose are consumed more because they do not create a feeling of satiety. Selenium is an essential trace element with antioxidant and cell protective properties. In this study, the effect of high fructose corn syrup, which is used as a sweetener in many foods and beverages and consumed during pregnancy, and the possible protective role of selenium in this effect were investigated and examined.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Methods:&lt;/b&gt; Fertilized specific pathogen-free eggs were used in our study. These eggs were divided equally into four groups. Each group was allocated 10 eggs containing viable embryos. These groups are pre-process control, post-process control, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS-55), and high fructose corn syrup and selenium (HFCS-55+Se 10&lt;sup&gt;-6&lt;/sup&gt;) groups. Pellets containing and containing no active substance (HFCS-55, HFCS-55+Se 10&lt;sup&gt;-6&lt;/sup&gt;) were carefully placed on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of each egg in these groups. Oxidative stress status in all groups was determined by total oxidative stress (TOS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) methods.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; In our study, a significant increase in TOS levels and a significant decrease in TAC levels were observed in egg groups given HFCS compared to other groups (p&amp;lt;0.05). The OSI value was shown to be lower in the group given HFCS+Se.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; As a result, HFCS was shown to increase oxidative stress. In line with our data, it has been shown that Se, plays a protective role against oxidative stress.

Prediabetes Reduction from Food Allergen Elimination

The CDC reports that over 38% of the adults in the USA have Prediabetes mellitus (PMD) and in this population of 96 million Americans, 50% likelihood that they will develop Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) with a 50% greater chance of obesity. The purpose of this case report was to discuss prediabetes reduction and obesity reduction in an African American subject. Case: A 50-year-old female patient of African American descent presented with HbA1c 6.4%, BMI 32.2, Weight 194.lbs., BP 185/95, Hip Circumference 44.5” and Fat Mass of 92 lbs. (47.5%). After consent was given, the patient was briefed on healthier eating (i.e. eliminate processed foods, high fructose corn syrup, etc.). Then four vials of blood were drawn for ALCAT, Leukocyte Reaction, food allergen testing. Ten days later, the tests results were discussed, and of the 250 foods tested, the patient showed moderate allergic reaction to 36 foods. These foods were eliminated from her diet for the duration of this 12-month treatment plan and alternative food choices were discussed (i.e., eating peaches instead of pears) which showed a significant Leukocyte reaction). She was also taught how to eat smaller positions (&lt; 2 cups) more frequently (every 3-4 hours). The patient showed 99% compliance to the food allergen elimination. Results: All of the variables tested (HbA1c, BMI, Weight, Fat Mass, Blood Pressure, and Hip Circumference) displayed a -26% change in means. Food allergen elimination was an effective in reducing Prediabetes in this woman of African American descent (HbA1c values went from 6.0% to 5.0% in 12 months without medication).

Integrated omics analysis for characterization of the contribution of high fructose corn syrup to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obesity

BackgroundHigh-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS), a sweetener rich in glucose and fructose, is nowadays widely used in beverages and processed foods; its consumption has been correlated to the emergence and progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms by which HFCS impacts hepatic metabolism remain scarce, especially in the context of obesity. Besides, the majority of current studies focuses either on the detrimental role of fructose in hepatic steatosis or compare separately the additive impact of fructose versus glucose in high fat diet-induced NAFLD. AimBy engaging combined omics approaches, we sought to characterize the role of HFCS in obesity-associated NAFLD and reveal molecular processes, which mediate the exaggeration of steatosis under these conditions. MethodsHerein, C57BL/6 mice were fed a normal-fat-diet (ND), a high-fat-diet (HFD) or a HFD supplemented with HFCS (HFD-HFCS) and upon examination of their metabolic and NAFLD phenotype, proteomic, lipidomic and metabolomic analyses were conducted to identify HFCS-related molecular alterations of the hepatic metabolic landscape in obesity. ResultsAlthough HFD and HFD-HFCS mice displayed comparable obesity, HFD-HFCS mice showed aggravation of hepatic steatosis, as analysis of the lipid droplet area in liver sections revealed (12,15 % of total section area in HFD vs 22,35 % in HFD-HFCS), increased NAFLD activity score (3,29 in HFD vs 4,86 in HFD-HFCS) and deteriorated hepatic insulin resistance, as compared to the HFD mice. Besides, the hepatic proteome of HFD-HFCS mice was characterized by a marked upregulation of 5 core proteins implicated in de novo lipogenesis (DNL), while an increased phosphatidyl-cholines(PC)/phosphatidyl-ethanolamines(PE) ratio (2.01 in HFD vs 3.04 in HFD-HFCS) was observed in the livers of HFD-HFCS versus HFD mice. Integrated analysis of the omics datasets indicated that Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle overactivation is likely contributing towards the intensification of steatosis during HFD-HFCS-induced NAFLD. ConclusionOur results imply that HFCS significantly contributes to steatosis aggravation during obesity-related NAFLD, likely deriving from DNL upregulation, accompanied by TCA cycle overactivation and deteriorated hepatic insulin resistance.

Effects of Whey Protein, Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass on Body Weight, Biochemical Parameters and Organ Functions in an Obese Rat Model: Experimental Research

Extreme obesity (EO) is one of the biggest public health problems in the world and has grown considerably over the years. The aim of the study is to examine the effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), whey protein (WP), and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation applied to EO rats on weight loss, histopathological changes in internal organs and biochemical alterations. Wistar albino female rats (n = 28) were used in the study and randomly divided into four groups. All rats were made obese by adding high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) to their drinking water. After the EO, WP and omega-3 PUFA supplementation was given and RYGB process was applied. At the end of the study, glucose, total cholesterol, HDL, VLDL, AST, ALT and uric acid changes and liver, kidney and pancreatic tissues were evaluated histopathologically. WP and omega-3 PUFA supplementation decreased body weight (p > 0.05). Omega-3 PUFA and RYGB caused a decrease in total cholesterol (p < 0.05), WP decreased HDL (p < 0.05), WP and omega-3 PUFA caused an increase in ALT (p < 0.05). WP has been shown to have greater curative effects in rat liver and kidney tissues. It has been determined that RYGB causes necrosis in the liver and HFCS causes inflammation in the kidney. In the study; the positive effects of WP, omega-3 PUFA and bariatric surgery on obesity and dyslipidemia have been demonstrated. With this result, it was determined that WP, omega-3 PUFA supplementation and bariatric surgery were not superior to each other.

Sugar, salt, immunity and the cause of primary hypertension.

Despite its discovery more than 150 years ago, the cause of primary hypertension remains unknown. Most studies suggest that hypertension involves genetic, congenital or acquired risk factors that result in a relative inability of the kidney to excrete salt (sodium chloride) in the kidneys. Here we review recent studies that suggest there may be two phases, with an initial phase driven by renal vasoconstriction that causes low-grade ischemia to the kidney, followed by the infiltration of immune cells that leads to a local autoimmune reaction that maintains the renal vasoconstriction. Evidence suggests that multiple mechanisms could trigger the initial renal vasoconstriction, but one way may involve fructose that is provided in the diet (such as from table sugar or high fructose corn syrup) or produced endogenously. The fructose metabolism increases intracellular uric acid, which recruits NADPH oxidase to the mitochondria while inhibiting AMP-activated protein kinase. A drop in intracellular ATP level occurs, triggering a survival response. Leptin levels rise, triggering activation of the sympathetic central nervous system, while vasopressin levels rise, causing vasoconstriction in its own right and stimulating aldosterone production via the vasopressin 1b receptor. Low-grade renal injury and autoimmune-mediated inflammation occur. High-salt diets can amplify this process by raising osmolality and triggering more fructose production. Thus, primary hypertension may result from the overactivation of a survival response triggered by fructose metabolism. Restricting salt and sugar and hydrating with ample water may be helpful in the prevention of primary hypertension.