Blood Glucose Detection Research Articles

An electrocatalyst for detection of glucose in human blood: synergy in Pd–AuNPs/GOx/C surfaces

Glucose oxidase (GOx)-based amperometric enzyme electrodes have been the target of substantial research. In this study, new amperometric biosensor for determination of glucose was developed. GOx enzyme was immobilized at bovine serum albumin via entrapment method. For this reason, the optimum conditions of Pd–Au NPs/GOx/C-modified glassy carbon electrode were determined. The electron is directly transferred from glucose to the electrode via the active site of the enzyme. The absence of mediators is the main advantage of such third-generation biosensors. The resulting materials were characterized employing scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. In addition, the effects of glucose concentration, scan rate, temperature, electroactive interference, stability, reusability of the biosensors were discussed. The applicability to blood analysis was also evaluated. The biosensor has a limit of detection for the determination of glucose 0.0014 mM.

Design, fabrication, and feasibility analysis of a colorimetric detection system with a smartphone for self-monitoring blood glucose.

.Maintaining appropriate insulin levels is very important for diabetes patients. Effective monitoring of blood glucose can aid in maintaining the body’s insulin level, and thus reduce disease severities, secondary complications, and related mortalities. However, existing blood glucose measurement devices are inconvenient to carry and involve complex procedures, reducing the willingness of diabetes patients to regularly measure blood glucose. We aim to provide a rapid, convenient, and portable meter for diabetes patients. We introduce an integrated blood glucose detection device (IBGDD) that has no electronic component and uses the optical sensing module of a smartphone to inspect colorimetric blood strips. To demonstrate accuracy conformance of the developed device to the ISO 15197:2013 standard for blood glucose measurement, 20 diabetes mellitus patients used the IBGDD with smartphones to measure their blood glucose level. The measurement results revealed an accuracy of 100%, completely satisfying the requirements of the ISO 15197:2013 standard. Overall, our specially designed IBGDD with a smartphone could achieve high accuracy and convenient usage for the measurement of blood glucose concentration. Furthermore, the device is highly portable and simple to operate. This contributes toward achieving self-monitoring of blood glucose by diabetes patients and improved mobile health in the future.

In situ growth of Ni-B nanoparticles on Ni foam: An efficient 3D integrated anode for enzyme-free glucose detection

It is very attractive to construct 3D integrated enzyme-free electrodes for sensitive and selective glucose sensing. In this paper, a novel 3D integrated electrode based on amorphous Ni-B nanoparticle grown on Ni foams (Ni-B/NF) was presented and used for enzyme-free glucose detection. Ni-B/NF was prepared via a simply and rapid electroless deposition with dipping Ni foams into NiCl2 precursors and NaBH4 reducing solutions alternatively. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that Ni-B/NF has excellent catalytic activity for glucose oxidation and can be used as an efficient enzyme-free electrochemical sensor, with a short response time less than 10 s, a wide detection range from 5 μM to 2.66 mM, a response sensitivity of 8.25 mA mM −1 cm −2, and a low detection limit of 5 μM (S/N = 3). Moreover, the selectivity and reliability for practical application in blood glucose detection of the as-fabricated sensor were also investigated in detail.

Direct glucose detection in whole blood by colorimetric assay based on glucose oxidase-conjugated graphene oxide/MnO2 nanozymes

We herein report a facile approach for the preparation of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-mimic glucose oxidase-conjugated graphene oxide/MnO2 (GOD-GO/MnO2) as new nanozyme to detect the glucose concentration in whole blood. The nano-sized of MnO2 nanoparticles embedded in bovine serum albumin (BSA)-coated GO by in situ growth were evaluated focusing on the principle of HRP-mimic activity catalyzing the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, we constructed dual sensing platforms based on the combination of a plasma separation pad and GOD-GO/MnO2 for direct detection of glucose concentration in whole blood by colorimetric assay without blood sample pretreatment. As a proof-of-concept, a limit of detection of 3.1 mg dL-1 for glucose was obtained with a wide linear quantification range from 25 mg dL-1 to 300 mg dL-1 through visual observation and quantitative analysis, suggesting potential clinical applications in blood glucose monitoring for diabetic patients.

Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Dewdrop-Like Platinum Nanoparticles-Decorated Silver Nanoflowers Nanocomposites for H2O2 and Glucose Detection

A novel electrochemical detection platform was constructed based on dewdrop-like platinum nanoparticles-decorated silver nanoflowers nanocomposites coated with bovine serum albumin (AgNFs-Pt@BSA), which were synthesized through replacement reaction between chloroplatinic acid and AgNFs. As expected, in final obtained AgNFs-Pt@BSA nanocomposites, the petal structures of AgNFs with broad surface areas led to a high electron conductivity; Pt nanoparticles favorably enhanced the electrocatalytic ability toward hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); bovine serum albumin (BSA) coated around AgNFs-Pt provided numerous functional groups (especially -NH2). Inspired by above characteristics, a remarkable glucose biosensor could be assembled through crosslinking glucose oxidase with AgNFs-Pt@BSA via glutaraldehyde (AgNFs-Pt@BSA/GA/GOD). The high electrochemical responses were exhibited linearly in a wide concentrate range of glucose from 1 to 14 mM with a low detection limit of 0.3 mM at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. Furthermore, with the advantages of favorable selectivity, excellent reproducibility and durable stability, here prepared electrochemical sensor showed promising analytical performance in the detection of glucose in human serum samples. All satisfied results provided a considerable direction of advance and prospect for the clinical applications of human blood glucose detection in the coming future.

光学无创血糖浓度检测方法的研究进展

光学无创血糖浓度检测方法的研究进展

Analysis of Non-invasive Methods to Diagnose Blood Glucose Level-A Survey

Diabetes or otherwise known as blood glucose level among the people is a serious issue to be considered nowadays. There are three types of diabetes namely TYPE 1 which occurs due to destruction of beta cells, TYPE 2 which occurs due insufficient secretion of insulin into the cells by pancreas and the third one GESTATIONAL type which occurs during pregnancy. To detect blood glucose level at present there are device like glucometer which is handheld and can be detected by the people in home itself. The other one is the professional testing method in hospitals. The drawback in these two methods is that they are invasive type of detection which includes needle incision which may lead to pain among the patients, the patients may feel uncomfortable or they may get panic. This paper deals with the study of non-invasive methods of detecting diabetes which will be helpful to extend the work in future for both the patient and also to the country since the invasive methods are considered the costly one.

Risk factors of metabolic syndrome among adult Sudanese sickle cell anemia patients

BackgroundSickle cell disease is a hereditary disorder characterized by haematological anaemia. Several studies assumed that adult sickle patients might develop metabolic syndrome features as hyperglycaemia, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic syndrome risk factors among adult Sudanese with sickle cell anemia in the steady state.MethodsA prospective cross sectional study design was conducted among thirty adult patients with sickle cell anemia Hb SS (mean age 23 ± 6.1 years) and thirty healthy individuals matched for age and gender. Waist and hip circumferences were measured by simple tape. Venous blood sample were analysed to detect blood glucose level, uric acid, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low and high-density lipoprotein after 8 h overnight fasting by spectrophotometer. Blood pressure was measured by sphygmomanometer. National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III was utilised to define metabolic syndrome. Statistical analysis was performed SPSS software version 23. Continuous data were expressed using mean ± SD. P-value of < 0.05 (two-tailed) was used to establish statistical significance. Unpaired independent T- test was used.ResultsNo significant difference in mean systolic blood pressure in patients group compared to control (P value = 0.3). Mean value of diastolic blood pressure was significantly low in patients group compared to control (65.4 ± 10. 4 VS72.33 ± 8.27 mmHg, P value< 0.001). Fasting triglycerides level was comparable between patients group and control (P value = 0.56). While high-density lipoprotein was significantly lower in sicklers compared to control (30.2 ± 8.2 mg/dL vs 44.71 ± 1.85 mg/dL, P value< 0.001). Fasting blood glucose was significantly low in sickle compared to control (92.6 ± 13 mg/dL vs 106.83 ± 25.11 mg/dL P value< 0.001). Uric acid level was not statistically differed in patients group compared to control (p value = 0.5).ConclusionThere was significant decrease in fasting High-density lipoprotein, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure and fasting blood glucose among SCA patients compared to control. There was no significant difference in waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, fasting triglycerides and uric acid levels between patients and control groups.

An Intelligent Nanoscale Insulin Delivery System.

Insulin injection relies on strict blood glucose monitoring. However, existing techniques and algorithms for blood glucose monitoring cannot be completed in a timely way. In this study, we have developed a new intelligent glucose-sensitive insulin delivery system to stabilize blood glucose levels in the body. This system does not require real-time detection of blood glucose. First, we successfully synthesized a nanoscale material called PAM-PAspPBA-b-PEG by using chemical methods. We then conducted TEM, DLS, and 1H-NMR analyses to characterize the physicochemical properties, such as size, molecular composition, and configuration of the nanomaterial. We verified the glucose responsibility of the insulin loading nanoscale material in vitro and evaluated its safety and effect on mice in vivo. Results showed that insulin-loaded PAM-PAspPBA-b-PEG is glucose-sensitive, safer and more effective than regular insulin injection. This study provides a basis for future development of smart insulin delivery systems.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SUPPORTIVE SELF CARE EDUCATION USING THE EDUCATION BOOKLET TOWARD THE ABILITY EARLY DETECTION OF HYPOGLYCEMIA AND HYPERGLYCEMIA OF DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS AT RSUD BIMA IN 2017

Abstract: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder caused by a disruption of insulin secretion or impaired insulin activity resulting in the occurrence of hyperglycemia and cells not getting enough glucose for energy. Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia in DM patients is an acute complication of DM that can occur repeatedly and can aggravate DM disease can even cause death. Prevalence of hypoglycemia is quite high, about 90% of patients receiving insulin therapy have experienced hypoglycemia. The high prevalence and the magnitude risk of hypoglycemia and severe hyperglycemia is closely relate to the behavior of DM patients in managing the disease, especially behavior and the ability in early detection of hypoglycemic conditions and hyperglycemia. The development of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia in more severe circumstances can be prevented by increased ability to control blood glucose and early detection of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia by enhancing early detection of risk factors or causes, interpretation of symptoms of hypoglycemia and early hyperglycemia so that more severe complications can be prevented. The purpose of this study is to analyze the The effectiveness of Supportive Self Care Education using the Educational Booklet toward the ability Early Detection of Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia of Diabetes Mellitus Patients at RSUD Bima in 2017. This type of research is quantitative research using pre experiment design with two group pretest and posttest approach. Independent T test was used to analyse the data. The study had been conducted for 9 weeks, from September to October 2017. The results show that supportive self-care education with educational booklet increase the ability of detection hypoglicemia and hyperglycemia that are indcated by the increasing ability of early detection of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia in treatment group compared to group control (p = 0.000; α = 0.05). The findings are expected to improve nursing care in DM patients, as one of the independent interventions that can be done by nurses and to increase knowledge related to the concept of self-care education in nursing perspective based on self-care orem nursing theory and to be able to provide education with appropriate methods, prevent acute hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic emergencies.Keywords: Educational, Booklet, Hypoglicemia, Hyperglicemia.

A Novel AuNP‐Based Glucose Oxidase Mimic with Enhanced Activity and Selectivity Constructed by Molecular Imprinting and O2‐Containing Nanoemulsion Embedding

AbstractIn spite of the competitive advantages, inorganic nanoparticle mimic enzymes exhibit inherent disadvantages of limited catalytic efficiency and lacking selectivity. Here, a gold nanoparticle (AuNP)‐based mimic enzyme with significantly enhanced glucose selectivity and catalytic activity is constructed and demonstrated for the first time. Aminophenylboronic acid is employed to increase the affinity to glucose, as well as build molecular imprinted polymer shells to realize the selectivity for template molecules of glucose. Besides that, heptadecafluoro‐n‐octyl bromide nanoemulsion with the function of providing oxygen is introduced to gain a further improvement in catalytic activity, which successfully enhances the catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) up to about 270‐fold. Based on the demonstrated catalytic properties, AuNP‐based glucose oxidase mimics are successfully applied in practical glucose detection of drinks and blood glucose.

Pancreatic-islet microvascular vasomotion dysfunction in mice with spinal cord injury

Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) have an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes. It is unknown whether the pancreatic-islet microvascular vasomotion is involved. We used female C57BL/6 mice and a 100-kilodyne T10 Infinite Horizons contusion SCI (or T10 laminectomy) to detect blood glucose and pancreatic-islet microvascular vasomotion. Blood glucose obtained from tail vein was detected using one Touch UltraEasy glucometer. Glucose tolerance test was performed by d-glucose administration intraperitoneally. Functional status of pancreatic-islet microvascular vasomotion was determined by laser Doppler monitoring. Expressions of insulin and glucagon were determined by immunohistochemistry. Expression of VEGF-A was determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Our result demonstrated that blood glucose was significantly increased at 4 h postinjury compared to that in sham group, with continuous higher blood glucose until 4 days postinjury (p < 0.05). SCI mice at day 7 and day 14 had significantly impaired glucose tolerance following glucose administration (p < 0.01). Average blood perfusion, amplitude, frequency, and relative velocity of vasomotion were significantly lower at 6 h postinjury than those in the sham group (p < 0.05), which were gradually upregulated over time. The expression of insulin was decreased, while the expression of glucagon was increased at 6 h postinjury. Similarly, the expression of VEGF-A was significantly decreased at 6 h postinjury, compared to that in sham group (p < 0.05), with slight increases by 14 days postinjury. Our study suggests that the functional status of pancreatic-islet microvascular vasomotion is impaired after injury, which may have implications for developing effective therapeutic interventions for SCI.

A Simple and Effective Colorimetric Assay for Glucose Based on MnO₂ Nanosheets.

Simple and effective methods for the detection of the level of blood glucose are closely linked to the monitoring of people’s health. In the study, MnO2 nanosheets with absorption range of 300 nm~500 nm and obvious yellow color were easily prepared and applied to detect glucose through their absorbance and color. The proposed method is based on the fact that a specific concentration of glucose can be quantitatively transformed into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) under the catalytic effect of glucose oxidase. Based on the redox reaction of MnO2 with H2O2, yellow MnO2 can be converted into colorless Mn2+ to monitor the concentration of glucose. Under optimal conditions, a simple and effective visual assay for the sensitive and reliable detection of glucose was developed. The linear range was estimated to the range from 0 μM to 100 μM, with a detection limit of 12.8 μM. Furthermore, the proposed colorimetric assay based on MnO2 nanosheets can effectively detect blood glucose of clinical serum samples with accuracy and convenience.

Engineering Defects in Graphene Oxide for Selective Ammonia and Enzyme-Free Glucose Sensing and Excellent Catalytic Performance for para-Nitrophenol Reduction.

Recently, extensive attention has been given to developing an active and durable metal-free economical sensor and catalyst. Graphene oxide (GO)-based sensors and catalysts have been considered as a promising candidate in current material science research. However, the sensing and catalytic properties of GO also need to be further improved to satisfy the specific applications, such as gas detection in harsh environments, medical diagnosis based on human breath, blood glucose detection, catalytic activity, and so forth. Therefore, the effect of nitrogen in GO on the performance of glucose and ammonia sensing, and catalytic activity has been investigated. Herein, we propose a practical, high-sensitive sensor and catalyst based on high-quality defect N-enriched GO. One-step, low-cost solvothermal synthesis of N-enriched GO has been exploited for the development of high-performance sensors and excellent catalyst at room temperature. The resultant N-enriched GO (N8GO) has been studied as a promising sensing material for ammonia, glucose, and para-nitrophenol (PNP) reduction. The prevalent outstanding sensing and catalytic performance may be due to the synergistic effect of nitrogen. A probable mechanism for sensing and catalytic reduction of PNP using N8GO has been proposed.

Non-enzymatic glucose biosensor based on reduction graphene oxide-persimmon tannin-Pt-Pd nanocomposite

Herein, a novel non-enzymatic glucose sensor was fabricated based on the reduction graphene oxide-persimmon tannin-platinum-palladium alloy (RGO-PT-Pt-Pd) nanocomposite. The RGO-PT-Pt-Pd nanocomposite was prepared through a facile approach with PT as film material and ascorbic acid as reducing agent and characterized by ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and so on. Then, the synthesized RGO-PT-Pt-Pd nanocomposite was employed as an electrode material for non-enzymatic glucose sensing using gold electrode (GE). The RGO-PT-Pt-Pd/GE sensor showed outstanding catalytic activity toward glucose oxidation. The prepared amperometric sensor exhibited a wide linear range of 0.01-0.40 mol/L with a limit of detection (1.43 μmol/L) as well as high stability and fast responsetime (<3s). Therefore, the glucose biosensor has the potential to be used for clinical blood glucose detection.

Non-Invasive Monitoring of Glucose Level Changes Utilizing a mm-Wave Radar System

This article discusses recent developments in the authors' experiments using Google's Soli alpha kit to develop a non-invasive blood glucose detection system. The Soli system (co-developed by Google and Infineon) is a 60 GHz mm-wave radar that promises a small, mobile, and wearable platform intended for gesture recognition. They have retrofitted the setup for the system and their experiments outline a proof-of-concept prototype to detect changes of the dielectric properties of solutions with different levels of glucose and distinguish between different concentrations. Preliminary results indicated that mm-waves are suitable for glucose detection among biological mediums at concentrations similar to blood glucose concentrations of diabetic patients. The authors discuss improving the repeatability and scalability of the system, other systems of glucose detection, and potential user constraints of implementation.

A study of the application of EZSCAN in pilots and in the general population.

This study aims to evaluate EZSCAN detection in pilots and the general population, and determine the significance of EZSCAN detection in the identification of a pilot's health. A total of 87 cases of non-diabetic Air Force pilots (pilot group) and 49 cases from the general population without diabetes were collected. These two groups of subjects underwent EZSCAN detection, as well as the detection of blood glucose, lipid and uric acid levels. Subjects in the pilot group had the highest detection rate of no risk and the lowest detection rate of high risk, while the general population had the highest detection rate of high risk, followed by low risk. The difference in diabetic risk between these two groups were statistically significant (P < 0.01). Various indicators were compared according to different risk levels. In the no risk group, age, BMI and the triglyceride of pilots were lower than in the general population; and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). In high risk group, BMI and blood uric acid of pilots were lower than in the general population; and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). BMI and blood uric acid are positively correlated to diabetic risk. The EZSCAN detection system can be used for assessment of pilot's diabetic risk, and has certain significance in a pilot's health identification.

In vivo noninvasive blood glucose detection using near-infrared spectrum based on the PSO-2ANN model.

BACKGROUND: To improving the nursing level of diabetics, it is necessary to develop noninvasive blood glucose method.OBJECTIVE: In order to reduce the number of the near-infrared signal, consider the nonlinear relationship between the blood glucose concentration and near-infrared signal, and correct the individual difference and physiological glucose dynamic, 2 artificial neural networks (2ANN) combined with particle swarm optimization (PSO), named as PSO-2ANN, is proposed.METHOD: Two artificial neural networks (ANNs) are employed as the basic structure of the PSO-ANN model, and the weight coefficients of the two ANNs which represent the difference of individual and daily physiological rule are optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO).RESULTS: Clarke error grid shows the blood glucose predictions are distributed in regions A and B, Bland-Altman analysis show that the predictions and measurements are in good agreement.CONCLUSIONS: The PSO-2ANN model is a nonlinear calibration strategy with accuracy and robustness using 1550-nm spectroscopy, which can correct the individual difference and physiological glucose dynamics.

A strategy for accurate detection of glucose in human serum and whole blood based on an upconversion nanoparticles-polydopamine nanosystem

The accurate detection of blood glucose is of critical importance in the diagnosis and management of diabetes and its complications. Herein, we report a novel strategy based on an upconversion nanoparticles-polydopamine (UCNPs-PDA) nanosystem for the accurate detection of glucose in human serum and whole blood through a simple blending of test samples with ligand-free UCNPs, dopamine, and glucose oxidase (GOx). Owing to the high affinity of lanthanide ions exposed on the surface of ligand-free UCNPs, dopamine monomers could spontaneously attach to the UCNPs and further polymerize to form a PDA shell, resulting in a remarkable upconversion luminescence (UCL) quenching (97.4%) of UCNPs under 980-nm excitation. Such UCL quenching can be effectively inhibited by H2O2 produced from the GOx/glucose enzymatic reaction, thus enabling the detection of H2O2 or glucose based on the UCL quenching/inhibition bioassay. Owing to the highly sensitive UCL response and background-free interference of the UCNPs-PDA nanosystem, we achieved a sensitive, selective, and high-throughput bioassay for glucose in human serum and whole blood, thereby revealing the great potential of the UCNPs-PDA nanosystem for the accurate detection of blood glucose or other H2O2-generated biomolecules in clinical bioassays.

Immobilized Ferrous Ion and Glucose Oxidase on Graphdiyne and Its Application on One-Step Glucose Detection.

Graphdiyne (GDY) is a novel two-dimensional (2D) carbon allotrope with sp-hybridized carbon atoms and hexagonal rings. Because of its unique structure and electronic property, GDY was reported as a promising candidate applied in energy storage, catalysis, biosensing and so on. However, using GDY as a platform to immobilize metal ion or enzyme was still not reported. Here, we presented a GDY-based composite with dual-enzyme activity by immobilizing ferrous ion and glucose oxidase onto GDY sheet. GDY showed great adsorption capacity and maintained the high catalytic activity of ferrous ion. The ferrous ion preferred to adsorb in between the neighboring two C-C triple bonds of GDY with lower adsorption energy (-5.64 eV) if compared to graphene (-1.69 eV). Meanwhile, GDY exhibited the ability of adsorbing glucose oxidase while did not obviously influence the structure and catalytic activity of the enzyme. The as-prepared composite was successfully used in one-step blood glucose detection. This work provides a new insight on ion and enzyme immobilization by 2D material.