Rate Of Glucose Absorption Research Articles

Does GLP-1 cause post-bariatric hypoglycemia: ‘Computer says no’

Background and Objective:Patients who underwent Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass surgery for treatment of obesity or diabetes can suffer from post-bariatric hypoglycemia (PBH). It has been assumed that PBH is caused by increased levels of the hormone GLP-1. In this research, we elucidate the role of GLP-1 in PBH with a physiology-based mathematical model. Methods:The Eindhoven Diabetes Simulator (EDES) model, simulating postprandial glucose homeostasis, was adapted to include the effect of GLP-1 on insulin secretion. Parameter sensitivity analysis was used to identify parameters that could cause PBH. Virtual patient models were created by defining sets of models parameters based on 63 participants from the HypoBaria study cohort, before and one year after bariatric surgery. Results:Simulations with the virtual patient models showed that glycemic excursions can be correctly simulated for the study population, despite heterogeneity in the glucose, insulin and GLP-1 data. Sensitivity analysis showed that GLP-1 stimulated insulin secretion alone was not able to cause PBH. Instead, analyses showed the increased transit speed of the ingested food resulted in quick and increased glucose absorption in the gut after surgery, which in turn induced postprandial glycemic dips. Furthermore, according to the model post-bariatric increased rate of glucose absorption in combination with different levels of insulin sensitivity can result in PBH. Conclusions:Our model findings implicate that if initial rapid improvement in insulin sensitivity after gastric bypass surgery is followed by a more gradual decrease in insulin sensitivity, this may result in the emergence of PBH after prolonged time (months to years after surgery).

Design and analysis of a two-dimensional photonic crystal plus-shaped resonator for the detection of different cancerous cells and urine glucose

In this paper, a simple two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal (PhC) plus-shaped resonator is suggested to detect different cancer cells as well as urine glucose. A novel biosensor design is presented that features a plus-shaped PhC resonator capable of detecting cancerous cells in human skin, cervix, blood, adrenal glands and breast, as well as detecting glucose levels in human urine to diagnose the likelihood of diabetes. Our biosensor boasts of an impressive quality factor of 307 for cancerous skin cells and 670.6 for glucose concentration in the blood. In addition, the device offers a maximum sensitivity of 750[Formula: see text]nm/RIU for detecting various cancerous cells and 2420[Formula: see text]nm/RIU for glucose in human urine. By positioning the resonator and the waveguide in a way that enables light to resonate in the middle of the structure and pass to the output terminal, we were able to focus on the absorption rate rather than the transmission. As a result, the maximum glucose and cancerous cell absorption rates reach 87.1% and 89.8%, respectively. Our unique yet simple sensor structure offers exciting new possibilities for detecting different cancerous cells and glucose concentrations, while the impressive sensitivity and quality factor make it an exceptional candidate for a wide range of biosensing applications.

Exploring antidiabetic potential of a polyherbal formulation Madhurakshak Activ: An in vitro and in silico study

Madhurakshak Activ (MA), a commercial polyherbal antidiabetic preparation is known to manage diabetes mellitus (DM) by reducing blood glucose levels. However, lacks systematic mechanistic evaluation for their molecular and cellular mode of actions. In the present study, hydro-alcoholic and aqueous extract of MA were evaluated for their effects on glucose adsorption, diffusion, amylolysis kinetics and transport across the yeast cells using in vitro techniques. Bioactive compounds identified from MA by LC-MS/MS were assessed for their binding potential against DPP-IV and PPARγ via an in silico approach. Our results revealed that the adsorption of glucose increased dose dependently (5 mM -100 mM). Both extracts exhibited linear glucose uptake into the yeast cells (5 mM - 25 mM), whereas glucose diffusion was directly proportional to time (30–180 min). Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed drug-like properties and low toxicity levels for all the selected compounds. Among the tested compounds, 6-hydroxyluteolin (−8.9 against DPP-IV and PPARγ) and glycyrrhetaldehyde (DPP-IV -9.7 and PPARγ −8.5) have exhibited higher binding affinity compared to the positive control. Therefore, the above compounds were further considered for molecular dynamics simulation which showed stability of the docked complexes. Hence, studied mode of actions might produce a concerted role of MA in increasing the rate of glucose absorption and uptake followed by the in silico studies which suggest that the compounds identified from MA may inhibit DPP-IV and PPARγ phosphorylation.

Sugarcane Derived Polyphenol Feed Additive Supplemented to the Wheat Diet Improved Broiler Performance

This study examined effects of incremental levels of sugarcane derived polyphenol on most commonly used cereals in the poultry feed industry; wheat and maize. Both cereals rapidly digestible starch, which is usually digested completely than protein itself whereas polyphenol slows down glucose absorption in rat without compromising feed intake. Polyphenol may enhance depositing of muscle in broilers due to synchronous availability of the plasma glucose and amino acid. In this experiment, 240 Ross 308 male broilers (5 birds/cage; n=6) were given 8 different diets, wheat and maize; without or with polyphenol inclusion level at 0.5%, 2% and 4% respectively. Feeds were given ad-libitum in 2 phases as grower (day 11-24) and finisher (day 24-38). Parameters assessed were body weight (BW), average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), drip loss%, shear force and meat color. Birds were euthanized at day 38 for meat quality inspection using Pectoralis muscle. The research revealed that 2% polyphenol in wheat diets significantly reduced ADFI (day 24-38) as compared to unsupplemented wheat diets (p<0.0001). At the same level, polyphenol numerically improved FCR (day 24-38) in broilers fed wheat diets (FCR 1.93) and maize diets (FCR 1.63) as compared to unsupplemented wheat diets (FCR 1.98) and maize diets (FCR 1.70) respectively. However, 4% polyphenol inclusion level had adverse effect on BW (day 17 and 38) and ADG (day 10-38, day 24-38) in broilers fed wheat diets as compared to unsupplemented wheat diets. On other hand, maize diets supplemented with different level of polyphenol did not have any significant effect on BW, ADG, ADFI and FCR in broilers as compared to unsupplemented maize diets. Also, there was significantly higher ADFI (day 24-38) in broilers fed wheat diets as compared to maize diets (p<0.0001). Regarding meat qualities, there were not any effect of polyphenol on drip loss%, shear force and meat color. However, cereal type itself had significant effect on meat color appearance as maize fed broilers had more yellowness value of meat (b*; p<0.0001) than broilers fed wheat diets. In conclusion, polyphenol supplementation found to be useful for broilers mainly on wheat diets at 2% inclusion level.

A Neutrosophic differential equation approach for modelling glucose distribution in the bloodstream using neutrosophic sets

Neutrosophic sets are a generalization of fuzzy sets and intuitionistic fuzzy sets. They play an important role in addressing uncertainty, vagueness, and indeterminacy in problem-solving. Differential equations in a neutrosophic environment under Hukuhara differentiability are used to model the amount of glucose distribution and absorption rates in blood. Trapezoidal neutrosophic numbers are used to describe the initial conditions and equation parameters. Equilibrium points, along with their stability analysis, have been performed. Exact solutions are found, and corresponding numerical simulations for different (α,β,γ)-cut values of trapezoidal neutrosophic numbers are performed using MATLAB.

Colostrum insulin supplementation to neonatal Holstein bulls affects small intestinal histomorphology, mRNA expression, and enzymatic activity with minor influences on peripheral metabolism

The objectives of this study were to evaluate how varying colostral insulin concentrations influenced small intestinal development and peripheral metabolism in neonatal Holstein bulls. Insulin was supplemented to approximately 5× (70.0 μg/L; n = 16) or 10× (149.7 μg/L; n = 16) the basal colostrum insulin (12.9 μg/L; BI, n = 16) concentration to maintain equivalent macronutrient intake (crude fat: 4.1 ± 0.06%; crude protein: 11.7 ± 0.05%; and lactose: 1.9 ± 0.01%) among treatments. Colostrum was fed at 2, 14, and 26 h postnatal and blood metabolites and insulin concentration were measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 360, 480, and 600 min postprandial respective to the first and second colostrum meal. At 30 h postnatal, a subset of calves (n = 8/treatment) were killed to excise the gastrointestinal and visceral tissues. Gastrointestinal and visceral gross morphology and dry matter and small intestinal histomorphology, gene expression, and carbohydrase activity were assessed. Insulin supplementation tended to linearly reduce the glucose clearance rate following the first meal, whereas after the second meal, supplementation linearly increased the rate of glucose absorption and nonesterified fatty acid clearance rate, decreased the time to maximum glucose concentrations, and decreased the time to reach minimum nonesterified fatty acid concentrations. Additionally, insulin clearance rate was linearly increased by insulin supplementation following the second colostrum feeding. However, there were no overall differences between treatments in the concentrations of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, or insulin in plasma or serum. With respect to macroscopic intestinal development, dry rumen tissue mass linearly decreased when insulin was supplemented in colostrum, and supplementation linearly increased duodenal dry tissue density (g dry matter/cm) while tending to increase duodenal dry tissue weight. Increasing the colostrum insulin concentration improved small intestinal histomorphological development in the distal small intestine, as ileal villi height and mucosal-serosal surface area index were increased by supplementing insulin. Lactase enzymatic activity linearly increased in the proximal jejunum while ileal isomaltase activity linearly decreased with insulin supplementation. These data indicate that changes in colostrum insulin concentrations rapidly affect gastrointestinal growth prioritization and carbohydrase activity. The changes in gastrointestinal ontology result in minor changes in postprandial metabolite availability and clearance.

Active glucose transport varies by small intestinal region and oestrous cycle stage in mice.

What is the central question of this study? Body mass and food intake change during the female ovarian cycle: does glucose transport by the small intestine also vary? What is the main finding and its importance? We have optimised Ussing chamber methodology to measure region-specific active glucose transport in the small intestine of adult C57BL/6 mice. Our study provides the first evidence that jejunal active glucose transport changes during the oestrous cycle in mice, and is higher at pro-oestrus than oestrus. These results demonstrate adaptation in active glucose uptake, concurrent with previously reported changes in food intake. Food intake changes across the ovarian cycle in rodents and humans, with a nadir during the pre-ovulatory phase and a peak during the luteal phase. However, it is unknown whether the rate of intestinal glucose absorption also changes. We therefore mounted small intestinal sections from C57BL/6 female mice (8-9weeks old) in Ussing chambers and measured active ex vivo glucose transport via the change in short-circuit current (∆Isc ) induced by glucose. Tissue viability was confirmed by a positive ∆Isc response to 100µM carbachol following each experiment. Active glucose transport, assessed after addition of 5, 10, 25 or 45mM d-glucose to the mucosal chamber, was highest at 45mM glucose in the distal jejunum compared to duodenum and ileum (P<0.01). Incubation with the sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) inhibitor phlorizin reduced active glucose transport in a dose-dependent manner in all regions (P<0.01). Active glucose uptake induced by addition of 45mM glucose to the mucosal chamber in the absence or presence of phlorizin was assessed in jejunum at each oestrous cycle stage (n=9-10 mice per stage). Overall, active glucose uptake was lower at oestrus compared to pro-oestrus (P=0.025). This study establishes an ex vivo method to measure region-specific glucose transport in the mouse small intestine. Our results provide the first direct evidence that SGLT1-mediated glucose transport in the jejunum changes across the ovarian cycle. The mechanisms underlying these adaptations in nutrient absorption remain to be elucidated.

Unexpected growth promotion of Chlorella sacchrarophila triggered by herbicides DCMU

The ecotoxicological effects of herbicide contamination on the autotrophic growth of microalgae in aquatic environments have been major concerns. However, little is known about the influence of herbicides on the mixotrophic growth of microalgae. This study investigated the ecotoxicological effect of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)−1,1-dimethyl-urea (DCMU) on the mixotrophic growth of Chlorella sacchrarophila FACHB 4. Results showed that C. sacchrarophila in mixotrophy was more resistant to DCMU than in photoautotrophy. Moreover, a low content of DCMU (20–80 μg·L−1) promoted the mixotrophic growth of C. sacchrarophila, and the promotion effect was obviously enhanced with the increase in light intensity. The chlorophyll content and glucose absorption rate of C. sacchrarophila were found to increase after incubation with DCMU for 24 h. Transcriptome analyses revealed that the mechanism of DCMU to promote the mixotrophic growth of C. sacchrarophila was probably through accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, which was accomplished by reducing photodamage and increasing the chlorophyll content of C. sacchrarophila. This study not only revealed an unexpected bloom of mixotrophic microalgae triggered by herbicides, but it also shed new light on an effective and low-cost strategy to improve the microalgae productivity for utilization.

Intestinal Farnesoid X Receptor Modulates Duodenal Surface Area but Does Not Control Glucose Absorption in Mice.

Bile acids facilitate the intestinal absorption of dietary lipids and act as signalling molecules in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a bile acid-responsive nuclear receptor involved in bile acid metabolism, as well as lipid and glucose homeostasis. Several studies have suggested a role of FXR in the control of genes regulating intestinal glucose handling. We applied a novel dual-label glucose kinetic approach in intestine-specific FXR-/- mice (iFXR-KO) to directly assess the role of intestinal FXR in glucose absorption. Although iFXR-KO mice showed decreased duodenal expression of hexokinase 1 (Hk1) under obesogenic conditions, the assessment of glucose fluxes in these mice did not show a role for intestinal FXR in glucose absorption. FXR activation with the specific agonist GS3972 induced Hk1, yet the glucose absorption rate remained unaffected. FXR activation increased the duodenal villus length in mice treated with GS3972, while stem cell proliferation remained unaffected. Accordingly, iFXR-KO mice on either chow, short or long-term HFD feeding displayed a shorter villus length in the duodenum compared to wild-type mice. These findings indicate that delayed glucose absorption reported in whole-body FXR-/- mice is not due to the absence of intestinal FXR. Yet, intestinal FXR does have a role in the small intestinal surface area.

Phytochemical Analysis by HR-LCMS and &lt;i&gt;In vitro&lt;/i&gt; Anti-diabetic Potential of &lt;i&gt;Michelia champaca&lt;/i&gt; Bark

The current analysis was aimed to study the phytochemical profile and in vitro antidiabetic capacity of HEMC bark. HR-LCMS1 was used to identify the phytochemicals present in the extract. The outcomes of HR-LCMS showed the presence of 15 phytochemical compounds. DL-Carnitine, Catechin, D-β-Tocopherol, Colchicine, Myricetin, Epicatechin, Quercetin, Epigallocatechin gallate, Quercetin-3β-D-glucoside, Kaempferol, Sorbic acid, Apocynin, Epigallocatechin gallate, myricetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside, Naringeninchalcone are the main compounds identified. The inhibition of enzymes like β-amylase and β-glucosidase delays the rate of glucose absorption thus reducing blood glucose levels in the experimental models. The IC50 values of β-amylase and β-glucosidase inhibitory activity of HEMC were acquired to be 88.65 ?g/mL and 71.28 ?g/mL correspondingly. Positive control acarbose displayed IC50 assessment of 52.94 ?g/mL and 50.01 ?g/mL correspondingly. Consequently, the current study confirms that HEMC had remarkable antidiabetic activity and hence holds future potential as nutraceuticals in the treatment of diabetes and related ailments.

Sex-specific effects of maternal dietary carbohydrate quality on fetal development and offspring metabolic phenotype in mice.

ObjectivesIn utero glycemia is an important determinant of fetal growth. Women with gestational diabetes are more likely to deliver large-for-gestational age babies that are at increased risk for obesity. The maternal nutritional state modulates the development of offspring biological systems during the critical periods of gestation and lactation. Carbohydrate typically contributes most of the dietary energy, however, there are very few mechanistic studies investigating the effects of maternal dietary carbohydrate quality on fetal and offspring outcomes. Therefore, we sought to investigate the direct effects of maternal carbohydrate quality on sex-specific offspring metabolic programming.MethodsFemale C57BL/6 mice were fed one of five isocaloric diets: four high-sugar diets based on glucose, sucrose, isomaltulose or fructose (all containing 60% energy as carbohydrate), or a standard, minimally processed, chow diet, and were mated with chow-fed males. Half of the dams were sacrificed for fetus dissection and placental collection, with the remaining giving live birth. All dams were metabolically profiled before and during pregnancy, and pups were similarly profiled at 12 weeks of age.ResultsOverall, glucose-fed dams were heavier and fatter than chow or isomaltulose-fed dams. Female fetuses from glucose and isomaltulose-fed mothers weighed less and had smaller livers, than those from chow-fed mothers, with isomaltulose-fed female fetuses also having decreased placental mass. In contrast, male fetuses responded differently to the maternal diets, with heart mass being significantly increased when their mothers were fed fructose-containing diets, that is, sucrose, isomaltulose and fructose. High-sugar fed female offspring weighed the same, but were significantly fatter, than chow-fed offspring at 12 weeks of age, while glucose and isomaltulose-fed male pups displayed a similar phenotype to their mothers’.ConclusionWhile both glucose and isomaltulose diets constrained fetal growth in females, only placentas from isomaltulose-fed dams were significantly smaller than those from chow-fed mothers, suggesting the mechanisms through which fetal growth is reduced may be different. Female fetuses of isomaltulose-fed mothers were also lighter than sucrose-fed fetuses suggesting the glycemic index, or rate of glucose digestion and absorption, may be an important factor in determining nutrient availability to the growing fetus.

Structures, physicochemical properties, and hypoglycemic activities of soluble dietary fibers from white and black glutinous rice bran: A comparative study

To extend the applications of glutinous rice bran, a by-product of the glutinous rice processing industry, soluble dietary fibers (SDF) isolated from Chinese white (WSDF) and black (BSDF) glutinous rice bran were compared for their structures, physicochemical properties, and hypoglycemic activities in this study. Results showed that BSDF had higher glucose content while lower rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, and mannose contents, similar molecular weight, and a particular presence of anthocyanin compared to WSDF. Owing to the smaller particle size, higher viscosity, and more abundant network structures, BSDF had higher glucose adsorption capacity and retarding glucose diffusion ability than WSDF. The evaluations in vitro kinetics showed that addition of BSDF in starch led to a smaller glucose absorption rate constant and expected glucose index than WSDF, although BSDF showed lower α-amylase inhibitory ability. Interactions between the SDF and α-amylase, which were mediated by van der Waals force and hydrogen bond (WSDF-α-amylase) and hydrophobic interaction (BSDF-α-amylase), induced partial transformation of α-amylase from α-helix and β-sheet to β-turn and random coil. In summary, both WSDF and BSDF could be used as natural food additives for the reduction of postprandial blood glucose level and the enhancement of antioxidant activity in food products, while BSDF may show better efficacy.

A methodical survey of mathematical model-based control techniques based on open and closed loop control approach for diabetes management

Disturbance of blood sugar level is controlled through well-known biomechanical feedback loops: high levels of glucose in blood facilitate to release insulin from the pancreas which accelerates the absorption rate of cellular glucose. Low glucose levels encourage to release pancreatic glucagon which induces glycogen breakdown to glucose in the liver. These bio-control systems do not function properly in diabetic patients. Though the control of disease seems intuitively easy, in real life, due to many differences in structure by diet and fasting, exercise, medications, patient’s profile and other stressors, it is not that easy. The mathematical models of the glucose-insulin regulatory system follow the patient’s physiological conditions which make it difficult to identify and estimate all the model parameters. In this paper, we have given a systematic literature review on mathematical models of the diabetic patients, and various kinds of disease control techniques through the development of open and closed loop insulin deliver command system and optimization of exogenous insulin rate. It demonstrates the open and closed loop type model-based control strategies underlying the assumptions of the concerned models. The combination of mathematical model with control strategies such as genetic algorithm (GA), neural network (NN), sliding mode controller (SMC), model predictive controller (MPC), and fuzzy logic control (FLC) has been considered, which provides an overview of this area, highlighting the control profile over the diabetic model with promising clinical results, outlining key challenges, and identifying needs for the future research. Also, the significance of these control algorithms has been discussed in the presence of the noises, the controller’s robustness and various other disturbances. It provides substantial information on diabetes management through various control techniques.

Seaweeds as Ingredients to Lower Glycemic Potency of Cereal Foods Synergistically-A Perspective.

Seaweeds are traditional food ingredients mainly in seaside regions. Modern food science and nutrition researchers have identified seaweed as a source of functional nutrients, such as dietary soluble and insoluble fibers, proteins, omega-3 fatty acids, prebiotic polysaccharides, polyphenols, and carotenoids. Owing to the rich nutrients, seaweeds and seaweed extract can be used as functional ingredients by modifying the nutrients composition to reduce the proportion of available carbohydrates, delaying the gastric emptying time and the absorption rate of glucose by increasing the digesta viscosity, and attenuating the digesting rate by blocking the activity of digestive enzymes. This review presents the concept of using seaweed as unconventional ingredients that can function synergistically to reduce the glycemic potency of cereal products.

Alpha-Glucosidase and Alpha-Amylase Inhibitory Activities, Molecular Docking, and Antioxidant Capacities of Plectranthus ecklonii Constituents.

Shortage in insulin secretion or degradation of produced insulin is the principal characteristic of the metabolic disorder of diabetes mellitus (DM). However, because the current medications for the treatment of DM have many detrimental side effects, it is necessary to develop more effective antidiabetic drugs with minimal side effects. Alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitors are directly implicated in the delay of carbohydrate digestion. Pharmacologically, these inhibitors could be targeted for the reduction in glucose absorption rate and, subsequently, decreasing the postprandial rise in plasma glucose and the risk for long-term diabetes complications. The main objectives of this research study were to isolate different phytochemical constituents present in the methanolic extract of Plectranthus ecklonii and evaluate their alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities and antioxidant capacity. The phytochemical investigation of the methanolic extract of P. ecklonii yielded three known compounds, viz. parvifloron D, F, and G (1–3, respectively). Parvifloron G was isolated for the first time from P. ecklonii. The in vitro bio-evaluation of the methanolic extract of P. ecklonii and its isolated compounds against alpha-glucosidase showed that 3 exhibited moderate inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 41.3 ± 1.2 μg/mL. Molecular docking analysis confirmed the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity demonstrated by 3. Additionally, strong antioxidant capacities were demonstrated by 3 and 1 on ORAC (28726.1 ± 8.1; 3942.9.6.6 ± 0.1 µM TE/g), respectively, which were comparable with the reference antioxidant epigallocatechingallate (EGCG). Furthermore, 3 also showed strong activity on TEAC (3526.1 ± 0.6 µM TE/g), followed by 2 (1069.3 ± 2.4 µM TE/g), as well as on FRAP (1455.4 ± 2.0 µM AAE/g). The methanolic extract of P. ecklonii is a rich source of abietane diterpenes with strong antioxidant activities. This is the first scientific report on alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities, molecular docking, and antioxidant capacities of P. ecklonii constituents.

An in-vivo study on postprandial hyperglycemia to assess antidiabetic activity of alcoholic extract of Cinnamomum verum bark

Background and objective Cinnamomum verum bark is locally known as ‘Daruchini’ and is traditionally reputed as an Ayurvedic medicine, which is used in the treatment of flatulence, toothache, heart diseases, fever, cough, cold, headache, and many others. In this study, we intended to explore the effectiveness of its activity on hyperglycemia.Materials and methods To evaluate its antihyperglycemic activity, we used various experimental designs, including the effect of plant extract on gastrointestinal (GI) motility in the Swiss albino mice model and intestinal disaccharidase enzyme activity and carbohydrate digestion and absorption in the gut of the Long Evans rats.Results and discussion The plant extract significantly (P<0.001) increased the GI motility rate by ∼16% than the control (distilled water, 10 ml/kg body weight) and indicated that it interfered with the rate of glucose absorption in the gut. Furthermore, treatment with C. verum caused a significant (P<0.05) dose-dependent reduction of intestinal disaccharidase enzyme activity from 1.63 to 1.21 µmol/mg protein/h in fasting Long Evans rats. Besides, the extract produced a similar effect in the acute oral sucrose (2.5 g/kg body weight) load assay, in which a substantial amount of unabsorbed sucrose was found in six different parts of the GI tract after sucrose administration. This indicates that C. verum can liberate GI content and reduce or delay glucose absorption.Conclusion All the findings of the present study point to the conclusion that C. verum has the potential to exert postprandial antihyperglycemic activity within type 2 diabetic animal models through reducing or delaying carbohydrate digestion and absorption in the gut.

Evaluation of glucose absorption rates following intracoelomic or subcutaneous administration in experimentally dehydrated inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps).

To evaluate glucose absorption rates as an indirect measure of fluid absorption after SC or intracoelomic (ICe) administration of 2.5% dextrose solution to experimentally dehydrated inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). 9 adult bearded dragons. In a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover design study, bearded dragons were experimentally dehydrated with a previously described protocol and then received 2.5% dextrose solution (a 1:1 mixture of 5% dextrose in isotonic multiple electrolytes solution; 20 mL/kg), SC or ICe, or a control treatment (the same electrolytes solution without added glucose; 20 mL/kg). Blood glucose (BG) concentrations were measured at predetermined times up to 24 hours after fluid administration. There was a ≥ 14-day washout period between treatments. Mean changes in BG concentration from baseline were compared among treatments. Administration of 2.5% dextrose solution by either route increased BG concentration with a significantly greater change in values within 5 minutes, compared with control treatment results. The mean change in BG concentration after ICe administration was significantly greater than that after SC administration 15 and 30 minutes after injection, with mean differences of -50 and -36 mg/dL, respectively, for the SC treatment. Within 1 hour after fluid administration, there was no significant difference in BG values between the 2 dextrose administration routes. Findings supported that fluid therapy by SC administration, which carries a lower risk of iatrogenic complications, can provide results similar to those achieved with ICe administration.

Стійка гіпоглікемія у новонародженого як рідкісний варіант прояву вродженого гіпотиреозу

Наведено випадок вродженого гіпотиреозу, який проявився стійкою гіпоглікемією, резистентною до внутрішньовенної корекції глюкозою. Персистуюча гіпоглікемія є рідкісним проявом вродженого гіпотиреозу, але при проведенні диференціальної діагностики гіпоглікемії розглядається оцінка функції щитоподібної залози. Причинами стійкої гіпоглікемії при вродженому гіпотиреозі можуть бути уповільнене поглинання глюкози клітиною, зменшення швидкості абсорбції глюкози в кишечнику, знижений кліренс інсуліну з крові, порушення глюконеогенезу.

Boosting D-carbamoylase activity of recombinantBacillus subtilisby adjusting gene dosage and central carbon metabolism

D-p-hydroxyphenylglycine (D-HPG) as an intermediate of semisynthetic antibiotics has an important value in the pharmaceutical industry. The high pollution and high costs of chemical synthesis make D-HPG production by biocatalysis more promising. The hydantoinase method requires D-hydantoinase and D-carbamoylase (DCase) to convert D,L-p-hydroxyphenylhydantoin (D,L-HPH) into D-HPG. The recombinantBacillus subtilisused for the whole-cell catalysis in this process needs to improve the activity and stability of DCase. The gene dosage and cell metabolism of DCase affect its activity, and this study intends to reduce the acidification effect caused by carbon catabolite repression at the genetic level. Among strains with different gene dosages, the double-copy integrated strain DN02 had the highest DCase average activity of 132 U/g dry cell weight (gDCW). When glucose was used as the carbon source, weakening glucose absorption can significantly alleviate the acidification of fermentation broth. TheglcTmutant reduced the average glucose absorption rate by about 57%, whereas the DCase activity increased to about 518 U/gDCW. In addition, modifying the CcpA-binding site incitZand the CodY-binding site incitBto increase their expression levels can also relieve the acidification of fermentation broth, which reduced the accumulation of acetate by 24% and 17%, respectively. The DCase activity of derivative strains DN16 and DN17 can reach about 615 and 641 U/gDCW. Comparing the catalytic activity of strains to dual-enzyme activities to produce D-HPG, the average whole-cell activity of strain DN17/pUBS was about fivefold higher than that of DN02/pUBS. These strategies might also be useful for other recombinant strains to express heterologous enzymes. Isolation of nucleic acids from various cells is a step of PCR. In this study, magnetic nanoparticles can be used to extract genomic DNA and total RNA due to their paramagnetism and biocompatibility. The amount and accuracy of DNA and total RNA extracted were verified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The method has the advantages of removing dangerous reagents such as phenol and chloroform, replacing inorganic coating such as silica with organic oil, and shortening reaction time.

An In Vitro Study on the Effects of Selected Natural Dietary Fiber from Salad Vegetables for Lowering Intestinal Glucose and Lipid Absorption.

Salad vegetables are good sources of dietary fiber and are becoming increasingly popular among consumers. Therefore, these plants have the potential to be developed as functional foods. Using an in vitro model, this study investigated the physical properties and intestinal glucose and lipid absorption capacities of dry dietary fiber from vegetables typically consumed in salads (types of lettuce, including red oak, red coral, green oak, butterhead, and cos). Fiber was prepared from each type of lettuce using an enzymatic method and then characterized. Physical properties, including solubility and water-binding, swelling, cation-exchange, and oil-binding capacities, and antihyperglycemic and antihypercholesterolemic effects of fiber were investigated. The hydration capacity of total dietary fiber and insoluble fiber from the majority of sources was significantly different from that of cellulose. Adsorption and diffusion of glucose were directly proportional to incubation time, and the diffusion rate was significantly lower in the treatments containing fiber compared to the cellulose control. Fiber from these vegetables also inhibited amylase and alpha-glucosidase activities. Moreover, fiber from all sources exhibited significantly higher sodium cholate and cholesterol-binding capacity compared to cellulose, and also retarded pancreatic cholesterol esterase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. This study demonstrates that natural dietary fiber from salad vegetables can reduce glucose and lipid absorption and breakdown rates, thus preventing increases in postprandial blood glucose and cholesterol levels, which can be beneficial to human health.