Glucose 6-phosphatase Dehydrogenase Research Articles

Glucose-6-Phosphatase-Dehydrogenase activity as modulative association between Parkinson's disease and periodontitis.

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Malathion alters biochemical parameters of liver in albino rats

Liver represents a key role in the physiology of animals as most of the metabolic mechanisms occur in it. The pesticides entered into the human body through various routes viz., oral, dermal, inhalation, etc. affect the liver and alter the metabolic rate of the individual. Malathion is an organophosphate pesticide, commonly used in all kinds of crops to protect them from different kinds of pests. Here, we studied the toxicological effects of malathion on the liver of albino rats. Different doses of malathion @ 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/ kg body wt. were orally administered to the rats for 7 and 15 days. The selected biochemical parameters such as protein, sugar, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, glutamyl oxalotransaminase (GOT), glutamyl pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and glucose-6- phosphatase dehydrogenase (G6PD) values were measured. Results indicates that the value of protein, acid phosphatase and GPT significantly increases as 5.54+0.99 to 7.35+0.48 mg/g, 14.5+2.50 to 27.37+6.43 mol/g/h and 28.52+3.62 to 37.87+3.94 IU/dL, respectively after treatment. But the sugar, alkaline phosphatase and G6PD value significantly decreases after treatment from 126.12+2.64 to 84.5+10.83mg/g, 29.12+2.64 to 15.5+4.24,6.46 +1.56 mol/g/h to 4.62+1.18 IU/gHb, respectively. Value of GOT increased moderately from 38.5+2.44 to44.87+3.31 IU/dL. The above changes revealed the toxic effects of the pesticide malathion.

Safety of Weekly Primaquine in Glucose 6 Phosphatase Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficient Children

Aim: To assess the Safety of weekly Primaquine in Glucose 6 Phosphatase Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficient children, for radical treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria
 Study Design: cross sectional study
 Place and Duration: Pediatrics Out Patient Department, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Hyderabad from 11 January 2018 to 31st August 2019 (total 20 months’ duration)
 Methodology: A sample of 40 patients was studied during study period. Male children between 4 years to 12 years of age having confirmed vivax malaria were included in the study. If G6PD result showed decreased level of G6PD level then, they were enrolled for study. MP was checked by thick and thin slide method. 5 ml blood was taken in anticoagulant bottle for G6PD, liver function test, creatinine, complete blood count, and reticulocyte count tests. Haemoglobin < 7 g/dL, reticulocyte count > 4, SGPT > 80, G6PD Level < 60% of normal and creatinine > 1.2 was considered significant. Treatment was given with Artemether and Lumefantrine for 3 days while Primaquine, 0 .75 mg base/kg body weights once a week was given for 8 weeks. Patients were followed at OPD initially on 3rd day of therapy then every week for 8 weeks for any hemolysis. 
 Results: There was no hemolysis during the first week and 8 weeks after therapy. Most common side effect was abdominal pain 4 (10%). Mean hemoglobin was 11.8mg/dl. Plasmodium vivax was negative on 3rd day of therapy, it was also negative on 8 week of therapy. Reticulocyte count, Liver function test, creatinine were also normal on 8 weeks of therapy.
 Conclusion: Primaquine 0.75mg//kg/week for total eight weeks is highly effective for the radical cure of Plasmodium vivax in G6PD deficient children. There is no recurrence of Plasmodium vivax after 8 weeks of therapy. We found this regimen safe as there was no hemolysis demonstrated in children.

Detection of occult kidney injury in glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency anemia.

Patients with Glucose-6-Phosphatase Dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme deficiency may develop hemolysis after administering different food, drugs, and herbs. Renal damage could be mild, resolving after administration of high-volume hydration and alkylating agents, or be severe and life-threatening due to acute renal failure. Materials and Methods: All children older than 28 days of age who were experiencing the first episode of the hemolytic crisis were enrolled in this prospective cohort study. In a period between February to May 2017. An acute hemolytic crisis is defined as the acute presence of pallor or jaundice, tea-color urine, normochromic normocytic anemia, reticulocytosis, indirect hyperbilirubinemia, and normal liver function test. Demographic information and laboratory investigation were taken to assess renal damage. Results: Totally, fifty children were included in the study, there was a significant decrease in GFR during the hemolytic crisis (mean=56.1 ml/min/1.73 m2), but the value increased to reach near normal (but still less than normal) during the next three weeks (mean=82.9 ml/min/1.73 m2). Surprisingly, the serum creatinine and BUN during the crisis and three weeks later were in the normal range. Discussion: In the recent survey, we found that the mean of GFR increased but did not reach the normal range three weeks after the hemolysis, although sCr levels were in the normal range. Therefore, we thought that G6PD deficiency per se might have an adverse outcome on the kidney functions. This finding was consistent with the study conducted by Hakeem et al., showing that the damage to the kidneys persisted even after the cessation of hemolysis, while the level of cystatin C was significantly higher compared to the control group fourteen days after hemolysis.

A 3 Year Old with Hypoxia other Treatments Besides Oxygen

Background: Glucose-6-phosphatase Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency causes acute hemolysis when exposed to oxidative stress. Methemoglobinemia has been associated with G6PD deficiency, and recognition is important to avoid further complications. Case Presentation: A 3-year-old healthy boy presents to the pediatric emergency department with acute onset of difficulty in breathing, perioral cyanosis and hypoxia not responding to oxygen therapy. Transfusion of packed red blood cells was given with improvement of symptoms. Laboratory results were significant for anemia and methemoglobinemia. Further tests revealed deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase enzyme. Discussion: G6PD deficiency can cause acute hemolytic anemia. Cyanosis can be exacerbated by the presence of methemoglobinemia. Management must include transfusion of packed red blood cells and avoidance of methylene blue to prevent further hemolysis. Conclusion: G6PD deficiency can manifest after exposure to oxidative stressors with acute onset hemolytic anemia and hypoxia. Occasionally methemoglobinemia could be present contributing to worsening symptoms.

EVALUATION OF FREE RADICAL SCREENING AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF MORINGA CONCANENSIS NIMMO-A MEDICINAL PLANT USED IN INDIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICATION SYSTEM

Objective: We aimed to investigate the free radical scavenging, antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of M. concanensis Nimmo leaves.Methods: Free radical scavenging activity was evaluated by employing various accepted in vitro­ systems, such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), hydroxyl (OH) and nitric oxide (NO) radical. Antioxidant potential of M. concanensis Nimmo extract was assessed against H2O2 in goat liver by determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), total reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, vitamin E activity, and lipid peroxidation (LPO).Results: Results showed that the amount of plant extract of M. concanensis Nimmo required to scavenge 50% of the DPPH radicals was 401.80 μg/ml, ABTS radical was 353.14 μg/ml, OH radical was 433.71 μg/ml and NO radical was 371.24 μg/ml. Also, the pre-treatment of ethanolic extract of M. concanensis Nimmo leaves in goat liver showed a significant protection against H2O2 induced oxidative stress by retaining of antioxidants of SOD (4.76±0.25), CAT (26.81±0.25), GPx (6.41±0.34), GST (2.31±0.10), G-6-PDH (0.84±0.02), GSH (37.30±1.12), vitamin C (3.01±0.07), vitamin E (14.43±0.45) within normal range.Conclusion: In conclusion, promising free radical scavenging, the antioxidant activity of M. concanensis Nimmo leaves can be able to treat various diseases caused by free radicals.

Enkalitelibahissiteleri1.com Anesthetic Considerations of a Surgical Patient with Favism: A Case Report

Rationale: Favism is a genetic disease of Glucose 6 phosphatase dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in human red blood cells. It is mainly due to the mutation of G6PD gene encoded on the X chromosome, which leads to the decrease of G6PD activity or deficiency. G6PD plays important roles in the metabolic process of human body. One of them is to protect the integrity of the erythrocyte membrane. When the body is lack of G6PD or its activity is reduced, the patient is prone to hemolysis after eating oxidant, such as fresh broad bean, or under strong stress.Patient concerns and diagnoses: A 43 year old male patient diagnosed with lumbar intervertebral disc herniation was hospitalized and planned for a surgery of the lumbar spine under general anesthesia. The patient was diagnosed as favism at an early age, but in later growth and life there was no hemolysis due to the doctor's instructions.Anesthesia: We chose total intravenous anesthesia and avoided some drugs which may induce hemolysis. During the operation, we monitored the heart rate, blood pressure, blood gas and urine indicators to determine whether the patient had hemolysis and actively deal with it.Result: During the process, the patients' circulation and respiration was stable, the operation was smooth, and we followed up him the first-third 7th day after the surgery. The patients recovered well and had no acute hemolytic reaction. It can be seen that our treatment may provide some experience for postoperative anaesthesia of patients with broad bean disease.

Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of p-coumaric acid in diabetic rats, role of pancreatic GLUT 2: In vivo approach.

P-coumaric acid (p-CA, 3-[4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-propenoic acid), the major component widely found in nutritious plant foods, has various antioxidant, antiinflammatory and anticancer property. To evaluate the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic mechanisms, via the effects on carbohydrate, lipids and lipoproteins responses in adult male albino Wistar rats were examined by treated with p-CA. Rats were injected with streptozotocin (STZ, 40mg/kg b.w.) by intraperitonially (i.p.) 30days for the induction of experimental diabetes mellitus. Diabetic rats were treated with p-CA orally at a dose of 100mg/kg b.w. The potential defending character of p-CA against diabetic rats was evaluated by performing the various biochemical parameters and glucose transporter such as GLUT2 mRNA expression of pancreas. Administration of p-CA significantly lowers the blood glucose level, gluconeogenic enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase whereas increases the activities of hexokinase, glucose-6 phosphatase dehydrogenase and GSH via by increasing level of insulin. p-CA reduces the total cholesterol and triglycerides in both plasma and tissues i.e. liver and kidney. p-CA also decreases the LDL-C, VLDL-C and it considerably increase the level of HDL-C. A significant decreased expression of GLUT 2 mRNA in the pancreas was recorded in the supplementation of p-CA treated groups. Taken together, these results suggest that p-CA modulates glucose and lipid metabolism via GLUT 2 activation in the pancreatic and has potentially beneficial effects in improving or treating metabolic disorders.

Posthepatische Cholestase infolge primär-extragonadaler Manifestation eines Keimzelltumors bei einem Patienten mit Favismus

In patients with glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency (favism) jaundice is usually caused by hemolysis due to stress, infection or following the application of drugs. We report on a 74-year-old Italian with known G6PD deficiency complaining of jaundice, weight loss and abdominal pain. Physical examination revealed jaundice of the eyes. Scrotal examination by palpation and ultrasound showed no abnormalities. Serum levels of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein were within normal limits, total bilirubin was extremely elevated, with predominant direct bilirubin. Abdominal ultrasound showed posthepatic blockage of bile flow with a dilated ductus hepatocholedochus (DHC) in the absence of gallstones. Enlarged, multiple contrast-stained paraaortic and retroperitoneal lymph nodes were detected by endoscopic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Due to failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, visualization of the biliary tree by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) was performed showing an occlusion of the DHC. After successful stent-implantation by PTC with decompression of the biliary tree, the jaundice disappeared. Computer tomography-guided percutaneous biopsy of a retroperitoneal lymph node was performed for histological evaluation showing a primary extragonadal nonseminomatous germ cell tumor. According to the histology (embryonic carcinoma) and clinical stage of the tumor systemic chemotherapy was initiated including cisplatin, etoposide and ifosfamide. After the first cycle of chemotherapy the patient suffered from pneumonia leading to septic shock. Twenty-seven days after admission, the patient died of multiple organ failure. Extragonadal germ-cell tumor presenting as retroperitoneal lymph nodes with obstructive jaundice has to be considered in the differential diagnosis of cholestasis.

Neonatal jaundice in very low birth weight babies.

Very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates born between January 1995 to December 1998, who survived for > 2 days, were studied for the incidence, causes and interventions required for neonatal jaundice. Significant neonatal jaundice was defined as the total serum bilirubin (TSB) level beyond which baby required intervention (phototherapy and/or exchange transfusion) for neonatal jaundice. The incidence of significant neonatal jaundice (NNJ) was 76.6% and 37.3% required exchange transfusion. It was 82.9% at gestational age < or = 28 weeks reduced whereas to 56.9% at gestational age of 35-36 weeks. The incidence was 75.3%, 78.5% and 76.7% in the birth weight group of 750-799 grams, 1000-1249 grams and 1250-1499 grams respectively. Glucose 6 phosphatase dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency (12.1%) was the commonest cause of jaundice. There is a need for evaluation of prophylactic therapies that enhances liver function or decreases production of bilirubin, which would prevent the rise of TSB to dangerous levels and thus would decrease the need for exchange transfusions.

Recent Developments in the Management of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the morbidity associated with exchange transfusion used to treat neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. 2. Explain how phototherapy affects bilirubin. 3. Describe potential toxicities of phototherapy. 4. Explain the role of carboxyhemoglobin in hemolysis. 5. Delineate the guidelines for administering intravenous immunoglobulin to healthy ABO-incompatible Coombs-positive neonates. 6. Describe the action of protoporphyrins on bilirubin. Recent clinical trends toward early discharge coupled with a new, more relaxed, “kinder, gentler approach” to the treatment of newborn hyperbilirubinemia have thrust concerns about bilirubin-related toxicity once again to the forefront of neonatologists’ consciousness. In recent years we even have witnessed a resurgence of kernicterus, which had been rendered almost nonexistent in the 1970s and 1980s. Although exchange transfusion is the oldest and most effective method of treating hyperbilirubinemia, mortality associated with this therapy has been reported to be between 0.3% and 1.2% in healthy infants and as high as 10% to 25% in sicker preterm infants. Furthermore, potential morbidity related to exchange transfusion remains significant and includes anemia, apnea, bradycardia, hypothermia, sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, thromboembolic phenomena, graft versus host disease, transient metabolic abnormalities, and thrombocytopenia. Accordingly, it behooves us to re-evaluate other therapeutic modalities for hyperbilirubinemia that may be equally efficacious but less invasive. Ever since the 1950s, when Sister Ward of Rochford General Hospital in Essex noted that a jaundiced baby’s skin had “faded” in natural sunlight, physicians have been searching for artificial light sources that might be used safely to treat neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Phototherapy, which has become the standard of care, has had such a dramatic impact that a recent editorial raised the concern that exchange transfusions are becoming extinct and lamented the fact that future generations of house officers may not receive adequate training in this procedure. Under the effects of phototherapy light with maximal irradiance in the …

Glucose metabolism during bovine preimplantation development: analysis of gene expression in single oocytes and embryos.

Glucose metabolism of the bovine embryo is low during the first cleavages and increases sharply after the major resumption of the genome (8-16 cells). The mRNA level for genes involved in glucose metabolism was tested by RT-PCR on individual oocytes and embryos at different stages of development. These genes were: glucose transport GLUT-1, hexokinase (HK), glucose-6-phosphatase-dehydrogenase (G6PDH), and glucose-phosphate-isomerase (GPI); actin was used as a reference transcript. RT-PCR results revealed three types of oocytes or embryos: positive with a PCR signal for each transcript considered, nul with no signal for any transcript, and heterogeneous with a PCR signal for some transcripts and none for others. The number of nul and heterogeneous samples was higher for slow than for fast-cleaving embryos (81% vs. 36%), and the proportion of positive embryos increased significantly at the 16-cell and morula stages (P < 0.002), suggesting a correlation between mRNA content and developmental capacity. In positive embryos, GLUT-1 level was reduced by half during maturation and fertilization. Actin and hexokinase mRNA levels decreased during the first cleavages, but significantly increased at the 16-cell and morula stages, respectively. GPI transcript remained stable throughout development, whereas there was a significant rise for G6PDH at the 4-cell stage, perhaps due to a polyadenylation process. Finally, the absence or decrease in intensity of several transcripts at the blastocyst stage suggests suboptimal culture conditions.

Modifying influence of dehydroepiandrosterone on the development of dihydroxy-di-n-propylnitrosamine-initiated lesions in the thyroid, lung and liver of F344 rats.

Following initial treatment of F344 rats with dihydroxy-di-n-propylnitrosamine, exposure to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) administered in the diet at a concentration of 0.6% brought about significant decrease in weight gain, independent of food consumption, and inhibited the development of thyroid tumors and hepatocyte-altered enzyme foci. In addition to inducing a diffuse increase in glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase (G6PD) and gammaglutamyl transpeptidase in the liver. DHEA treatment was associated with development of small numbers of basophilic hepatocellular foci which differed markedly in enzyme phenotype from the clear cell (glycogen storing) lesions predominating in the carcinogen-treated animals maintained on basal diet. The results are consistent with the concept that DHEA-modification of neoplastic development, as reported earlier in a number of different organs and here in the liver and thyroid, may be in some way partly mediated by changed expression of the key enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway, G6PD, and related metabolic systems. Heterogeneity in the quality of initiated hepatocytes with regard to capacity for inhibition or promotion indicated by the present data point to the existence of more than one pathway to tumour development in the rat liver.

Isolation and characterization of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene of Drosophila melanogaster

To investigate the molecular basis of dosage compensation in Drosophila, a recombinant A phage containing the Drosophila melanogaster glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase (G6PD) gene was isolated by differential screening of a Drosophila genomic A library with poly(A)+RNA obtained from polyribosomes enriched for or depleted of G6PD mRNA sequences. Of 44000 plaques screened, a single phage, ADmG21, showed hybridization with the enriched poly(A)+ RNA but not the depleted one. Confirmation that the Drosophila DNA fragment cloned in ADmG21 contains the G6PD gene sequence is based on the following observations. λDmG21 DNA shows hybridization only to the 18D region of the salivary gland X-chromosome, which is the known cytological locus for the G6PD gene. In vitro translation of the poly(A)+ mRNA selected by hybridization to A DmG21 DNA sequences shows a polypeptide product of apparent Mr 55 000, identical to that of the monomeric unit of G6PD. When the putative coding sequence of G6PD is cloned into the expression vector λ gt11, recombinant plaques are recognized by anti-G6PD immunoglobulin. A transcriptional map of the G6PD gene shows that it is divided into two exons, 0.9 kb (exon I) and 1.8 kb (exon II) long, which are separated by a 2.4-kb intron. The G6PD mRNA is 2.0 kb in length and the steady-state level of the mRNA is similar in both sexes. Measurement of the copy number of the G6PD gene in males and females shows the gene to be present once per X-chromosome in both sexes. No amplification of the gene sequence was observed in males. These results are, therefore, in agreement with the previous suggestion that dosage compensation is the result of enhanced transcription of X-linked genes in males.

Evidence for a stem cell common to hematopoiesis and its in vitro microenvironment: Studies of patients with clonal hematopoietic neoplasia

The origin and nature of cells forming the in vitro microenvironment in long-term cultures of human marrow were studied in five patients with clonal myeloproliferative disorders who were heterozygous for glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase (G6PD). The results showed that cells in the adherent stromal layer forming the in vitro microenvironment were derived from the same clonal progenitors involved by the neoplasm in the four patients whose diseases originated in multipotent stem cells. In contrast, stromal cells were derived from normal progenitors in a patient with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia whose clone showed differentiative expression confined to cells in the granulocytic lineage. Mixing experiments demonstrated that the G6PD type displayed by the adherent marrow stromal cells was not obscured by contaminating non-adherent hematopoietic cells or marrow fibroblasts. The data suggest the existence of a pluripotent cell in normal hematopoiesis that gives rise to hematopoietic cells and to their microenvironment.

Enzyme histochemical studies in testes and seminal vesicles of the Pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) during the breeding season

Enzymatic conditions in testes and seminal vesicles of the Pied flycatcher during the breeding season were studied by histochemical techniques. The following enzyme activities were studied: glucose‐6‐phosphatase dehydrogenase (G‐6‐PDH), NADPH2‐diaphorase, glutamic dehydrogenase (GDH), NADH2‐diaphorase, adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and acid phosphatase. Phospholipids and PAS‐positive substances were also studied. Towards the end of the nest‐building period, a time when the males showed maximal sexual activities, some enzyme activity changes were observed. There was an increase of the GDH activity in the sperm bundles, an increase of the ATPase activity in the interstitium and tunica propria of the tubuli seminiferi. The phospholipid content increased in all spermatogenetic cells and the PAS‐positive material increased in the Sertoli cells and spermatozoa. The enzymic activities indicated a steroid production in the Leydig cells.The epithelium of the seminal vesicles did not show any variations in enzyme activities as long as the Leydig cells persisted. Most enzymes showed a very high activity during this time, indicating a secretory function of the epithelium. The amount of phospholipids increased at the end of the nest‐building period. Parallel with the degeneration of the epithelium the enzymic activities, as well as the phospholipid content, were lowered markedly.

Nitrofurantoin in Urinary Tract Infections

To the Editor:— In Long-Acting Sulfonamides in Urinary Tract Infection ( 198 :975, 1966), Dr. Seneca states, Nitrofurantoin cannot be used for longer than two weeks especially in Negro patients who may have an intrinsic erythrocyte abnormality. No doubt Dr. Seneca is referring to those patients who show a defect in glucose 6-phosphatase dehydrogenase, commonly known as G6PD. We avoid giving nitrofurantoin to this group of patients by screening them with a simple test to detect this enzyme defect. I have found nitrofurantoin can be used for many weeks without apparent ill effect on the hematologic or nervous systems. It has been shown by Dr. Stamey that tissue levels and urinary levels are adequate for antimicrobial therapy and that the blood level of nitrofurantoin, though low, does not bear a relationship to the clinical response in urinary tract infection.