Glucosamine Research Articles

Design and development of keratin/chitosan/glucosamine sulfate composite loaded MWCNT intended for osteoarthritis drug delivery

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an inflammatory disease that affects the cartilage and tissues around the joints, which results in excessive pain and stiffness. One of the most critical challenges for improving the therapeutic effect in OA treatments is the current drug design utilizing functional polymers. Indeed, there is a need to design and develop novel therapeutic drugs for positive outcomes. In this view, glucosamine sulfate is a drug used to manage OA because of its potential therapeutic effects on cartilage and ability to inhibit disease progression. This research aims to develop a keratin/chitosan/glucosamine sulfate (KRT/CS/GLS) composite loaded functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a potential carrier for the treatment of OA. The nanocomposite was developed using various ratios of KRT/CS/GLS, and MWCNT. Molecular docking analysis has been performed with (D-glucosamine) and targeted proteins (Protein Data Bank ID: 1HJV, 1ALU) to determine the binding affinity and interactions. Field emission scanning electron microscopy study showed that the composite KRT/CS/GLS incorporated on the surface of functionalized MWCNTs effectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of KRT/CS/GLS in the nanocomposite and remained intact. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the nature of the composite in MWCNT transformed from a crystalline to an amorphous state. Thermo gravimetric analysis revealed that the nanocomposite has a high thermal decomposition temperature of 420 °C. The MTT assay results showed that 83% of cell viability has remained in RAW 264.7 cells at the maximum concentration (500 μg ml−1) of MWCNT-GLS/KRT/CS nanocomposite. Also, molecular docking results revealed the excellent binding affinity of D-glucosamine to each protein structure (PDB ID: 1HJV and 1ALU).

Glucosamine Sulphate Potassium Chloride in the Management of Osteoarthritis- Considering Emulgel Dosage Form: A Review

Background: In addition to lifestyle, diet, environmental, and physiological factors, genetics also contributes to an increase in mitochondrial vulnerability. With depression, the hypothalamic, pituitary, and adrenal (HPA) axis are overactive, which is linked to higher CNS glucocorticoid levels. In recent years, topical drug delivery has been used on a priority basis compared to other drug delivery systems because of its specific site action and sustained release capacity. An emulsion gel is prepared by an emulsion incorporated into a gel by a gelling agent. Glucosamine Sulphate Potassium Chloride (GSPC) is used to treat osteoarthritis. It does this by increasing the production of proteoglycans, which can cause the cartilage to break down. Objectives: The aim behind choosing the glucosamine sulphate potassium chloride for the management of Osteoarthritis (OA) is that it has many clinical investigations and has topical properties which are effective against osteoarthritis. Method: Osteoarthritis is a prevalent rheumatic musculoskeletal disorder. It is a pervasive disorder affecting people worldwide and can affect any joint, mainly the knees, hips, spine, and hand joints. The review is based on many studies extracted from Google Scholar, Google Patents, etc. Data from other sources were gathered to do further research on osteoarthritis. Result: Extensive literature was studied about Glucosamine Sulphate Potassium Chloride. It has been shown that GSPC is effective against osteoarthritis, and also, some patents regarding GSPC have a therapeutic effect on making our joints healthy. Conclusion: Topical formulations are widely used for better patient compliance, and emulgel is a good choice regarding viscosity and spreadability. GSPC is effective against osteoarthritis; many clinical studies have evidence of this.

New pharmaconutraceutical Chondroguard®TRIO for the prevention of musculoskeletal diseases and nutritional support for patients with osteoarthritis and nonspecific back pain: an assessment of clinical options. Resolution of the Multidisciplinary Expert Council

In recent decades, there has been an increase in the prevalence and medical and social burden of osteoarthritis (OA) and nonspecific back pain in all countries of the world. The First Multidisciplinary Bilateral Russia-Uzbekistan Expert Council presented innovations in the prognosing, personalized prevention and adjuvant therapy of degenerative-dystrophic diseases of the joints and spine, the evidence base for the effectiveness and safety of the use of drugs that modify the course of OA (Disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs, DMOADs): chondroitin sulfate, glucosamine sulfate, undenatured type II collagen for adjuvant pharmaconutraceutical support – prevention and adjuvant therapy (treatment) of OA and nonspecific lumbosacral pain. The expert counsil resolution presents an optimized algorithm for the management, prevention and adjuvant therapy of OA and non-specific back pain, maintaining the function of healthy joints after intense physical activity with the inclusion of the drug Chondroguard solution for intra-articular and intramuscular administration (INN – chondroitin sulfate) and a new pharmaconutraceutical from the DMOADs group – TRIO trademark Chondroguard® (Chondroguard®TRIO).

Pharmaconutraceutical Chondroguard®TRIO – a new ideology for the prevention of musculoskeletal diseases and nutritional support for patients with osteoarthritis and nonspecific back pain: an assessment of clinical options. Resolution of the First Multidisciplinary Bilateral Russia – Uzbekistan Expert Council

On April 1, 2023, experts presented a resolution of the First Multidisciplinary Bilateral Russia–Uzbekistan Expert Council, dedicated to innovations in the prediction and personalized prevention of degenerative-dystrophic diseases of the joints and spine, and the possibilities of using the new pharmaconutraceutical Chondroguard®TRIO, the components of which (chondroitin sulfate, glucosamine sulfate, undenatured collagen type II – NK-II type) can be attributed to active compounds that modify the course of the disease (Disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs, DMOADs) through structure-modifying and immune-mediated mechanisms of action. The evidence base for the efficacy and safety of the use of the main components of the new pharmaconutraceutical Chondroguard®TRIO (chondroitin sulfate, glucosamine sulfate, type NK-II) for the prevention and adjunctive therapy of osteoarthritis and nonspecific back pain is presented in the clinical recommendations of foreign specialized associations: Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI), European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR), European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO), American College of Rheumatology (ACR), Russian Clinical Guidelines of the Russian Ministry of Health, as well as in numerous interventional and observational clinical studies.

Inhibition of N-glycosylation by glucosamine hydrochloride inhibits TGF-β1-induced LOXL2 secretion.

Kidney fibrosis is closely associated with the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Furthermore, copper-containing secretory amine oxidases, such as lysyl oxidase (LOX) and LOX-like 1-4 (LOXL1-4), play pivotal roles in the regulation of extracellular components and facilitate fibrosis. In this study, we investigated the regulation of LOX enzymes in human tubular epithelial HK2 cells to help clarify the role of LOX enzymes in kidney fibrosis. Among 5 LOX enzymes, LOXL2 expression is abundantly expressed in HK2 cells. LOX enzymes inhibitor, β-aminopropionitrile, suppressed transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-promoted epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition processes in HK2 cells, indicating that LOX enzymes are involved in TGF-β1-mediated fibrotic processes. Recent studies suggest that LOX enzymes are secreted into the extracellular spaces by exosomes and promote fibrotic processes. Similar to the previous reports, we observed that exosomes secreted from HK2 cells carry LOXL2 into the extracellular spaces. Furthermore, we determined that N-glycosylation on the asparagine residues plays a key role in LOXL2 secretion. Amino acid mutations in three asparagine residues, which can be glycosylated, suppressed the secretion of mutated LOXL2. Moreover, N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 5, an enzyme used for the biosynthesis of β1,6N-acetylglucosamine-branched N-glycans, participated in LOXL2 secretion, and the N-glycosylation inhibitor, glucosamine hydrochloride (GS), inhibited TGF-β1-mediated LOXL2 secretion and fibrotic processes. Overall, TGF-β1 promotes LOXL2 secretion and may participate in kidney fibrosis. Our results provide novel insight into the antifibrotic properties of GS that contribute to the inhibition of CKD progression.

The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-Iβ alteration by deer (Rusa unicolor) antler extract on osteoarthritis rat model

Osteoarthritis is a disease associated with articular cartilage degradation, intra-articular area inflammation, and subchondral bone replacement. Cytokine IL-1β has a prominent function in the inflammations process that passes in the joints. The 70% ethanol extracts of deer antler (250 and 500 mg/kg BW) and glucosamine sulfate (250 kg/BW) were evaluated for four weeks in reducing cytokine IL-1β to rat model OA-induced Monosodium iodoacetate. Measurements of joint diameter in rat’s knee and hyperalgesia were performed on weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. The presence of a significant difference in the stimulation thermal latency (p = 0.00) and the resulting increase in swelling of joint diameter (p = 0.00) are evidence that MIA has successfully induced the rat modeling of OA. A significant decrease in cytokine IL-Iβ levels was shown on week 3 after MIA injection (p = 0.00). Both concentrations of deer extracts significantly reduced knee joint diameter (p = 0.00), latency thermal stimulation (p = 0.00), and cytokine IL-1β levels (p = 0.00). Based on the results, it can be concluded that the 70% ethanol extract of deer antler is a potential medicine for OA therapy.

Combined treatment with glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate improves rheumatoid arthritis in rats by regulating the gut microbiota

BackgroundTo investigate the ameliorative effects of glucosamine (GS), chondroitin sulphate (CS) and glucosamine plus chondroitin sulphate (GC) on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in rats, and to explore the mechanism of GS, CS and GC in improving RA based on the gut microbiota.MethodsRA rat models were effectively developed 14 days after CFA injection, and then garaged with GS, CS and GC. Body weight and paw volume of rats were monitored at multiple time points at the beginning of CFA injection. Until D36, serum and ankle tissue specimens were used to measure levels of circulating inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, MMP-3, NO and PGE2) and local inflammatory indicators (TLR-4 and NF-κB). On D18, D25, and D36, intergroup gut microbiota was compared using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. We also performed the correlation analysis of gut bacteria, joint swelling and inflammatory indicators.ResultsGC, rather than GS and CS, could reduce right paw volumes, levels of TLR-4 and NF-κB in synovial tissues. In addition, enriched genera in RA model rats screened out by LEfSe analysis could be inhibited by GC intervention, including potential LPS-producing bacteria (Enterobacter, Bacteroides, Erysipelotrichaceae_unclassified and Erysipelotrichaceae_uncultured) and some other opportunistic pathogens (Esherichia_Shigella, Nosocomiicoccus, NK4A214_group, Odoribacter, Corynebacterium and Candidatus_Saccharimonas.etc.) that positively correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokines, right paw volume, and pathology scores. Furthermore, the gut microbiota dysbiosis was observed to recover before alleviating joint swelling after interventions.ConclusionsGC could inhibit potential LPS-producing bacteria and the activation of TLR-4/NF-κB pathway in RA rats, thus alleviating RA-induced joint injury.

CLINICAL COMPARISON OFEFFICACY BETWEEN COMBINATIVE THERAPIES IN MANAGEMENT OF SARS-COV-2-INDUCED ARTHRITIS: NSAIDS AND STEROIDS VERSES NSAIDS AND CHONDROPROTECTIVE AGENTS

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that led to the covid-19, results in varying clinical presentations. Long-term complications of SARS-CoV-2 include rheumatologic conditions such as arthritis. Due to the uncertainty surrounding the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2-related arthritis, methods of its management vary. This study hypothesized that there would be better outcomes in patients with SARS-CoV-2-related arthritis who were treated with a combination of corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as ketorolac trometamol and diclofenac) in comparison with patients treated with a combination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications and chondroprotective drugs (such as glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, sodium sulfate).

Multilayer functional bionic fabricated polycaprolactone based fibrous membranes for osteochondral integrated repair

Osteochondral defect repair is one of the challenging problems in orthopedics. In this study, a multilayer polycaprolactone (PCL) based fibrous membrane for osteochondral defect repair was biomimetically fabricated by combining self-induced crystallization, biomimetic mineralization and layer-by-layer electrospinning techniques. The multilayer functional bionic fibrous membrane consisted of cartilage repair layer, intermediate transition repair layer and subchondral bone repair layer. Glucosamine hydrochloride (GAH) encapsulated in core-shell structured PCL fibrous membrane (MGPCL) was suitable for cartilage repair. Shish-kebab (SK) structured PCL fibrous membrane with calcium phosphate coating (MSKPCL) was designed for subchondral bone repair. SK structured MGPCL fibrous membrane (SKMGPCL) was used as intermediate transition repair. The tensile modulus of MG/SKMG/MSKPCL fibrous membrane was 34.24 ± 2.39 MPa which met the requirements of cartilage and subchondral bone repair scaffolds, and in vitro culture results showed that MG/SKMG/MSKPCL fibrous membrane had good biological activity and osteogenic ability. These results showed that MG/SKMG/MSKPCL fibrous membrane provides a promising material basis for osteochondral integrated repair scaffold.

Nitrogen-doped carbon materials prepared using different organic precursors as catalysts of peroxymonosulfate to degrade sulfamethoxazole: First-time performance leading to the incorrect selection of the best catalyst

Nitrogen-doped carbon materials are effective catalysts for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation to eliminate organic contaminants. In this research, the activity of nitrogen-doped carbon materials was significantly improved by optimizing the carbon source, and the reusability of the catalyst is used to select the best catalyst instead of depending on the performance in the first use, for avoiding the “short-life” catalyst with great initial activity. Fixing ferric nitrate nonahydrate and melamine as the metal and nitrogen sources, four catalysts were prepared using glucose, glucosamine hydrochloride, dopamine, and trimesic acid as the carbon sources, respectively. Based on the performance in PMS activation for sulfamethoxazole (SMX) removal, in the first use, the activity was Fe-DA-CN (carbon source: dopamine) > Fe-BTC-CN (carbon source: trimesic acid) > Fe-GLU-CN (carbon source: glucosamine) > Fe-DGLU-CN (carbon source: glucose). With no washing for the second time use, the activity was Fe-BTC-CN (0.135 min−1) ≫ Fe-DA-CN (0.037 min−1) > Fe-GLU-CN (0.032 min−1) > Fe-DGLU-CN (0.017 min−1). The large specific surface area, superior graphitization, and high CO/C–N group content endow Fe-BTC-CN with high ability in PMS activity. Surface-bound radicals are responsible for SMX elimination, and most of the SMX degradation intermediates have lower ecotoxicity than SMX.

Structural characterization of Euglena gracilis polysaccharide and its in vitro hypoglycemic effects by alleviating insulin resistance

Diabetes mellitus, characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, is a disorder of the endocrine metabolic system which has emerged as a common chronic disease worldwide. Euglena gracilis polysaccharides have ideal development potential in the treatment of diabetes. However, their structure and bioactivity are largely unclear. A novel purified water-soluble polysaccharide (EGP-2A-2A) from E. gracilis with a molecular weight of 130.8 kDa consisted of xylose, rhamnose, galactose, fucose, glucose, arabinose, and glucosamine hydrochloride. The SEM image for EGP-2A-2A suggested a rough surface with the presence of globule-like protrusions. Methylation and NMR spectral analyses revealed that EGP-2A-2A was mainly composed of →6)-β-D-Galp-(1 → 2)-α-D-Glcp-(1 → 2)-α-L-Rhap-(1 → 3)-α-L-Araf-(1 → 6)-β-D-Galp-(1 → 3)-α-D-Araf-(1 → 3)-α-L-Rhap-(1 → 4)-β-D-Xylp-(1 → 6)-β-D-Galp-(1 → with complex branching structure. EGP-2A-2A significantly increased glucose consumption and glycogen content in IR-HeoG2 cells and modulates glucose metabolism disorders by regulating PI3K, AKT, and GLUT4 signaling pathways. EGP-2A-2A significantly suppressed TC, TG, and LDL-c levels, and enhanced that of HDL-c. EGP-2A-2A ameliorated abnormalities caused by disorders of glucose metabolism and the hypoglycemic activity of EGP-2A-2A may be mainly positively related to its high glucose content and the β-configuration in the main chain. These results suggested that EGP-2A-2A played an important role in alleviating disorders of glucose metabolism through insulin resistance and has the potential for development as a novel functional food with nutritional and health benefits.

Health Technology Assessment of Different Glucosamine Formulations and Preparations Currently Marketed in Thailand.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different glucosamine formulations and preparations used for the management of osteoarthritis in Thailand compared with placebo. We used a validated model to simulate the individual patient Utility score from aggregated data available from 10 different clinical trials. We then used the Utility score to calculate the quality-adjusted life year (QALY) over 3 and 6 months treatment period. We used the public costs of glucosamine products available in Thailand in 2019 to calculate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. We separated the analyses for prescription-grade crystalline glucosamine sulfate (pCGS) and other formulations of glucosamine. A cost-effectiveness cut-off of 3.260 USD/QALY was considered. Irrespective of the glucosamine preparation (tablet or powder/capsule), the data show that pCGS is cost-effective compared with placebo over a 3 and 6 months. However, the other glucosamine formulations (e.g., glucosamine hydrochloride) never reached the breakeven point at any time. Our data show that pCGS is cost-effective for the management of osteoarthritis in the Thai context while other glucosamine formulations are not.

Development of a verified osteoarthritis risk scale based on a cross-sectional study of clinical and anamnestic parameters and pharmacological anamnesis of patients

Objective: the development and verification of a scale for identifying patients at high risk of osteoarthritis (OA).Material and methods. The results of the analysis of a sample of patients aged 35–90 years from the database of the Institute of Trace Elements (n=3440), which included information on clinical and anamnestic, diagnostic parameters and pharmacotherapy of patients, including patients with OA (n=107), are presented. To analyze information about patients, modern methods of data analysis proposed within the topological theory of pattern recognition were used.Results. Based on the analysis of the sample, a 100-point scale of 27 points was developed which allows to identify patients at high risk of OA (sensitivity 88%, specificity 100%). For patients with high scores on the scale, a kind of “preemptive” prescription of symptomatic slowacting drugs for osteoarthritis (SySADOA) based on highly purified substances of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and glucosamine sulfate (GS) is promising. The evidence for CS/GS is extensive and has been reviewed previously.Conclusion. Early adoption of preventive measures (including the usage of SySADOA – CS/GS) in patients with a high score on the developed scale may reduce the risk of OA.

Chondroprotectors as modulators of neuroinflammation

Modern fundamental and clinical studies show that chondroprotector molecules (chondroitin sulfate – CS; glucosamine sulfate – GS) can be useful in the treatment of neuroinflammation and so-called "inflammageing" – chronic, low-grade systemic inflammation that stimulates the development of neurodegeneration, atherosclerosis, ischemia, osteoarthritis and other pathologies. The role of CS and GS in the central nervous system are evident in the context of the concepts of the tetrapartite synapse and perineuronal nets (PNNs). Molecular mechanisms of action of CS and GS on neuroinflammation include: 1) interaction with the CD44 receptor, leading to inhibition of the pro-inflammatory factor NFκB, antiatherosclerotic and anticoagulant effects; 2) direct contribution to the formation of the PNNs, which support the division and differentiation of neurons; 3) inhibition of Toll-like receptors; 4) antioxidant and neuroprotective properties through activation of the PKC/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway; 5) inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases. These molecular effects determine the neuroprotective properties of CS/GS in ischemia, neurodegeneration, and pain syndromes associated with neuroinflammation.

Screening of therapeutic potentials of proprioceptive exercises and topical glucosamine sulfate on pain and functional disability in knee osteoarthritis

Purpose: To compare the effects of proprioceptive exercises and topical glucosamine sulfate on knee osteoarthritis in terms of reducing pain and functional disability.
 Methods: A single-blinded randomized clinical trial (IRCT20220115053712N1) was conducted at Muhammad Physical Therapy Clinic and Rehabilitation Center, Multan, Pakistan, from November 2021 to April 2022. Eighty-four patients enrolled and were randomized into two groups; patients in Group A were treated with proprioceptive exercises while those in Group B were treated with topical glucosamine sulfate. The Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scale were used to measure pain and functional activities at baseline, 9th and 18th sessions.
 Results: The results showed that both interventions were effective, but more in Group A (p < 0.05). Group A also showed highly significant improvement in relieving the pains associated with osteoarthritis when compared to Group B (p ≤ 0.001).
 Conclusion: Proprioceptive exercises are more efficient than topical glucosamine sulfate for managing knee osteoarthritis, improving functional outcomes and lowering pain intensity.

Potential of Icariin–Glucosamine Combination in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis by Topical Application: Development of Topical Formulation and In Vitro Permeation Study

The aim of this study was to develop a topically applied formulation with the potential to alleviate arthritis ailments. A combination of two active ingredients, icariin from Epimedium L. (Species: Epimedium Koreanum) extract as a potential promoter of chondrogenesis and glucosamine sulfate as a precursor of cartilage tissues, was tested. In permeation studies, the potential for skin permeation of both substances was confirmed; however, the in vitro release test did not accurately reflect the degree of skin permeation. The in vitro release of icariin was at a level of 15.0–19.0% for the plant-extract-derived icariin and 29.0–35.0% for the pure substance. The level of glucosamine sulfate release was 38.4% (on average). For icariin of both origins, the release results were higher than those obtained via oral administration (about 12.0%), which shows the potential superiority of topical application. In addition, the physicochemical parameters that affect the in vitro release and performance of topical formulations were addressed. This preliminary research and permeation analysis of the formulation produced a promising picture of its prospects regarding arthritis treatment, although further investigation is needed.

Glucosamine conjugated iron oxide and graphene oxide nanohybrid for smart drug delivery

AbstractSmart drug delivery systems have attracted a lot of attention as one of the new treatment methods for cancer. In this study, a smart drug delivery system carrying anticancer drugs was obtained by the intelligent synthesis of glucosamine (GA)‐functionalized graphene oxide (GO)‐based iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4@GO‐GA) using Hummers and chemical co‐precipitation processes. Nanohybrids have a high surface area (280.26 m2/g) and superparamagnetic behaviour (Ms = 26.017 emu/g), indicating a significant loading capacity (373.78 mg/mg) and efficiency (96.3%) for pharmaceutical loading. An adsorption study of conventional daunorubicin (DNR) on this carrier showed that the drug release is more prone to occur under acidic conditions (pH = 5.5), at moderately high temperatures (T = 40°C), and in the absence of smart carriers. The toxicity of the smart nanohybrids was examined using the sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assay in Michigan Cancer Foundation‐7 (MCF‐7) cell lines. The rate of death of cells exposed to smart drug‐containing systems in comparison to the systems without GA shows that GA reduces the toxicity of Fe3O4@GO.

Structural properties and anti-inflammatory activity of purified polysaccharides from Hen-of-the-woods mushrooms (Grifola frondosa).

Grifola frondosa is an edible medicinal mushroom that has been proven to have a variety of health benefits. The main active ingredients of this mushroom are polysaccharides. In this study, ultrasonic-assisted extraction was used to obtain crude Grifola frondosa polysaccharides (GFPs). Then, purified GFP was obtained after purification. The optimum extraction conditions were an extraction time of 71 min, an extraction temperature of 90°C in a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:37 g/mL, and an ultrasonic power of 500 W. GFP was purified using DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-100. The structural characterization of GFP was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ion chromatography (IC), and ultraviolet (UV) visible photometry. The morphology of GFP was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), and Congo red testing. In addition, the administration of GFP in oxazolone (OXZ)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice was found to prevent weight loss. Different doses of GFP (80, 160, and 320 mg/kg body weight) were used, and sulfapyridine (SASP) was used as a positive control (370 mg/kg body weight) for the treatment of OXZ-induced UC. After treatment, the mice were killed, and blood and colon tissue samples were collected. GFP was found to prevent decreases in colon length and the levels of leukocytes, platelets, and neutrophils in UC mice. Moreover, GFP also decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1 β], increased IL-10, and reduced colon injury in UC mice. The results showed that Under these conditions, the predicted polysaccharide yield was 21.72%, and the actual extraction rate was 21.13%. The polysaccharide composition (molar ratio) was composed of fucose (0.025), glucosamine hydrochloride (0.004), galactose (0.063), glucose (0.869), and mannose (0.038). GFP was also found to have a typical absorption peak, and the GFP extracted using the ultrasound-assisted extraction protocol was mainly β-glucan. These results indicate that ultrasound-assisted extraction of GFP could reduce OXZ-induced intestinal inflammation as a promising candidate for the treatment of UC, with the potential for development as a food supplement to improve intestinal diseases.

Experimental and Acomparative Study for the effect of GlucosAmine hydrochloride as Antioxidant in Sera of Adult Male Rabbits

This study involved giving the administration of Glucosamine hydrochloride to (Adult Male Rabbits) through the feeding tube .Was used in this experiment (21) Rabbit were distributed randomly into three groups . Group is control to each containing
 This study involved giving drug glucoseamine hydrochloride Secretary of the animals used in the experiment (rabbits adult males ) through the feeding tube as used in this experiment 21 animals were distributed randomly into 3 groups of 7 rabbits per group . Treated the first two sets glucoseamine hydrochloride doses of 70 and 9 mg / dl / day group first and second , respectively, for a period of 30 days, while the third group used Xatrh treated with saline Physiological was then assess the property on each of the antioxidants and the image of the fat and some liver enzymes in the blood , as well as liver tissue .
 The results showed that the significantly increased of the GPX morally P ≤ 0.05)) in the group G1 compared with C, either GSH significantly increased when the G2 compared to control , also showed MDA increased significantly for both groups compared with C, while showed peroxy nitrit have decreased significantly, with no significantly change in uric acid.
 The level of TG was significantly lower with C , while the cholesterol the same results when the G1 compared with C, either LDL-C and sessile density has increased significantly compared with C, HDL-C levels significantly elevated sera of G1 only, but in the G1 also , decreased the level of VLDL compared with C .
 The liver enzymes AST enzyme has shown a significant increase compared with C.
 with no significantly change in both ALT, ALP, total protein, albumin and Globulin any significant effect compared with the C group, also showed the results of the study tela affected liver tissue of the two groups , as results showed infiltration of the cells of the lymph cells Kuppffer cell around the central vein congested G1, with necrosis in a vein in the G2.

Evaluation of Local Application of Glucosamine Sulfate and Chondroitin Sulfate on Temporomandibular Joint Response and Alleviation of Pain and Tension During the Functional Treatment of Skeletal Class II Patients: A Randomized Control Clinical Trial.

This study was conducted to assess the effects of applying a gel ofcombined glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) area in patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion treated by removable functionalappliances in terms of TMJ internal proportions, levels of pain, and tension. The study included 36 patients aged 10-13 years with skeletal Class II malocclusion due to retrusion of the mandible characterized by:4-8 degrees of the sagittal skeletal discrepancy (ANB) angle,4-7 mm of overjet,72-76 degrees of the sagittal mandibular positioning (SNB) angle, and a bone maturity stage locatedat pubertal growth spurt. Patients were distributed to the experimental group (Twin-Block appliance + Jointance®gel)or thecontrol group (conventional treatment with the Twin-Block appliance). An allocation ratio of 1:1 was employed. Pre- and post-treatment digital lateral cephalometric radiograms were taken, and the TMJ joint spaces were measured using the Viewbox software (dHAL Software, Kifissia, Greece). The pain and discomfort levels were evaluated using a questionnaire with a four-point Likert scale at three assessment times. The anterior and posterior glenoid and anterior condylar distances to the pterygoid vertical (PTV) reference planesignificantly decreased after treatment (p<.001), and the anterior joint space decreased significantly (p<.001). In contrast, the superior distance of the condyle to the Frankfort horizontal reference planeincreased significantly after treatment, and the same results were found for the posterior and superior joint spaces (p<.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the evaluatedlinear variables. No significant differences were found when comparing pain and tension levels between the two groups at each assessment time. A gradual decrease in pain and tension levels was observed between the three evaluation times in both groups. A combinationof glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate did not affect the temporomandibular joint spaces, pain, and tension levelsin patients with skeletal Class II malocclusions treated by removable functional appliances.