suffering to Italy than to almost any of the other belliger ent countries. Less wealthy than they, she felt more acutely the restrictions imposed by wartime discipline. It was indeed clear that for Italy the struggle was going to be a more ainful one than for the rest, because her armament was scantier, ecause the battlefields of the Carso were the most arduous in all Europe, and because her machinery of state was so much younger than that of France, of England, or of Austria. Yet in spite of all this, the Italian people went through the long years of the war with admirable discipline, arose again of themselves, unaided, after sudden reverses, and reaped in the end a well deserved and glorious victory. It was only natural, however, that Italy should have come out of the war more profoundly shaken in her foundations than the other victors. The sufferings had been so intense, the promises of a coming millennium had been so imprudently lavished upon the millions of soldiers, that it was not surprising that a wave of discontent and rancor rose among them. For reasons which I shall not here discuss, the tangible fruits of peace were not speedily forthcoming. Official confirmation of the Italian posses sion of the entire girdle of the Alps was not reached until No vember, 1920; and even that notable achievement did not suffice to reassure all anxious souls, for the question of Fiume, already acute, still remained in suspense. Revolutionary propaganda profited by this opportunity to flaunt before the eyes of a dissatisfied and irritated people the example of Russia?a myth and an ideal. To the Italian ex service men, mostly peasants, who had been led to expect that after the war each would be given a piece of land as his own, this meant not Communism but simply that the real workers, the men who actually fought the war, were now apparently the masters in Russia, and that the great estates of the idle pro prietors had been divided among the descendants of those who, only three generations ago, were serfs. The blind policy of building a wall around Russia did the rest. Men said to themselves, Aha! Russia is being quarantined like