Glorious History Research Articles

Property in the Province of Kardhiqi Idioms (Gjirokastra)

Albanian word is one of the creation of the immortal people who, having overcome centuries, have entered our time powerfully because the owner of the largest nation has put his love... The Albanian word expresses the entire life of centuries of our ancient and warrior people, his vast culture well preserved, a glorious history full of battles. (J. Thomas, Tirana 2001: p. 238). Every spiritual world of the people finds its own expression. Idioms are proof of a self-understanding and social, and our ethno-linguistic development. Most of the Albanian phraseology is seen as mostly popular, historical creation which is an indicator of psychology and mentality of our people. The wording of the user decorates discourse of a language, whether in the simple, conversational or artistic. Albanian compared with other languages, is very rich in idioms assessable units. (Memisha.V., Tirana, 2011: p. 81). Phraseologies through ideas get information about people, life, customs, history and culture of and moral behavior. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2016.v5n1p227

The New China

The New China Donald Stone (bio) Evan Osnos, Age of Ambition: Chasing Fortune, Truth, and Faith in the New China. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2014. 404 pages. $27; Yu Hua, The Seventh Day, translated by Allan H. Barr. Pantheon Books, 2015. 225 pages. $16; Mo Yan, Frog, translated by Howard Goldblatt. Viking, 2015. 398 pages. $17. For an outsider’s understanding of contemporary China, few books can match Evan Osnos’s Age of Ambition: Chasing Fortune, Truth, and Faith in the New China, winner of the 2014 National Book Award. The former correspondent for the Chicago Tribune and the New Yorker knows that almost anything to be said about China must be qualified by a myriad of details. Yes, the Chinese of the twenty-first century “have achieved longer, healthier, more educated [and more prosperous] lives” than their predecessors. But, he notes, “The longer I lived in China, the more it seemed that people had come to see the economic boom as a train with a limited number of seats.” And even for those whose fortunes have vastly improved, there remains an unfulfilled appetite for less tangible values—freedom of thought and expression, a hunger for truth and spiritual values. Osnos writes with tact and sympathetic understanding, and he draws upon a number of adroitly chosen case histories to tell his story. Like Thomas Carlyle, Osnos knows that “history is the essence of innumerable Biographies.” Nevertheless, to understand modern China, one would do well to read Osnos’s excellent history alongside recent narratives by Chinese insiders, above all the country’s two best-known living novelists, Mo Yan and Yu Hua. “If all people could reflect on history and on their own lives,” the narrator of Mo Yan’s Frog declares, “mankind would not display so much idiotic behavior.” Most of Osnos’s case histories exhibit this same dual approach, beginning with Osnos himself. In 1994, the college freshman “wandered into an introductory class on modern Chinese politics, revolution, and civil war” and thereby discovered his vocation. Two years later, he arrived in Beijing for the first time in order to study Mandarin. In 1998, he enrolled at Beijing Normal University. The city had struck him as “a clanging, unglamorous place” on his first visit, so he toured the countryside, looking for “the China of literature and ink paintings.” Gradually, however, he accustomed himself to a city and country undergoing extraordinarily rapid change and development. (A Chinese friend, by way of contrast, complains that whenever he visits New York “it looks the same.”) In his eight years as a reporter in China, from 2005 to 2013, he interviewed a number of individuals caught up in the search for fortune, truth, and faith. [End Page 667] He begins with a Taiwanese army officer, Lin Zhengyi, the son of a poor barber who instilled in his children a vivid sense of China’s illustrious past, plus a “dream of China’s revival.” His fourth son (named Zhengyi or “justice”) wondered “as a boy … why, despite China’s glorious history, his family could barely feed itself.” In 1979, Captain Lin deserted his army post and swam to the mainland, convinced that “China would prosper again … and he would prosper with it.” (This was at a time when it was more usual for someone to swim from the mainland to Taiwan in search of a better life.) In 1980, the newly renamed Lin Yifu, a student now at Peking University, met Theodore Schultz, a visiting Nobel Prize-winning economist, who arranged for him to pursue a doctoral degree in economics at the University of Chicago, “the crucible of free market thought.” By the time he returned to China, Lin was “convinced that the key to China’s rise was the fusion of the market and strong government.” As an influential member of the Peking University faculty, Lin published several books extolling the “Chinese miracle.” As Osnos notes, “In 1949 the average life expectancy was thirty-six and the literacy rate was 20 percent. By 2012, life expectancy was seventy-five, and the literacy rate was above 90 percent.” Lin’s role in helping his nation to rise out of poverty by promoting governmental and...

THE ECOLOGICAL CONCEPT AND ENLIGHTENMENT –THE “UNITY BETWEEN HEAVEN AND MAN”

In the process of the development of more than five thousand years, the Chinese nation has created a glorious history of civilization, gradually forms the traditional values with The “Unity between Heaven and Man” as the core. It systematically expounds the relationship among “Heaven, Earth and Man”, establishing the ecological concept that “Heaven, Earth and Man” must be in harmonious coexistence, “Humanity” must abide by “Providence”, and Man must treat Nature with the heart of “benevolence”. It is a kind of brand-new universe view, world view, life view and moral values, and also a kind of lofty ideals pursued by the human society since ancient times. It has very important practical significance and enlightened function for the construction of contemporary ecological civilization, and the maintenance of human overall interests.

Maddox, Steven Saving Stalin's Imperial City: Historic Preservation in Leningrad, 1930–1950 (review)

REVIEWS 775 the book’s title suggests, many were motivated by the opportunity to help build a socialist utopia and workers’ paradise. Their idealism and hope drew them to invest themselves and often everything they owned to travel to the unknown. Unfortunately for them, as Golubev and Takala document, this new land was not as welcoming as had been promised. In general, these Finnish speakers found that weak infrastructure, poor living and working conditions, and limited food (in both quantity and quality) challenged their commitment to a socialist utopia. Most North American Finns did have access to special stores and better food than the local Karelian and Russian people, but nevertheless suffered substantially for the first few years. Despite these challenges, North American Finns made notable contributions to education, literature, theatre, music, dance and even sports in their region. Golubev and Takala describe in great detail the debates about language policy, with Finnish being given higher status than Karelian for several years. They also devote a chapter to the challenges of cross-cultural communication before describing the tragic end of many American and Canadian Finns in the Great Terror and World War Two. At least 739 North American Finns perished between 1937 and 1938, according to these authors, who provide significant detail on several victims and a timeline of arrests and deaths. They also assess World War Two and its impact on Finnish speakers in Karelia, including mass deportations from the Soviet border as well as executions of those accused of spying on both the Soviet and the Finnish sides. They conclude by assessing the experience of North American Finns in the region after 1945. In all, this volume provides a detailed and well-written account of a region in turmoil and transition. Many will benefit from this carefully-researched study, including those studying nationalities policies in all their complexity, as well as those interested in new perspectives on the hopes and tragedies of people in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s. Center for Global Programs and Studies Steven T. Duke and Department of History, Wake Forest University Maddox, Steven. Saving Stalin’s Imperial City: Historic Preservation in Leningrad, 1930–1950. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN, 2015. xi + 284 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. £33.00: $50.00. How was it that Leningraders, on the frontlines and within the blockaded city, waged war to ensure the survival of Soviet socialism, but after it found themselves rebuilding the most glittering symbols of the tsarist imperial past? The answer to this paradox is revealed in Steven Maddox’s brilliant study of SEER, 93, 4, OCTOBER 2015 776 the conservation and restoration of historic monuments in Leningrad and its suburbs during and after the Great Patriotic War. In a meticulously researched and fluently written book Maddox succeeds in explaining how and why a warravaged city suffering acute shortages invested its scant resources in protecting and reconstructing monuments. Maddox reveals a fascinating history of the successes and failures in preserving Leningrad’s historic built environment during the ‘cataclysmic upheaval and hardship’ (p. 2) of the blockade and its aftermath. Basedonaricharrayofpublishedandarchivalsources,Maddoxexplainshow historic preservation became a powerful mobilizational tool, which bolstered Soviet patriotism and was increasingly understood as a commemorative act. ‘Through restoration of historic monuments in the city’s centre, Leningraders were rescuing the country’s “glorious history” and writing the narrative of the blockade into the city’s urban fabric’ (p. 96). Restoration of the tsarist architectural heritage allowed the Soviet party-state to project an image of power and strength, but also to ‘imprint the memory of the war onto Leningrad’s historic cityscape’ (p. 197). The development of a new Soviet patriotism in the 1930s, based on the glorious Russian past, combined with the destruction wrought by fascist invaders and the heroic efforts of Leningraders to preserve and restore monuments, transformed them from symbols of the old tsarist order into Soviet monuments invested with new meanings and symbolism, which served as a repository for local war memories. Saving Stalin’s Imperial City begins with a survey of the long tradition of activism amongst Leningrad’s preservationist from the late-nineteenth century until the eve of the Second...

Sulitar Irrigation System: Struggle from Poverty to Prosperity

Nepal has glorious history with tens of thousands of self sustainable farmer managed irrigation systems, which accounts for about two third of total irrigated area in the country. Sulitar Irrigation System, located in Chitwan district of Nepal and constructed almost two decades ago, is one of them. The farmers have been relentlessly working for construction, maintenance, repair and operation of the system with wider community participation. Participation is not only limited to the field level but also extends to crafting of rules and regulation pertaining to the governance of the system. Participatory approach adopted in this system has fostered transparency and accountability in the management entity with a sense of ownership and self responsibility as an asset embraced by water users. In addition, effective system of resource mobilization for Operation and Maintenance (O & M) is appreciable. Their working culture of participation, purposefulness and integrity has drawn in huge amount of internal as well as external resources to the project. Efficient networking with other organizations has led to profound resource mobilization, leadership sharing and a buildup of strong social capital. They are also well aware of the sustainability of the system and pre-requisites for it. Resource generation and O & M of the system have been institutionalized for its durability and long-term sustainability.Fundamental requirement for an irrigation system is the impact made by the system on the agriculture and livelihood of the people within the command area. Subsistence based agriculture prevailing before the service of irrigation system has now advanced to crop intensification and crop diversification paving the way for commercialization. Food security in the community has been enhanced and poor livelihood of common people has been transforming towards prosperity. HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water, Energy and EnvironmentIssue: 17, July 2015

An Overview of the Heritage of Kalicharan Shaha Street: Approach to the Area Conservation

Dhaka is a successor of a rich cultural inheritance of 400 years. Dhaka’s glorious history passed through many phases of architectural development, keeps some traces of almost all types of progression. But it continued to survive by making remarkable adjustments with the new challenges. With the assuming political and economic dynamics, rapid urbanization, uncontrolled development and lack of awareness, these heritages of historic Dhaka are destroying day by day. Beside the mighty river of Buriganga initiates such an old neighborhood just around the550 feetLong Street named Kalicharan Shaha Street, reflecting the organic settlement pattern started to develop during the Mughal and Colonial era. The study has outlined the direction to provide some data, information and documentation of the neighborhood along Kalicharan Shaha Street to identify historical, cultural and planning aspects of that episode. It is an approach to show how the indigenous culture was blended with the colonial one and reflection of it over the forms and features of the neighborhood. Therefore it deals with some key aspects of built form, facade treatment and ornamentation, occidental and oriental relationship of the buildings, and along with the spatial order of morphological change, as the cultural heritage element for conserving this area. Thus, this paper is an approach to emphasize the heritage of Kalicharan Shaha Street in a public eye, so as to make people aware of the conservation of the heritage of our city.

Service Gap Analysis Between Consumers’ Expectations and Experiences: An Empirical Study of the Ethnic Food Joints of Old Delhi (India)

As the foodservice business today is highly competitive and customers are knowledgeable, as well as discerning, it is a challenge to meet and live up to their expectations. This is also applicable to ethnic food joints of Old Delhi, which has always been a center of discussion for its rich and rare culinary art as well as for showcasing the glorious history of the city. The purpose of this study was to examine the gap between customers’ expectations and their actual service delivery process experience while dining in the ethnic food joints of Old Delhi. The study was conducted in and around the city including Old Delhi with special emphasis on Chandni Chowk and the neighboring areas. The objective was achieved through a literature search and sample survey. This was followed by the critical analysis of a questionnaire administered on the SERVQUAL model that evaluated the areas where a gap in consumer expectations and their actual experience lies. The article also identifies the recommendations and measures which will minimize these gaps and bring beneficial changes to the perception of service experience of consumers toward the ethnic food joints of Old Delhi.

Tautiniai stereotipai klasikinėje ir romėniškojoje Graikijoje: Herodotas ir Diodoras apie graikus ir kitus

Though Diodorus, who lived in politically and economically decayed Greece, dominated by Romans, is separated from Herodotus, the historian of independent and victorious Greece, by the interval of four centuries, the conception of Greekness as reflected in Herodotus’ History is a fulcrum to perceive the selfawareness of Greeks in the I century B.C. nevertheless. It is obvious that Diodorus knew Herodotus’History well. Herodotus, living in times, that were deeply affected by the ta Mēdica, was compelled to think over the idea of national identity and the relation of traditional Greek values to the culture, or cultures, of dominant political power. His approach to explain political history is to perceive the culture of nations, involved in the political process. This way to understand history was not invented by Herodotus, but was inherited and handed down by him to the subsequent historians, yet Herodotus can be put before the others because of his capability to see self in the other; self and other form an indissoluble unity in his History. Other cultures are described in analogy and / or contrast with Greek culture, and Greek is not always the best. Barbarian in his text indicates belonging to a different, but by no means to the inferior civilization. Barbaroi are usually referred to as cultural predecessors of Greece, which is often presented only as a successor of very old barbarian traditions. Opposition inside the Greek culture is sometimes stressed by Herodotus more emphatically than opposition between Greeks and the others. In my opinion, he tries to show that the idea of panhellenism, upon which the Athenian ideology was based in Herodotus’ times, is a political fiction, that was not and could not be true to life. Diodorus sticks to comparative methods describing the history of human civilization, but his objectivity is imaginary: it is rather a matter of the traditional ethics of scientific discourse for him. He is deeply convinced that barbarians are inferior compared to Greeks and Greece is the moral and intellectual leader of the oikoumenē. The glorious history of Greece and the preservation of its traditional values is not only an intrinsic, but universal cultural factor as well. This is his historiosophic idea, which can be applied to explain his attitude to Rome. Romans are not ascribed to barbarians by him, but at the same time they are not Greeks. Rome belongs to the third cultural category. Roman history is a history of an advance of the expansive political power, which can be compared to the history of the Persian empire at the end of the VI century B.C. Therefore Diodorus pays so much attention to the Thermopylean episode in his History. This episode is symbolic in Diodorus’ History, signifying to his contemporaries the opportunities that are lost, but ought to have been taken, and the decline of the aretē, which once undamaged would have saved Greece.

After the Fall: Caere after 273 B.C.E.

At the end of a long history of increasingly close relationships with her neighbor, the Etruscan city of Caere became a sort of “satellite state” of Rome and was eventually transformed into a praefectura in 273 B.C.E. Historians have focused on the institutional aspect of the process, with the progressive “softening” of the political frontier between the two cities through the ciuitas sine suffragio, which paved the way for eventual assimilation. Archaeologists have considered this event as the end of the glorious history of Etruscan Caere. New evidence from Queen’s University’s ongoing excavation at Vigna Marini, however, demonstrates that the third century B.C.E. was a period of especially intense building activity, probably even of large-scale renovation of this sector of the urban area. The re-evaluation of the evidence from other archaeological contexts of Caere confirms the new data and contributes to serious questioning of the traditional narrative.

Brain MRI literature review for interdisciplinary studies

Computer science individuals, biomedical engineers and IT professionals require foundation knowledge about brain anatomical structures and physical sciences especially when it comes to research. The objective in this paper is to develop basic understanding of brain anatomical structure to be used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and image processing along with necessary foundations to cultivate interdisciplinary research. The review incorporates the glorious history of MRI along with its marvelous mathematical contribution. This contribution makes the measurement of proton density possible which is then transformed into two dimensional magnetic resonance images for visualization and various brain related computer aided diagnostics and treatment. Spin physics, Magnetic field Precession, Larmor frequency, Bloch equation and Fourier Transform are the building blocks of magnetic resonance imaging. All the foundations which are compulsory and must be known at first sight to brain MRI are made available in this review.

Http://www.ijalel.org/pdf/587.pdf

Colonialism is one of the phenomena that have had a harsh impact on the east. Due to the cruel treatment of the colonized by the colonizers, many classes of the people within the oppressed nations have risen against the oppressors. Among the Arab and Persian freedom fighters, one can refer to the remarkable struggle of such poets as al-Rusafi and Farokhi Yazdi, respectively. These two poets have entered this battlefield with their pens and poems, and have opened a new chapter in the book of struggle against colonialism. The present article attempts to study and highlight the nature of this poetic struggle by comparing the poems of Ma‘ruf al-Rusafi and Farokhi Yazdi. Colonizers resort to any accessible tool to incite discord among people, make false promises, stage deceitful agreements, suppress public education and awareness, attempt to obliterate the indigenous identity and national pride and history of the colonized nations, establish dummy parliaments, appoint puppet politicians as members of the parliament and as ministers, and all these devious measures and acts aim at establishing the colonizers’ position in their colonies. Al-Rusafi and Farokhi Yazdi defied and condemned these colonial tools and measures and fought the colonizers each in their own distinctive manners. Thumbing their books of poetry, one can catalogue their fight against colonialism as warning the people and inciting them to resist the colonizers by condemning and exposing the useless and imposed colonial agreements; by reminding the people of their glorious national history; by condemning the dummy parliaments and the puppet members and ministers; by calling the people to unity and admonishing them against public discord; by condemning the alien colonizers and exposing their deception.

On the starting blocks

theoretical methods are necessarily entangled and a reference journal in this field, such as TCA, should in our opinion cover both aspects with the same intensity. We wish to follow the evolution of theoretical chemistry attracting, besides contributions from traditional theoretical chemists, also those from authors of communities straddling the borders of traditional disciplines. Particular care will be devoted to editorial initiatives that promote the achievements of young and emerging scientists. Of the many challenges we faced in science, accepting this joint editorial responsibility is clearly one of the most gratifying and permits us to assert that science, besides individuals, also rests on collaboration and constructive sharing. Indeed, conscious that a journal is made not only by its editorial board and staff, but also by its readers, authors and referees, we count on the active collaboration and initiative of all these partners, which we hope constantly to stimulate, being ready to support their proposals for new initiatives and activities. Please join us in continuing this bountiful adventure in theoretical chemistry called TCA. A new and exciting adventure will start for us in January 2015, that of serving as Editors-in-Chief for Theoretical Chemistry Accounts (TCA), a journal with a glorious history that has tracked the development of theoretical chemistry. Succeeding such prestigious Editors-in-Chief as Hermann Hartmann, Klaus Ruedenberg, Don Truhlar and Chris Cramer is an honour and a duty to which we will commit our best, counting on our complementary scientific attitudes and expertise. Especially thanks to the active and inventive leadership of Dr. Cramer, we inherit the editorship of a journal that is vital and proficient in fast publication of high-standard papers covering a wide variety of topics in theoretical chemistry. In line with Dr. Cramer’s editorship, we will continue to target excellence in science and efficiency in publication which are nowadays renowned as strong points of TCA. One of the main goals of our editorship will be to follow the rapid growth, witnessed especially in the last years, of emerging domains encompassed by theoretical chemistry including now biology, materials science and physics. In this context, the development and the application of

الترجمة وفعل استكتاب التاريخ الوطني: ترجمات أبو العيد دودو أبو القاسم سعد هللا عبد هللا الركيبي أنموذجا

Translation and the act of writing national history: translations Abu al-Eid Dodo Abu al-Qasim Saad Allah-Abdullah Al-Rukaibi as a model
 Since the matter required us to rewrite our history, and it was difficult for us to find national sources, as is the case for some other peoples, and even if they existed, they were written by foreign authors, and were characterized by the mutilation, distortion and total obliteration of historical facts and events related to our identity, ancestors and their great exploits, translation is the alternative. The objective of writing our great history is what Abu al-Eid Doudou, Abdullah al-Rakibi, Abu al- Qasim Saadallah and others did. Translation is a cognitive act before it is a work on language, or travels between languages, it is a mediator of interaction between cultures, or a crossing between cultures and at the same time it is a channel of knowledge of identity, the identity of nations whose civilization and history embodied it, and a nation without history, without strength, it has neither a present nor a future. The act of identity and the principle of feeling patriotism and affiliation pushed Abu Eid, Al-Rakibi, and Saadallah to know the history of Algeria, away from the tongue that ruled its dominance over Algerian people for a period of time. There is nothing wrong as long as it provides us with an addition to writing our glorious history through a different tongue in which some of its elements adhered to some integrity and honest transmission of historical events. Abu al-Eid Doudou became aware that translation strengthens cultural patriotism and constitutes the borders that separate languages, societies, systems and minds, so he sought to translate many literary and historical resources, including what Western travelers wrote during their visit to Algeria from the Ottoman presence to the revolution of liberation and shortly after. He is also credited with the fairness of many Algerian personalities who were subjected to distortion, led by Prince Abdul Qadir, by some haters of Algeria, Arabs and Islam all what constitute national unity.

Seeing the Invisible: Maya Deren's Experiments in Cinematic Trance

In July 1791, the story goes, a small voodoo gathering in Santo Domingo sparked the Haitian Revolution, the first black anti-colonial revolution in history. The glorious history of the “Republic of the black Jacobins” was often celebrated by Surrealist artists in New York and Paris in their exposé of the decadent state of colonial powers in the aftermath of the Second World War. For instance, Haiti is central to André Breton's anti-colonial manifesto, Aimé Cesaire's idea of negritude, Rudy Burckhardt's lyric film symphonies, and Zora Neale Hurston's novels on creole culture. In New York, negritude did not have quite the same revolutionary appeal as in Paris, where Josephine Baker was hailed as a Surrealist goddess of “natural” beauty and power. But the electric Haitian voodoo performances of dancer and choreographer Katherine Dunham attracted a diverse community of African-American artists, émigrés, intellectuals, and communist sympathizers in the off-limits clubs, cafés, and private parties in Harlem. In its uncontainable, carnivalesque power, open forms, and sexual energy, Haitian voodoo captured an attraction to the “primitive” that affected American intellectuals and popular culture alike. Before becoming a Hollywood star, Dunham, of mixed West African and Native American roots, traveled to Haiti to study voodoo rituals for an anthropology degree at the University of Chicago. Fusing American dance, European ballet, and voodoo movements, she became a symbol of the black diaspora. In a recent film interview, Dunham recalls how her young assistant (or “girl Friday,” in the parlance of the time) Maya Deren was fascinated by Haitian dance and would use it to steal the show in rehearsals, public performances, and glitzy parties. The daughter of Russian Jewish émigrés and Trotskyite activists, Deren was struck by the power of this syncretic dance, which blended different cultural backgrounds and formed political consciousnesses while always providing entertainment and energizing dinner parties and giving voice to invisible deities. In her experimental filmmaking, Deren infused this magnetic power of dance into cinema.

Prediction cadastral tax implementation in the aspect of experience other countries.

Cadastral tax is long, but not quite glorious history [7]. Some U.S. states implement and enforce it already in final years of eighteenth century. In nineteenth century and also in United States, idea a tax on value of possess land propagated by Henry George – American writer, politician, economist and the most influential proponent implementation this assessment. He argued, that construction tax on value of possessed land they, will eliminate all other taxable [7]. Modernist at that time, cadastre system in Europe, was constructed in mid-nineteenth century, when register of this type created in France and Austria-Hungary. Parallel to these developments in various German states were formed different formal and legal solutions for cadastral tax. However, it only unified in 1936. Currently, system only addictive tax of property values is in many countries of the world including Europe Central, Western and Scandinavia. One of the biggest organizations for people professionally involved in real estate appraisal and taxation is the “International Association of Assessing Officers – IAAO”, aimed at promoting innovation (scientific research) and good practice, as well as providing education on assessing real estate and the taxation policy [1]. In Poland while tax system is dependent on area land and/or superficies a building or premises. Thus, owner of villa with an area equal 200 m2, localized on 10 acres plot in Warsaw’s downtown, are now paying little higher (compared to growth cadastral tax) then this one, which is charged to owner 10 acres plot built detached house with an area of 200 m2, located in eastern part of Poland, even though value of the first property, even ten times value of other property. In this regard, it is fairer cadastral tax, but in addition to its advantages should also take into account quite a lot disadvantages. Prediction its implementation, in terms of empirical data from other European countries, will be answer to question: whether initiation tax of value

IMPACT OF CULTURAL SHIFT ON THE GREEN-SCAPE OF LAHORE, FROM MUGHALS TO PRESENT

Lahore has a glorious history and it remained a chief cultural centre throughout the past from Ghaznavids Rule to the independence of the sub-continent. The city which was known as the City of Gardens has experienced a changing trend in garden design over a period of time, from the past to present. Initially the changes were brought about by the immigrants or invaders but now the trend in designing of parks are changing, faster than ever before. Lahore has the privilege to preserve the timeline of the changes brought about by the culture in the design of Green-Scape. This paper discusses the changing trends in park design by mapping out the expanding Lahore thus recognizing the present status of its Green-scape under the growing urban development of Lahore and the changes brought in its design and concepts, due to the cultural-Shift from Mughals to contemporary times. From past to present, the cultural change and the trends in living has influenced the design and layout of parks and gardens of the city. The Mughals brought the tradition of creating formal gardens to South Asia based on Chaharbagh; a Persian tradition. The tradition of laying out new gardens in the city remained an important part even after the decline of Mughals during Sikh period. The British also marked their name in the list of gardens at Lahore by introducing new concept in terms of botanical gardens. After independence until now, the gardens and parks continued to emerge on the map of Lahore but with varied modes and shades, influenced by globalization. Currently the urban sprawl of Lahore is increasing with a faster pace than ever before and along with it the concept behind the design and development of Green-Scape is also flourishing, bringing back the lost glory of Lahore, once called the “CITY OF GARDENS".

Technological Co-Operation and Contribution among OIC Members with Special Reference to Bangladesh and Iraq

Science and technology is a pair of the most prominent words to day. To understand the natural systems is Science and technology is the way to control or to implement it for ourselves. Scientists set a goal to attain something, which ordinary people could hardly imagine, and then work to reach there in a very rational and methodical approach. Thus in combination of science and technology we get upgraded systems for the welfare of humanity. In present days, technology is the key indicator for development. While cooperation or collaboration, among the societies, is an essential mean for development. Scientific and technical journal articles are one of the most important science and technology indicators. This paper discusses to major aspects of development; cooperation and contribution. Firstly, the present condition of science and technology and the cooperation in these fields among the members of IOC is discussed here. Where it is found that the most of the members are lagging behind the developed world and more alarming problem is there is a very little cooperative effort among the OIC members themselves. Due to not having adequate knowledge, technology, and support sometimes, they are bound to collaborate more with non-OIC countries than the members do. In spite of that, there is still a huge opportunity to overcome these problems as the OIC members have been blessed by the natural resources and thus have the financial support to overcome any obstacle. To do so, the members need to be more cooperative to each other in all sectors of research and development. They need to remain united as a single body to uphold the brotherhood. Secondly, good contribution to the field of science and technology indicates the smart society of the present time. The advancement in these sectors is an indication of living standard of the people. Here, the roles of two countries, Bangladesh and Iraq, in the field of science and technology, have been discussed. Both the countries have a long history, in different names under different era of kingship. Bangladesh has a large population, near about 146.6 million, of which almost 89% is Muslim (BBS, 2011), so as a member of OIC she holds of great importance in South Asia. It is remarked that the ancient Bengal was neither developed nor focused as a future technological base by any of the rulers. However, in last two decades she is been showing a consistently rising pattern in these fields especially in agriculture and IT sectors. However, Bangladesh is still far away to have a standard infrastructure for RD Iraq has a glorious history of about thousand years in almost all sectors of development. Nevertheless, in the last few decades, the consecutive involvement in war, killed hundreds of scientist, and destroyed many research facilities, institutions, universities, which eventually destroyed the knowledge base and led Iraq almost to a blind alley. Now it is inevitable for her to reconcile and fight back. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2013.v4n3p401

Study on the Jingdezhen Ceramic Materials

As an ancient creative medium in the traditional Chinese art, ceramic material has a long and glorious history, which is an important part of traditional Chinese cultural resources. Now re-examine the folk art, ceramic materials show understanding of the colorful ceramic material morphology expressive and unique charm of materials technology, the combination of art and technology, the unity of the folk art and ceramic materials. It has become an important issue. Millennium Jingdezhen, for example, this paper studies folk art show in the ceramic material.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Profitability: A Case Study on Dutch Bangla Bank Ltd.

In Bangladesh, the banking sector has a glorious history of getting engaged themselves in different kinds of social activities which is formally known as CSR (Corporate Social Responsibilities). The paper examines the relationship between CSR and profitability of Dutch Bangla Bank Ltd (DBBL) which is the initiator of CSR activities in the banking sector of Bangladesh. The study used annual reports of DBBL for the year 2002 to 2011. Ordinary least square (OLS) model of regression was analyzed using SPSS 16. to assess the impact as well as test the hypothesis of the study whether there is a relationship and the extent of the relationship between the independent variable (corporate social responsibility expenditure) and the dependent variable (profit after tax). Above all, the analysis revealed that 90.7% of the variance of profit after tax of DBBL has been explained by the benefit accrued from corporate social responsibility. The hypothesis that was formulated was tested and the result shows that there is significant positive relationship between corporate social responsibility and profitability in case of DBBL.

A Brief Introduction to Chinese Mascot

Chinese mascot as the embodiment of auspicious concept is one of the important components of the folk culture and also a mirror reflecting the spirit of the Chinese nation’s character and the pursuit of happy life. In China, mascots are both culture symbols and cultural objects. Coming into being in the specific context of Chinese society, they are the products of multiple political, economic and cultural forces. Chinese mascot has been developing along with its long history. Chinese traditional mascot embodies profound national ideas and it is outstanding cultural heritage with a glorious history, while the Chinese modern mascot follows the tradition and at the same time links with the modern trend of international design. So there exist cultural differences between the traditional and modern mascots in plastic art, form component, cultural psychology and social function and so on. Key words: Auspicious concept; Chinese mascot; Cultural differences