Globe Dimensions Research Articles

Do cultural differences affect the share price puzzle?

We examine the impact of cultural differences on nominal share prices across 63 countries from 2002 to 2018. Using institutional and catering theories, we assess how cultural dimensions—including World Governance Indicators (WGI), legal systems, religious influences, and GLOBE dimensions—affect the spatial heterogeneity of share price levels. Our findings indicate that share prices are higher in countries with common law systems and comprehensive information reporting, as these environments tend to attract institutional investors. Conversely, cultural traits emphasizing altruistic values correspond with lower share prices, reflecting the preferences of individual investors.

Comparative analysis of ocular biometry, ocular protrusion, and palpebral fissure dimensions in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dog breeds.

This study compared skull morphology and ocular parameters in brachycephalic (BC, n=16) and nonbrachycephalic (NB, n=16) dogs using head CT scans. The results of a Schirmer tear test I (STT I), intraocular pressure (IOP), ocular biometry, external structure, ocular protrusion, and palpebral fissure dimensions were evaluated and compared between BC and NB dogs. There were no statistically significant differences in the STT I results, IOP, globe dimensions, globe volume, internal structure, and external structure between BC and NB dogs (P>.05). Brachycephalic dogs exhibited significantly greater ocular protrusion and significantly larger palpebral fissure dimensions compared with NB dogs. For all dogs, we found a strong positive correlation between globe volume and body weight (r=0.836, P=.0000). The globe volumes, external structure parameters, and ocular protrusion were normalized by body weight and were also significantly larger in BC dogs compared with NB dogs (P<.001). The ocular protrusion (r=0.521, P<.0000) and horizontal palpebral fissure (r=0.372, P=.0024) showed a moderate positive correlation with the cephalic index (CI). Additionally, normalized globe volume (r=0.435, P=.0003), normalized orbital depth (r=0.419, P=.0005), and normalized retrobulbar depth (r=0.444, P=.0002) had a moderate positive correlation with the CI. The study emphasizes how the distinctive skull structure of BC dogs, with shortened facial bones and thickened retrobulbar soft tissue, influences their ocular appearance and raises the risk of eye problems.

Relationships Between Response Styles and the Hofstede and GLOBE Dimensions of Culture in a Sample of Adolescents From 33 Countries

A number of studies have examined the relationships between response styles and the Hofstede and GLOBE cultural indices; however, studies involving adolescent samples or examining the effects of national wealth on observed relationships are scarce. This study addresses these gaps by applying simple and partial correlation analysis to the data of 15-year-olds in 33 PISA 2006 countries. The study found that the relationships between response styles and cultural indices in the two frameworks are similar to those in past studies of adult populations. After accounting for GDP per capita, the majority of relationships remained unchanged. However, others, such as Hofstede’s power distance and acquiescence and dis-acquiescence, lost significance, and Hofstede’s masculinity and extreme response styles only gained significance when GDP per capita was held constant. The findings highlight the influence of cultural values on students’ questionnaire-response behaviours, which should be recognised in comparative studies.

Analysis on the effect of eye globe diameters on the biomechanics of posterior ocular tissues during horizontal adduction

Abstract In this work, an attempt has been made to analyze the influence of pathological changes in eye globe dimensions towards the mechanical responses of optic nerve head tissues during eye adductions. For this study, a 3D baseline model geometry of posterior ocular tissues has been constructed. The eye globe diameters of the model are modified to mimic the changes in ocular globe morphology in control, glaucoma, myopia and glaucoma with myopia conditions. Adductions are simulated for each modified model as the rotation of the globe from 1o to 10o in steps of 1o. von Mises strain in lamina cribrosa (LC) and posterior displacement of LC are estimated. Results show that strains developed in LC and its posterior displacement are higher in diseased eyes compared to healthy eyes. It appears that eyes with higher axial length and globe anisotropy are more susceptible to optic nerve head damage. This study might be extended to assess the progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy.

Relationship of the cornea and globe dimensions to the changes in adult human crystalline lens diameter, thickness and power with age

It is well known that human crystalline lens shape, dimensions and optical properties change throughout life and influence whole eye refraction. However, it is not clear if lens properties are associated with other ocular parameters. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship of corneal and external globe dimensions with adult lens diameter (LD), lens thickness (LT) and lens power (LP) in order to determine if external factors influence lens properties. Postmortem human eyes (n = 66, age = 20–78 years) were obtained from the Ramayamma International Eye Bank, Hyderabad, India. Globe antero-posterior length (GAPL) and mean (average of horizontal and vertical) diameters of cornea (MCD) and globe (MGD) were measured using digital calipers. Eyes were dissected to produce ocular structures that contain the lens maintained in its accommodating framework, including intact zonules, ciliary body and sections of sclera. Specimens were mounted in a mechanical lens stretching system. LD, LT and LP were measured using high magnification retro-illumination photography, slit illumination photography and Scheiner principle-based optical system respectively in the unstretched (accommodated) state. Relationships between external globe and corneal dimensions and LD, LT or LP were assessed by multiple regression analysis. Age (0.012 ± 0.003 mm/year; p<0.001) and GAPL (0.185 ± 0.045 mm/mm; p<0.001) were significant (p<0.0001) predictors of LD. After adjusting for age-related increases, LD appears to be positively correlated with GAPL. Age (0.010 ± 0.004 mm/year; p = 0.009) and GAPL (−0.143 ± 0.060 mm/mm; p = 0.02) were significant (p = 0.001) predictors of LT. After adjusting for the age-related increase, LT appears to be negatively correlated with GAPL. Only age was a significant predictor of LP (−0.26 ± 0.04 D/year; p<0.001). The results suggest that, apart from aging, lens diameter and thickness are dependent on the anteroposterior length of the eye globe. Lens power is not influenced by globe dimensions.

Anatomical and Clinical Characteristics of Paediatric and Adult Eyes

The human eye is one of the special sensory organs. Eyes undergo a series of changes right from infancy to attainment of adulthood. Major changes occur in globe dimensions, orbital and neurological structures. In order to have a sharp focus of the image on the retina, the intraocular structures undergo developmental changes in the 1st year of life along with the neurological growth which enables processing of that retinal image. The extraocular growth of the bony orbit and adnexa accompanies intraocular growth. An ophthalmologist looking after the pediatric patient must be aware of these physiological changes so as to not diagnose them as any pathologic conditions. There are few diseases which can also interfere with these normal developmental changes. It is valuable to know the developmental process to diagnose children with eye disorders. This review article lays emphasis on the normal anatomical alterations in the globe, anterior segment, pupil, lens, retina, lacrimal apparatus, and external orbit of the human eye during infancy and early adulthood and also discussing its practical implications.

Variation in project management practices across borders

As project teams become more global and culturally diverse, it is important for project managers to understand how various project management practices are implemented in different countries. We use hierarchical linear modelling to explore variation in project management practices among seven countries using GLOBE dimensions of these countries to understand patterns. Of the nine GLOBE dimensions, two particular elements had an impact on project management practices. Performance orientation has a significant positive influence and gender egalitarianism had a significant negative impact on the adoption of project management practices. Practical implications include that for those two specific GLOBE factors, executives and project team leaders should use such knowledge to anticipate how they will impact on the natural tendencies of project team members in various countries, Further, when operating projects with international team membership, such as global virtual teams, this study illuminates that some cultural differences might lead to differences in style and practice of project team members, requiring cognizant and careful team leadership. The article contributes to theory by showing that only some and not all aspects of national culture impact on project management practices that are theoretically deemed attractive as part of project management’s body of knowledge.

Cultural Meaning, Advertising, and National Culture: A Four-Country Study

ABSTRACTCultural meaning transfer theory and GLOBE dimensions were employed in this comparative study to examine the extent to which cultural meaning presented in advertisements reflected national cultures of the target countries. Content analysis was applied to advertisements from four countries to investigate whether the use of advertising appeals presented in these advertisements mirrored variations in cultures as described by GLOBE Society Values. Results revealed that, in line with the hypotheses, there were similarities and differences in the use of appeals, and only some of them mirrored the cultural variations. GLOBE Society Values were more likely to predict the use of appeals than GLOBE Society Practices, but not for all appeals. Advertisers can draw on national cultures for cultural meanings to be used in advertisements only to a limited extent. It may be that advertisements mold rather than mirror societal values, or that only certain cultural traits are important for advertisers.

Thumbs up for privacy?: Differences in online self-disclosure behavior across national cultures

This study investigates relationships between national-level culture and online self-disclosure behavior. We operationalize culture through the GLOBE dimensions, a set of nine variables measuring cultural practices and another nine measuring values. Our observations of self-disclosure come from the privacy settings of approximately 200,000 randomly sampled Facebook users who designated a geographical network in 2009. We model privacy awareness as a function of one or more GLOBE variables with demographic covariates, evaluating the relative influence of each factor. In the top-performing models, we find that the majority of the cultural dimensions are significantly related to privacy awareness behavior. We also find that the hypothesized directions of several of these relationships, based largely on cultural attitudes towards threat mitigation, are confirmed.

Differences in work–family conflict: which individual and national factors explain them?

This paper contributes to cross-cultural literature on work–family relationships by testing not only hypotheses about the impact of work and family demands and gender at individual level on work–family conflict (WFC), but also at country level. Concretely, several theories commonly used in the literature (role conflict, boundary management and social support theory) are used to analyzed how national culture dimensions affects WFC. Using information about employee residents in each of the countries interviewed in the Second European Quality of Life Survey and also GLOBE dimensions of national culture, the paper shows that the relationship between work and family demands and WFC is universal and equal phenomenon throughout Europe. In line with gender role theory, demanding and stressing work have stronger effects on women’s WFC than on men’s. While opposite to it, household hours also have stronger effect on women’s WFC than on men’s. Moreover, the paper shows that national culture affects how people perceive work–family relationships. In line with integration/segmentation hypotheses derived from boundary management theory, uncertainty avoidance decreases WFC. Moreover, in line with social support, human orientation decreases the level of WFC, especially for men. Eastern Europe and Mediterranean countries have higher levels of WFC, while Scandinavian countries are those that have lower levels of WFC.

Four GLOBE dimensions of perceived social norms in 33 countries

In this article we report on an attempt to replicate the findings from the GLOBE (House et al., 2004) study that utilized measures of perceived social norms. This study was based on N=6938 participants from 33 countries. Four out of nine original dimensions were identified: Humane Orientation, Uncertainty Avoidance/Future Orientation, Power Distance and Gender (Non)Egalitarianism. At the country level, these factors correlated reasonably well with the original GLOBE scales. We report profiles of means for all countries and for nine world regions. For the four perceived social norms, the percentage of total variance — i.e., effect size based on eta-squared statistics and hierarchical linear modelling decompositions — attributable to cross-cultural differences is .20. This effect size is larger than those reported for measures of personality traits and values (Stankov, 2011).

Cultural distance and entry modes: implications for global expansion strategy

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to take a strategic perspective on how MNEs in the retail sector decide to enter a new market. Drawing on transaction cost theory, the contingency approach and resource-based theory, the implications of the interplay between global strategy, cultural distance and entry mode strategies are examined by means of an analysis of Carrefour’s global expansion.Design/methodology/approach– To account for the shortcomings of prior research, a hypothesis in the relationship between entry modes and cultural distance is tested empirically using a sample of 44 foreign market entries by Carrefour over the 40 last years. The paper uses a quantitative approach, i.e., logistic regressions. To measure cultural distance, the authors rely on the GLOBE dimensions and the Kogut-Singh Index.Findings– The findings suggest a positive relationship between a resource commitment, entry mode strategy and cultural distance for Carrefour. However, these findings are contrary to the mainstream argument that high cultural distance is related to entry strategies based on relatively low resource commitment. The authors explain these findings by integrating a cultural distance perspective with Carrefour’s overall global expansion strategy.Research limitations/implications– Because of the chosen research approach, the research results may lack generalizability.Practical implications– The paper provides insights into why prior research on cultural distance and entry modes has yielded mixed results. From a strategic viewpoint, the paper stresses the particularities of the retail sector and how retailers try to account for cultural distance in their entry mode decisions.Originality/value– By focussing on a single company instead of a meta-analysis, the analysis demonstrates how the search for strategic consistency and the particularities of the retail sector reverse a well-investigated theoretical assumption. The main originality of the paper is that it shows the implications of the interplay between cultural distance and entry mode as being part of the retail firm’s overall global expansion strategy.

The Role of Culture in Foreign Direct Investment and Trade: Expectations from the GLOBE Dimensions of Culture

This paper offers qualitative analysis of the impact of culture on international business. In particular, we discuss the potential impact of each of the nine cultural dimensions that were established by the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness Research Program, which is led by Robert J. House, on the decision to trade with or invest in another country. The analysis finds characterizations of source- and destination-country are important for each dimension when deciding between trade and FDI. Given the potentially conflicting recommendations, the dimensions are placed in a hierarchy to distinguish those most in need of consideration from those of secondary import.

Facoemulsificação bilateral seguida de implante de lentes acrílicas dobráveis em uma tigresa-de-Bengala (Panthera tigris tigris) – relato de caso

The advent of phacoemulsification and foldable intraocular lens (IOLs) implants has provided improved outcomes for cataract surgery in veterinary patients. Besides restoring good visual acuity (image details), artificial lenses decrease posterior capsular opacification, diminishing the proliferation of lens cells and also the incidence of glaucoma in the long run. The dioptric power of artificial lenses varies among species because of the great variations of ocular globe dimensions. Species and anatomical differences vary greatly, which complicates the postoperative predictability in some cases. This report describes the preparation, employed technique and results obtained in a bilateral cataract surgery using phacoemulsification followed by a foldable acrylic IOL implant in a two and a half year-old Bengal Tigress (Panthera tigris tigris).

Do 'cultural gaps' affect entrepreneurial activities? An analysis based on globe's dimensions

This paper aims at investigating how country culture affects entrepreneurship, measured by the percentage population who are either a nascent entrepreneur or owner-manager of a new business in a specific country. Our analyses rely on GLOBE's dimensions. Considering the influence of both values (should be scores) and practices (as is scores), we identify the inclination towards cultural change of a specific country as the difference between its 'should be' and 'as is' scores of each cultural dimension. Our goal is to find out whether the inclination towards cultural change affects entrepreneurship. The statistical analysis shows that the inclination toward cultural change affects entrepreneurship. Moreover, we find different results in term of statistical significance for different cultural dimensions. Our research sheds new light on the literature on cultural entrepreneurship. Most of the literature analyses the linkage between cultural values and entrepreneurship, and only a few studies refer to cultural practices and on their influence on entrepreneurial orientation.

The relationships between communication satisfaction, emotional intelligence and the GLOBE organizational culture dimensions of middle managers in Serbian organizations

The focus of this paper is the relationship between internal communication satisfaction and emotional intelligence. Moreover, we also investigated the impact of the GLOBE organizational culture dimensions as moderators of the relationship between the emotional intelligence of middle managers and their communication satisfaction in Serbian organizations. We show that some communication satisfaction dimensions strongly correlate with some emotional intelligence abilities of middle managers and that these correlations are under the moderating influence of the GLOBE dimensions. With these managers will be able to identify the components of emotional intelligence and GLOBE organizational culture dimensions that are vital for them and their organizations.

Anatomic features of the cetacean globe

To provide measurements of globe dimensions and describe morphological characteristics of the cetacean globe with an emphasis on Bowman's layer and encapsulated sensory corpuscles (ESC) for available cetacean species. Cetacean globes housed at the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin from various odontocete and two mysticete species. Measurements were taken from formalin fixed globes and images of formalin fixed globes with embedded rulers. Histological sections of globes were used to count ESC and measure Bowman's layer. The horizontal diameter of the globe was longer than the vertical diameter. The posterior sclera was thick, causing the internal axial length (and therefore the optical axis) to be shorter than the vertical diameter. The cornea was composed of an epithelium, Bowman's layer, collagenous stroma, thin Descemet's membrane and endothelial layer. Bowman's layer was present in all specimens except one Kogia breviceps. The thickness was variable, with the acellular layer thickest in Tursiops truncatus and thinnest in Kogia sp. The iris was well vascularized and muscled while the ciliary body lacked musculature, but retained vasculature. Single and clustered ESC were found in the anterior uvea, sclera surrounding the anterior uvea, trabecular meshwork, or some combination of these locations. They were often regionally grouped and varied from 0 to 21. There were three species where no ESC were found, L.borealis, D.capensis, and S.bredanensis, but the presence of these corpuscles cannot be ruled as only one section of the globe was analyzed.

Profile of Country-Clusters According to Globe Dimensions of Cultur

Publication takes up the considerations concerning the cross-culture aspect on the base of conception of The Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE). The purpose of an article is to present and discuss ten country-clusters created on the base of the dimensions of culture resulting from the GLOBE research. In the article there were presented and discussed the dimensions of culture and the following country-clusters: English culture group, Latin culture group, Nordic culture group, German culture group, Eastern Europe culture group, Latin America culture group, Confucian Asia culture group, Middle East culture group, South Asia culture group, African culture group. In the summary of the elaboration the conclusions of author were enclosed.

What do Project GLOBE's cultural dimensions reflect? An empirical perspective

There is an ongoing controversy about what Project GLOBE's cultural dimensions measure. GLOBE's work has been criticized by various authors, most recently by McCrae and associates, who view some of GLOBE's scales as unfounded national stereotypes. Further, GLOBE has disregarded the difference between personal values and prescribed norms for others. This paper validates some of GLOBE's dimensions empirically. However, at least two – humane orientation and performance orientation – do not generate convincing nomological networks.

Reliability of Intraoperative Navigation in Restoring Normal Orbital Dimensions

To assess the reliability and effectiveness of intraoperative navigation in restoring normal orbital and globe dimensions in traumatic and postablative orbital defects. To address the research purpose, the investigators initiated a retrospective cohort study and enrolled a sample of subjects that underwent primary or secondary reconstruction for unilateral orbital deformities secondary to traumatic injury or tumor surgery during the study enrollment period. Using computed tomographic datasets, pre- and postoperative orbital volume and globe projection were measured using Analyze software (Mayo Clinic Biomedical Imaging Resource, Rochester, MN). Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate the reliability between preoperative unaffected orbit and the postoperative affected orbital and globe dimensions. A matched pairs t test was used to assess the difference in pre- and postoperative orbital volume and globe projection. The sample was composed of 23 subjects that underwent orbital reconstruction secondary to traumatic of postablative defects. There was a linear and reliable relationship between preoperative unaffected and postoperative affected orbital volumes (ICC, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.86), and preoperative unaffected and postoperative affected globe projections was high (ICC, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.69 to 0.94). There was a significant difference in pre- and postoperative mean orbital volume (30.6 vs 25.5 cm(3), P ≤ 0.001), and pre- and postoperative globe projection (51.2 vs 53.6 mm, P ≤ 0.001). The results of this study suggest that intraoperative navigation-assisted orbital reconstruction is reliable in restoring orbital volume and globe projection to pretraumatic and preablative conditions.