Artichoke Research Articles

Pharmacokinetic interaction of rosuvastatin with artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) leaf extract in rats

Pharmacokinetic interaction of rosuvastatin with artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) leaf extract in rats

The combined effects of gibberellic acid and kinetin on growth, yield and quality in globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.)

The combined effects of gibberellic acid and kinetin on growth, yield and quality in globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.)

Impact of Inulin Extracted, Purified from (Chicory and Globe Artichoke) Roots and the Combination with Maltodextrin as Prebiotic Dietary Fiber on the Functional Properties of Stirred Bio-Yogurt

Inulin is a prebiotic dietary fiber that plays an integral role in producing functional dairy products with improved health benefits. Therefore, the objectives of this study are as follows: extract and purify inulin from chicory roots and globe artichoke roots; evaluate the physicochemical, functional properties and functional groups of the purified inulin; determine the functional properties of chicory roots inulin-maltodextrin and globe artichoke roots inulin-maltodextrin and compare it with that of the commercial inulin; examine the impact of various inulin on physiochemical, microstructural, textural, sensory characteristics and as prebiotic dietary fiber on probiotic bacteria’s viability of stirred bio-yogurt. The characteristics of the microstructure were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy to detect the functional group. The resulting inulin exhibited a high yield and purity along with enhanced functional properties. Stirred bio-yogurt fortified with chicory roots inulin or globe artichoke roots inulin showed enhanced physicochemical, microstructural, microbiological, and overall sensorial acceptability followed by chicory roots inulin-maltodextrin or globe artichoke roots inulin-maltodextrin and the commercial inulin as compared to the control. Stirred bio-yogurt samples can offer various health benefits and wide applications as supplement of prebiotic dietary fiber in dairy industry.

Antidiabetic and Liver Histological and Ultrastructural Effects of Cynara scolymus Leaf and Flower Head Hydroethanolic Extracts in Nicotinamide/Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.

This study aims to investigate the effect of hydroethanolic extracts of Cynara scolymus (C. scolymus) leaf (CLHE) and C. scolymus flower (CFHE) on the hepatic histopathological lesions and functional biochemical changes induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The rat model of T2DM was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in a dose of 60 mg/kg for 15 minutes following nicotinamide (NA) (60 mg/kg). The rats were allocated into four groups: group 1 (negative control), group 2 (diabetic control), group 3 (diabetic rats supplemented with 100 mg/kg/day CLHE), and group 4 (diabetic rats supplemented with 100 mg/kg/day CFHE). Treatment with CLHE and CFHE, for the study duration of 28 days, significantly improved the deteriorated hepatic glycogen content, glycogen phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphatase activities, serum fructosamine levels, lipid profile, aspartate transaminase activities, and alanine transaminase activities as well as serum insulin and C-peptide levels. The elevated liver lipid peroxidation and the decreased activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly alleviated. The elevated expression of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α in the liver of diabetic rats was significantly reduced by treatments with CLHE and CFHE. NA/STZ-induced T2DM exhibited hepatic histopathological changes in the form of disordered hepatocytes, cytoplasm dissolution, and mononuclear leukocytic infiltration. The electron microscopic ultrastructure study revealed damaged mitochondria with ill-defined cristae and fragmentation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Treatments with CLHE and CFHE remarkably amended these histopathological and EM ultrastructural changes. In conclusion, both CLHE and CFHE may have antidiabetic and improvement effects on the liver function and structural integrity, which may be mediated, at least in part, via suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress and enhancement of the antioxidant defence system.

The influence of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on the cultivation of Cynara Scolymus L. under salinity stress

This article highlights laboratory and field experiments based on the results of treatment of Cynara scolymus L. with biologically active products. According to the obtained results, compared to the control variant in the field experiments, the highest result was 3.4% to 4.8% in 1:100 and 1:1000 ratios of “Elisitor”. Similar results were observed to increase 0.3%, 3.0% respectively in 1:1000 and 1:100 ratios of “Zamin-M” biopreparation. According to the analyzes carried out in laboratory conditions, the fertility indicator was found to be 95.0% in plants treated with the biopreparation “Elicitor”. This result was 6.0% higher than the control and 3.4% higher than the standard. Fertilization in plants inoculated with “Zamin-M” biopreparation was found to be 93.85%, it was increased by 4.85% compared to the control variant and by 2.25% compared to standard variant.

Bioethanol Production from Globe Artichoke Residues: from the Field to the Fermenter

Bioethanol Production from Globe Artichoke Residues: from the Field to the Fermenter

Waste from Artichoke Processing Industry: Reuse in Bread-Making and Evaluation of the Physico-Chemical Characteristics of the Final Product.

A relevant amount of waste is produced in the canning industry of globe artichoke. This study proposes to use flours of artichoke waste (stems and bracts) in durum wheat bread-making, replacing the re-milled durum wheat semolina at increasing levels (5, 7.5 and 10 g/100 g). No study had evaluated this type of enrichment in durum wheat bread, widespread in the same area where artichoke waste is mostly produced. The replacement had a visible effect on the flour color, increasing a* and reducing b* and L*, and this was reflected in the color of bread crumb. The water absorption determined by farinography, dough development time and dough stability increased as the level of replacement increased (up to 71.2 g/100 g, 7.3 min and 18.4 min, respectively). The mixograph peak height and mixing time increased compared to control. The alveograph W decreased, while the P/L ratio increased. The artichoke waste-enriched breads had a lower volume (as low as 1.37 cm3/g) and were harder than control, but they did not show relevant moisture losses during five days of storage. The obtained data show therefore an interesting potential of artichoke waste flours in bread-making, but further investigations are needed for achieving improved quality features.

Artichoke (Cynara Scolymus) Methanolic Leaf Extract Alleviates Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Toxicity in BALB/c Mouse Brain: Involvement of Oxidative Stress and Apoptotically Related Klotho/PPARγ Signaling.

(1) Background: Various epidemiological studies suggest that oxidative stress and disrupted neuronal function are mechanistically linked to neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). DNA damage, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and eventually, cell death such as NDs can be induced by nitrosamine-related compounds, leading to neurodegeneration. A limited number of studies have reported that exposure to diethylnitrosamine (DEN), which is commonly found in processed/preserved foods, causes biochemical abnormalities in the brain. Artichoke leaves have been used in traditional medicine as a beneficial source of bioactive components such as hydroxycinnamic acids, cynarine, chlorogenic acid, and flavonoids (luteolin and apigenin). The aim of this study is to investigate the favorable effects of exogenous artichoke (Cynara scolymus) methanolic leaf extract supplementation in ameliorating DEN-induced deleterious effects in BALB/c mouse brains. (2) Methods: This study was designed to evaluate DEN (toxicity induction by 100 mg/kg) and artichoke (protective effects of 0.8 and 1.6 g/kg treatment) for 14 days. All groups underwent a locomotor activity test to evaluate motor activity. In brain tissue, oxidative stress indicators (TAC, TOS, and MDA), Klotho and PPARγ levels, and apoptotic markers (Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3) were measured. Brain slices were also examined histopathologically. (3) Results: Artichoke effectively ameliorated DEN-induced toxicity with increasing artichoke dose. Impaired motor function and elevated oxidative stress markers (decreasing MDA and TOS levels and increasing TAC level) induced by DEN intoxication were markedly restored by high-dose artichoke treatment. Artichoke significantly improved the levels of Klotho and PPARγ, which are neuroprotective factors, in mouse brain tissue exposed to DEN. In addition, caspase-3 and Bax levels were reduced, whereas the Bcl-2 level was elevated with artichoke treatment. Furthermore, recovery was confirmed by histopathological analysis. (4) Conclusions: Artichoke exerted neuroprotective effects against DEN-induced brain toxicity by mitigating oxidant parameters and exerting antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects. Further research is needed to fully identify the favorable impact of artichoke supplementation on all aspects of DEN brain intoxication.

Recovery of healthy compounds in waste bracts of globe artichoke heads

Recovery of healthy compounds in waste bracts of globe artichoke heads

Determination of In vitro Antioxidant Activities and Macro and Micro Elements Level in Different Extracts of Cynara Scolymus L. leaf

Papatyagiller familyasına ait olan Küre enginarın (Cynara scolymus L.) antioksidan, hepatoprotektif ve hipoglisemik etkilere sahiptir, yaprakları geleneksel olarak idrar söktürücü ve koleretik amaçlarla kullanılmaktadır. Bu nedenle bu çalışmanın temel amacı enginar yaprağının ve yaprağın metanollü (Me-OH), etil asetatlı (EtOAc) ve n-hekzanlı (N-HXN) ekstraktlarının toplam fenolik içeriğini bazı in vitro antioksidan aktiviteleri ve temel besin bileşenlerini, seçilmiş makro (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P) ve mikro(Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Se, I) element düzeylerini, belirlemektir. Toplam fenolik içerik değerlerine göre Me-OH, EtOAc ve N-HXN ekstraktları sırasıyla 5,375 mg, 0,917 mg, 0,167 mg gallik asit (GAE)/g bulunmuştur. Me-OH ekstraktı en yüksek DPPH serbest radikal süpürme aktivitesi (%87,73) gösterirken, EtOAc ekstraktı en yüksek süperoksit radikal süpürme aktivitesine (%49,02) sahip iken N-HXN ekstraktı yüksek seviye metal şelatlama kapasitesi (289,32 µM Fe) içermektedir. Makro ve mikro elementler açısından (I ve Cr seviyeleri hariç) en yüksek konsantrasyonlar doğal mineral kaynağı olarak kabul edilen yapraklarında kaydedilmiştir. Buna göre enginar yapraklarının potansiyel bir doğal K ve Zn kaynağı sağladığı, Me-OH ve N-HXN ekstraktlarının ise iyi P ve Zn kaynağı olduğu değerlendirilmektedir.

Trends in scientific literature on the environmental sustainability of the artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. spp.) supply chain

PurposeThe research provides a systematic literature review on the environmental sustainability of the globe artichoke [Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.) Fiori], in the cultivated cardoon [Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis DC.] and in the wild cardoon [Cynara cardunculus L. var. sylvestris (Lamk)] supply chains, to fill in the literature data gaps and to identify new research directions.Design/methodology/approachIn the light of the PRISMA standard guidelines, the research provides a systematic literature review according to six research strings on Scopus and Web of Science. 45 scientific articles have been selected out of 407 contributions. Data have been synthesized according to a co-word analysis through the VOSviewer software, to provide insights into the structure of the research network, to offer a multidimensional scaling and clustering into research groups and to discuss the results.FindingsThe research identifies five main research trends: (1) biomass-to-bioenergy or biomass-to-biocomposite materials; (2) waste-to-bioenergy or waste-to-bioproducts; (3) crop management to increase yield productivity; (4) environmental impacts assessment; (5) irrigation water management. Besides, the research highlights momentous challenges and adopted strategies to tackle climate change and to reduce natural resources consumption, as well as the nexus between circular economy and environmental impact assessment.Originality/valueThe novelty of this study relies on the fact that it analyses the environmental sustainability of the Cynara cardunculus L. spp. Supply chain in a systematic way, giving the opportunity to identify future research directions regarding the environmental impacts associated with agricultural production and industrial transformation.

Artichoke By-Products Valorization for Phenols-Enriched Fresh Egg Pasta: A Sustainable Food Design Project

More healthy and sustainable food are nowadays desirable to improve human health and protect the planet’s resources. From this perspective, the aim of this study is to investigate artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) by-products as a potential source of phenolic compounds and to use these compounds to design new fresh egg pasta formulation. Sustainable extraction was carried out using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and chemometric techniques, such as the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). UAE process parameters (temperature and time) and solvent composition (ethanol aqueous mixtures) were optimized using a three-level Box–Behnken design, in order to carry out the maximum yield in phenols. Under the optimal conditions (temperature: 60 °C; time: 60 min; solvent: 50% ethanol:water), the amount of phenolics (TPC) was 22.4 ± 0.2 mg GAE g−1 d.w., characterized mainly by dicaffeoylquinic acid (32.8 ± 0.6 mg CAE g−1 d.w.) and chlorogenic acid (14.1 ± 0.2 mg CAE g−1 d.w.). Hence, the polyphenols extract was used as an ingredient to design a new formulation of functional fresh egg pasta. Four recipes with soft wheat and semolina (P1 and P2) and with soft wheat alone (P3 and P4) were prepared. Compared with control pastas (P1 and P3), the enriched ones (P2 and P4) showed a higher polyphenol content, especially for P4 (1.86 ± 0.03 mg GAE g−1 d.w. for P1, 2.05 ± 0.02 mg GAE g−1 d.w. for P2, 1.92 ± 0.03 mg GAE g−1 d.w. for P3, 2.04 ± 0.02 mg GAE g−1 d.w. for P4). A high decrease in TPC was observed as a result of the cooking process, especially for the two control formulations (−71% for P1 and −70% for P3) in comparison with P2 (−64%) and P4 (−55%). At last, to assess the antimicrobial effect of artichoke by-products on fresh pasta and to monitor its spoilage, we used image analysis. Corresponding to a higher TPC content, P2 and P4 showed an extended shelf life of 16% and 33%, respectively, probably due to the antioxidant activity of artichoke. The new fresh egg pasta enriched with polyphenols extracted from artichoke by-products showed very good nutritional and technological characteristics, even after cooking, confirming the good potentiality of artichoke by-products in the design of new, healthy, and sustainable food products.

Gibberellin treatments increase the global performance of globe artichoke hybrid propagated by seeds and suckers

• GA 3 applications increase the global performance of an artichoke hybrid propagated from both seeds and suckers. • The year affects more the productivity, commercial quality and caffeoylquinic acids content followed by the type of propagation. • GA 3 treatments have strong impact on productive and chemical variables. • An adequate combination of propagation type and GA 3 treatments for the artichoke cultivation enhance its production. In the globe artichoke ( Cynara cardunculus var . scolymus ), the application of gibberellins substitutes, partially or totally, the cold required for the entry into production. The needed amount of gibberellic acid depends on the genotype and consequently it would affect the product quality. So, the effect of gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) application in the globe artichoke hybrid Madrigal F 1 multiplied by seeds was evaluated in the course of two years. Seed and sucker propagations were compared for precocity, productivity performance, commercial quality and caffeoylquinic acids content in the second year. One application of GA 3 (50 ppm, 30 mL) was enough to produce an increase of active compounds in leaves of plants obtained from suckers. With two applications, the content of active principles increased in the edible part of plants propagated by seeds. With three applications, fibre content and browning decreased in the edible part of all plants, while yield increased and precocity was maintained. Both univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that the year affected most of the variables (78%) followed by the type of multiplication (61%). GA 3 treatments and the interactions affected 46% of the variables. These results would be useful for producers, manufacturers and consumers to achieve better globe artichoke products, since GA 3 applications increase the global performance of hybrid Madrigal F 1 propagated from both seeds and suckers.

Cynarin inhibits PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and activation in hepatic stellate cells through PPARγ

Abstract Cynarin, a caffeoylquinic acid compound that was mainly extracted from Cynara scolymus L., displays various activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, choleretic, and hepatoprotective functions. However, the target of cynarin and the mechanism of its hepatoprotective effect are still unclear. To find cynarin’s target, we performed molecular docking analysis, fluorescence-based ligand-binding assay, and reporter gene system assay. Our results indicated that cynarin was a partial agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Further studies showed that cynarin significantly inhibited platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced proliferation and activation of rat CFSC-8G hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Our results also revealed that cynarin inhibited PDGF-BB-induced extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) and v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT) phosphorylation in HSCs. In addition, this inhibition effect was PPARγ dependent since the knockdown of PPARγ significantly attenuated the effects of cynarin on PDGF-BB-induced p-ERK, p-AKT, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expressions. Therefore, this study suggests that cynarin is a promising antifibrotic lead compound that inhibits the activation of HSCs, and it works by targeting PPARγ.

Comparative Estimation of the Cytotoxic Activity of Different Parts of Cynara scolymus L.: Crude Extracts versus Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles with Apoptotic Investigation.

Different parts of Cynara scolymus L. and their green synthesized eco-friendly silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were screened for their cytotoxicity and apoptotic activity. Results showed that flower extract AgNPs exhibited more potent cytotoxicity compared to the normal form against PC-3 and A549 cell lines with IC50 values of 2.47 μg/mL and 1.35 μg/mL, respectively. The results were compared to doxorubicin (IC50 = 5.13 and 6.19 μg/mL, respectively). For apoptosis-induction, AgNPs prepared from the flower extract induced cell death by apoptosis by 41.34-fold change and induced necrotic cell death by 10.2-fold. Additionally, they induced total prostate apoptotic cell death by a 16.18-fold change, and it slightly induced necrotic cell death by 2.7-fold. Hence, green synthesized flower extract AgNPs exhibited cytotoxicity in A549 and PC-3 through apoptosis-induction in both cells. Consequently, synthesized AgNPs were further tested for apoptosis and increased gene and protein expression of pro-apoptotic markers while decreasing expression of anti-apoptotic genes. As a result, this formula may serve as a promising source for anti-cancer candidates. Finally, liquid chromatography combined with electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) analysis was assessed to identify the common bioactive metabolites in crude extracts of stem, flower, and bract.

Hepatoprotective effects of a chemically-characterized extract from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) against AFB1-induced toxicity in rats

This study was conducted to investigate the protective potential of a pharmaceutically formulated capsule of artichoke leaf powder (ArLP) against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats. In the 42-day experiment, rats were divided into five equal groups: (i) control, treated with sterile water, (ii) treated with 4% DMSO as AFB1 vehicle, (iii) ArLP of 100 mg kg–1 bw, (iv) AFB1 of 72 µg kg–1 bw, and (v) AFB1 plus ArLP. Exposure of rats to AFB1 resulted in hepatotoxicity as manifested by the intensification of oxidative stress, production of free radicals and significant increase in the activity levels of liver function enzymes relative to the control. Significant reductions in both the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant markers as well as histopathological abnormalities in liver tissues were also observed. Notably, the combined administration of ArLP with AFB1 clearly reduced AFB1-mediated adverse effects leading to the normalization of most of these parameters back to control levels. These findings clearly highlight the potential benefits of artichoke dietary supplements as a safe and natural solution in counteracting the adverse hepatotoxic effects conferred by AFB1 exposure. Further research is warranted to fully dissect the biochemical and molecular mechanism of action of the observed artichoke-mediated hepatoprotection.

Extraction, Identification and Quantification of Bioactive Compounds from Globe Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus)

This study looked at the best conditions for extracting bioactive compounds from globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus), such as total phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and inulin. The obtained results showed that the optimum conditions for extraction of total phenolics and flavonoids from receptacle and bracts of artichoke, when applying maceration at room temperature, with 70% methanol for 4 h. Genstin was the major phenolic compound (57.86 and 25.6 mg/100 g DM) in artichoke receptacle and bracts, respectively. The highest content of ascorbic acid extracted from artichoke parts was obtained using 1% citric acid solution at 25 °C. In addition, the optimum conditions for extraction of inulin were autoclave at 120 °C for 15 min. The most abundant essential amino acids were aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine and tyrosine), followed by valine, lysine, and leucine but sulfur amino acids were the limited amino acids found in the artichoke parts. Our results also suggested that bioactive compounds from artichoke extracts might have a promising future in the management of oxidative stress on the gastrointestinal tract and recommended as an attractive ingredient for developing functional food.

The Artichoke “Bianco di Pertosa”: The Enhancement of Crop Residues through Environmentally Friendly Uses

The cultivation of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) is widespread all over the world, but the largest area of cultivation is in the Mediterranean basin. It is a plant of Mediterranean origin with countless uses, whose cultivation should be preserved as agrobiodiversity, on which food safety and environmental sustainability depend. Moreover, there is the need to increase the sustainability of food systems also by recovering food loss across the supply chain and identifying ways to best utilise discharged food biomass. Effective waste management is critical to increase the environmental performance of the food system to reduce emissions, energy consumption, and waste disposal. The aims of the research were the quantification of the cultivation and processing residues of the artichoke “Bianco di Pertosa” (Salerno, Southern Italy), a plant resource that has become a driving force for the territory and their recovery, and the evaluation of the possible use in different sectors for the development of highly eco-compatible alternative products and processes. To this end, different types of determinations were carried out on heads and senescent leaves: physical measurements (diameter, height, gross and net weight of the heads, number of leaves per stem, and biomass); chemical determinations (nutritional value, humidity, ashes, proteins, crude fibres, crude fats, fatty acids, total carbohydrates, sugars, metals, and calories); and determination of the dyeing power. Results showed that the incidence of residues on the total fresh biomass was very high with values between 58.5% and 69%, confirming the high availability of biomass deriving from artichoke processing residues that can be used in various ways. In particular, the quantity of leaves was equal to 2.8 tons ha−1 in dry weight, while the residues of primary and secondary heads amounted to 1.4 tons ha−1 in dry weight. The determination of the nutritional label has highlighted a high presence of minerals, in particular, calcium, potassium, and iron; a low Na/K ratio; a high fibre content; and a favourable composition in unsaturated fatty acids. Good results were also obtained in the dyeing determination, thus making crop residues of artichoke a sought-after material for dyeing fabrics and more. These results are important to enhance territories and their resources through the development of eco-compatible processes based on the principles of a circular economy, with a low impact on the environment and safeguarding biodiversity.

Inulin from Globe Artichoke Roots: A Promising Ingredient for the Production of Functional Fresh Pasta.

Globe artichoke roots represent an alternative and sustainable source for inulin extraction and are well-noted for their technological and functional properties. Therefore, the aim of our study was to exploit inulin with high degree of polymerization as a replacement of durum wheat semolina for the production of functional fresh pasta. The effect of increased level of substitution (5, 10, 15%) on cooking, structural, sensory, and nutritional properties were evaluated and compared with a control sample consisting exclusively of durum wheat semolina. Inulin addition caused changes to internal structure as evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The enriched samples showed a lower swelling index, an increasing cooking time, and values of cooking loss (2.37–3.62%), mainly due to the leaching of inulin into the cooking water. Cooked and raw enriched pasta was significantly darker and firmer than the control, but the sensory attributes were not negatively affected, especially at 5 and 10% of substitution levels. The increase of dietary fiber content in enriched pasta (3.44–12.41 g/100 g) resulted in a significant reduction of glycaemic index (pGI) and starch hydrolysis (HI). After gastrointestinal digestion, inulin-enriched pasta increased prebiotic growth able to significantly reduce E. coli cell density.

Cynara Scolymus (Artichoke) Improves Liver Regeneration after Partial Liver Resection in Rats

Objective: Liver regeneration is necessary to restore hepatic mass and functional capacity after partial hepatectomy (PH). Cynara scolymus (CS) is a pharmacologically important plant that contains phenolic acids and flavonoids, and experimental studies have indicated that it has antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CS in liver regeneration after PH in rats. 
 Methods: A total of 36 Wistar albino rats weighing 280.5 ± 18.6 g were used. CS leaf extract was administered after partial hepatectomy. The rats were sacrificed at postoperative day 14, and the histological changes were assessed. The mitotic index (MI), nucleus size, hepatocyte size, and binucleation rate (BR) of hepatocytes were assessed using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. 
 Results: The rats that received CS extract had significant differences in liver regeneration markers, including the hepatocyte size, mitotic index, and Ki-67 proliferation index (p