Level Of Globalization Research Articles

Globalization and social distance: Multilevel analysis of attitudes toward immigrants in the European Union.

Attitudes toward immigrants can, to a large extent, be determined by certain macro contextual factors. This paper tests a number of proposed hypotheses to illustrate patterns of influence generated by economic and social globalization on perceived social distance relative to immigrants. The European Union (EU) constitutes an ideal study case as its Member States vary in exposure to globalization and attract immigrants from different countries of origin. We conduct a multilevel analysis combining individual level variables from Eurobarometer's recent dataset collected in 2017 and country-level variables from KOF of Globalization Index and other major sources. The results show that individuals in countries with higher degrees of social globalization have lower levels of social distance toward immigrants, while relative level of economic globalization has scant influence. Contact factors are also evaluated for their potential effects. Both casual and close contacts, as specified, reduce social distance. This study contributes to migration studies by offering a clearer specification of how social, rather than economic, globalization interact with contact factors to decrease one's perceived distance from immigrants in the EU.

Does financial globalization contribute to financial development in developing countries? Evidence from Africa

This study used panel data from 33 African nations during a period from 2005–2019 to examine the relationship between financial globalization and financial development. Regressions with Driscoll-Kraay and panel-corrected standard errors, which account for cross-sectional dependence, were employed to analyze the link. The main findings of this study reveal the existence of a U-shaped relationship between financial globalization and financial development in Africa, suggesting that a lower level of financial globalization appears to have a negative influence on financial development. However, above a certain point, a growth in financial globalization is accompanied by an increase in financial development. In other words, countries with a lower (higher) level of financial globalization have experienced negative (positive) effects on their financial development. Trade openness, financial freedom, and investment freedom have also been found to be strongly and positively related to financial development in Africa. Based on the findings, African countries are advised to consider the appropriate timing prior to fully opening their capital accounts to international players in order to enjoy the benefits of financial globalization.

АКСИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ МОТИВЫ В РОМАНЕ Л. УЛИЦКОЙ «МЕДЕЯ И ЕЕ ДЕТИ» В КОНТЕКСТЕ ГЕНДЕРНОЙ ПРОБЛЕМАТИКИ

Statement of the problem. This article discusses the impact of gender analysis and axiology on literary criticism due to the high level of scientific globalization, which leads to the replenishment of the literary dictionary with such terms as gender and value orientation. The purpose of the article is to analyze the motive structure of L. Ulitskaya’s novel Medea and Her Children in the aspect of gender analysis, taking into account the values of feminine and masculine types. Comparative, motivational and gender analysis should be singled out as the main methods. The research results are based on the motive analysis. It was revealed that the axiological picture of the world of female and male images recreated in L. Ulitskaya’s novel ‟Medea and Her Children” is almost identical, but has a number of characteristic features, consisting of the image of the main character and the tropes used.

Global human obesity and political globalization; asymmetric relationship through world human development levels.

Purpose - Political globalization is a crucial and distinct component of strengthening global organizations. Obesity is a global epidemic in a few nations, and it is on the verge of becoming a pandemic that would bring plenty of diseases. This research aims to see how the political globalization index affects worldwide human obesity concerning global human development levels. Methods- To assess any cross-sectional dependence among observed 109 nations, the yearly period from 1990 to 2017 is analyzed using second generation panel data methods. KAO panel cointegration test and Fully Modified Least Square model were used to meet our objectives. Finding- Low level of political globalization tends to increase global human obesity because countries cannot sway international decisions and resources towards them. While the high level of political globalization tends to reduce obesity because it can control and amends international decisions. For the regression model, a fully modified Least Square model was utilized. The study observed that the R squared values for all models are healthy, with a minimum of 87 percent variables explaining differences in global obesity at the country level. Originality: There is very important to tackle the globalization issue to reduce global human obesity. With the simplicity of dietary options and the amount of physical labour they undergo in their agricultural duties, an increase in rural population percentage tends to lower the average national obesity value.

The impact of international sanctions on innovation of target countries

AbstractThis paper mainly presents a complete analysis of the impact of such sanctions on the innovation performance of target countries by exploiting the difference‐in‐differences method for panel data of 91 countries in the period 1988–2016. The empirical results confirm a significantly negative impact of overall international sanctions on innovation in the target countries; moreover, except for noneconomic sanctions, other types of sanctions have a negative impact on the level of innovation in the target countries to varying degrees. These findings are also supported by two semiparametric matchings: artificially matching according to the two factors of geographical location and land area respectively and the propensity score matching, one nonparametric matching: entropy balancing, as well as the system generalized method of moments estimates that account for any bias due to lagged dependent variables. This paper also shows that the significantly negative effect of international sanctions is manifested in the countries with high levels of trade openness, globalization, and democracy, but not in the countries with low levels of trade openness, globalization, and democracy. Our empirical findings merit particular attention from policy‐makers in target countries.

Speaking of Opportunities: The Effect of Language on Entrepreneurial Alertness

Although entrepreneurial alertness is foundational in applied entrepreneurship studies, entrepreneurship scholars have rarely considered institutional factors that shape entrepreneurial alertness. We investigate the underlying mechanisms of entrepreneurial alertness with respect to one of the most salient, yet underexplored, aspects of informal institutions: the future-time-reference (FTR) in linguistic structures. Drawing upon imprinting theory, we theorize that entrepreneurs’ early language imprint persistently affects their alertness, and that both individual and environmental contextual factors may alter this effect. We test our model with two studies. Study 1 employs a multi-source database with 107,830 observations across 56 countries and Study 2 surveys 618 entrepreneurs in four countries. Our findings indicate that entrepreneurs in institutions with strong-FTR languages exhibit higher level of alertness. Further, this effect is intensified for older entrepreneurs, yet weakened for entrepreneurs with higher level of education or entrepreneurs who experience higher level of globalization in their home country. Our study contributes to a better understanding of language imprinting on entrepreneurial alertness.

How Does Globalization Influence the Impact of Tourism on Carbon Emissions and Ecological Footprint? Evidence from African Countries

Tourism and globalization are considered as drivers of economic growth since they boost income, job opportunities, infrastructural development, international trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, and technological diffusion. However, the economic benefits of tourism and globalization could occur at the expense of increased energy consumption (from fossil fuels) and other pollution-intensive activities that worsen environmental degradation, especially in countries with lax institutions and environmental standards. The roles of tourism, globalization, and their interaction term on environmental degradation have not been thoroughly investigated. Hence, this study analyzes the moderating role of globalization on the impact of tourism on environmental degradation (carbon emissions and ecological footprint) in 31 African countries using different dimensions of tourism and globalization. It uncovers the marginal effect of tourism on environmental degradation at different levels of globalization. It utilizes strategies that account for cointegration, dynamism, endogeneity, heterogeneity, cross sectional dependency, and causality. Evidence from this study shows that globalization and its dimensions play favorable moderating roles on the impact of tourism on carbon emissions. The marginal effect of tourism on carbon emissions decreases as globalization increases, suggesting that a simultaneous increase in tourism and globalization can mitigate carbon emissions. However, no evidence to show that globalization can mitigate the environmental impact of tourism on ecological footprint. The findings differ probably because carbon emissions and ecological footprint measure different aspects of environmental degradation. This analysis emphasizes the need for countries to consider the interaction between tourism and globalization in their quest to ensure environmental sustainability. JEL Classification: F64, Q53, Z32

Globalisation and economic growth in Africa: New evidence from the past two decades

Background: In the last two decades, the world experienced two overlapping global shocks – that is, the 2008–2009 financial crisis and the COVID-19 lockdowns – with severe social and economic consequences on African economies that have, once again, brought to the fore the intricate role that globalisation plays in economic growth because of grave risks that often accompany it.Aim: We consider three research questions about globalisation: (i) does globalisation heighten economic growth? (ii) is there a statistically significant threshold level of globalisation above which globalisation affects growth differently than at lower levels? (iii) what factors moderate the globalisation-economic growth nexus?Setting: A panel of 47 selected countries from Africa from 2001 to 2018 is under scrutiny.Method: To begin, it applies an overlapping five-year moving average (MA) to smoothen the data. In addition, we employ the revised globalisation index and the two-step systems generalised method of the moment (GMM) in its empirical strategy.Results: We find a largely insignificant relationship between globalisation and economic growth. We attribute these results to Africa’s infinitesimal share – less than 5% – in foreign direct investment (FDI) and global trade, acute infrastructure deficit and the lack of relevant skills that lead to productivity losses and weak performance within the international business ecosystem. We also find, among others, that globalisation is more effective in countries with more gross capital formation, higher population and urban growth rates.Conclusion: For Africa to maximise its growth potential from globalisation, sound policies should be put in place to promote trade, FDI, domestic capital formation and urbanisation. We suggest that future studies investigate the long-run equilibrium relationship between globalisation and economic growth.

Globalization Is Associated With Lower Levels of National Narcissism: Evidence From 56 Countries

We present a largescale, preregistered examination of factors that explain why citizens of certain nations might show higher levels of national narcissism than others. National narcissism is the belief that one’s nation is exceptional yet undervalued. It is related to several social ills, including conspiracy beliefs, intergroup aggression, extremism, and rejection of science. We theorized that national narcissism would be related to the nature of relations between countries. We expected it to be associated with higher levels of external conflict and lower levels of globalization. Using multilevel modeling across 56 countries (n = 50,757), we found that citizens of less globalized nations showed higher average national narcissism. However, external conflict was unrelated to national narcissism. We also tested whether citizens’ national narcissism was higher in countries led by populists but found no evidence for this effect. At the individual level, higher individual narcissism, self-esteem, and right-wing political orientation positively predicted higher national narcissism.

Factors affecting per capita ecological footprint in OECD countries: Evidence from machine learning techniques

For a few decades, factors affecting environmental deterioration have been at the center of much interest This paper examines the impact of income level, disaggregated energy consumption, types of globalization level, and urbanization on per capita ecological footprint by utilizing novel machine learning techniques (tree regression, boosting, bagging, and random forest) for 27 OECD countries during 1971–2016. It is found that the random forest algorithms best fit the dataset. The empirical results exhibit that oil product consumption, electricity consumption, and gross domestic product are the most significant variables for our model. Besides, the partial dependence plots results show that economic growth and especially fossil fuel energy consumption damage the environment. These findings have important implications for both developed and developing countries for designing proper energy and environmental policies. Especially, policymakers should focus on sustainable development instead of plain economic growth.

Dual channel supply chain inventory policies for controllable deteriorating items having dynamic demand under trade credit policy with default risk

Presently in the commercial environment, because of the high level of market globalization and rapid increase in industrialization, supply chain synchronization is playing an increasingly significant role in the proper management of the whole system including several factors at the same time. In real business world, both manufacturer and retailer accept credit to make their business position strong, as credit not only strengthens their business relationships but also increases the scale of their profits. The long period of credit may increase the demand ratebut simultaneously it can also increase the credit risk. We investigate a two-layer supply chain model under dynamic demand with a manufacturer and a retailer maintaining decaying items with controllable deterioration rates under two levels of trade credit policies. For the time of trade credit granted to the retailer, the manufacturer bears opportunity costs. To promote sales and optimize sales volume, both supply chain participants give trade credit periods to downstream members and due to the credit period, both of them are facing default risk. Both members work together to invest in preservation technologies to abate the rate of degradation. The proposed models are developed for both the centralized and the decentralized scenarios. A closed form model having profit maximization problem is developed for both the centralized and the decentralized scenarios. The focus of this study is to obtain the optimal selling price, replenishment cycle time, preservation technology cost, upstream and downstream trade credit period to optimize supply chain profit. The paper’s novelty lies in introducing two level trade credit with default risk considering decaying items with controllable deterioration and price and credit sensitive customer’s demand in a dual channel supply chain inventory policy. It is found that joint supply chain model can be able to enhance the total profit of the whole supply chain. Lastly, sensitivity analysis highlights the influence of major model parameters using numerical examples.

Natural resources and national productivity in Africa: are there differences in high and low globalized economies?

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the effect of natural resources on the national productivity of high and low globalized economies in Africa.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses two-step generalized method of moments dynamic panel data of 30 African economies between 2006 and 2016 to achieve the purpose of the study.FindingsThe results suggest that natural resources promote productivity within African economies regardless of the level of globalization. However, while natural resources have an overall enhancing effect on national productivity in both high and low globalized economies, the enhancing effect varies according to the forms of globalization. The findings of this study suggest that globalization can alter the nexus between natural resources and national productivity in Africa. The results imply that African Governments and their related policymakers can rely on globalization to promote the effect of natural resources on productivity of African economies.Practical implicationsThis result is good and welcoming news, especially when natural resources in Africa have been described by prior studies as a curse to the continent. While globalization can be a tool for policymakers in Africa to deploy the positive effect of natural resources on national productivity, they might as well be careful as to which form of globalization they pursue, given that different forms and different levels or extent (high or low) of globalization yields different results on the nexus between natural resources and national productivity.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first of its kind to examine how natural resources affect national productivity in high and low globalized economies, especially in Africa.

Associations between COVID-19 Pandemic, Lockdown Measures and Human Mobility: Longitudinal Evidence from 86 Countries.

Recognizing an urgent need to understand the dynamics of the pandemic’s severity, this longitudinal study is conducted to explore the evolution of complex relationships between the COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown measures, and social distancing patterns in a diverse set of 86 countries. Collecting data from multiple sources, a structural equation modeling (SEM) technique is applied to understand the interdependencies between independent variables, mediators, and dependent variables. Results show that lockdown and confinement measures are very effective to reduce human mobility at retail and recreation facilities, transit stations, and workplaces and encourage people to stay home and thereby control COVID-19 transmission at critical times. The study also found that national contexts rooted in socioeconomic and institutional factors influence social distancing patterns and severity of the pandemic, particularly with regard to the vulnerability of people, treatment costs, level of globalization, employment distribution, and degree of independence in society. Additionally, this study portrayed a mutual relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and human mobility. A higher number of COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths reduces human mobility and the countries with reduced personal mobility have experienced a deepening of the severity of the pandemic. However, the effect of mobility on pandemic severity is stronger than the effect of pandemic situations on mobility. Overall, the study displays considerable temporal changes in the relationships between independent variables, mediators, and dependent variables considering pandemic situations and lockdown regimes, which provides a critical knowledge base for future handling of pandemics. It has also accommodated some policy guidelines for the authority to control the transmission of COVID-19.

The Impact of Energy Innovations and Environmental Performance on the Sustainable Development of the EU Countries in a Globalized Digital Economy

The research conducted in this paper aims to examine the role of energy innovations, digital technological transformation, and environmental performance in enhancing the sustainable economic development of the European Union (EU) countries, widely shaped by the globalization process. An advanced empirical analysis is configured on a cross-sectional dataset of EU-27 Member States compiled at the level of 2018 based on several modern econometric procedures, namely robust regression, structural equation modelling (SEM) and network analysis through Gaussian graphical models (GGM). We apply the econometric procedures to firstly identify and assess the direct, indirect, and total interlinkages between all considered variables, as well as their further cumulated spillover impact on sustainable economic development. EU countries are afterward clustered according to the Ward method inset on hierarchical clustering for an in-depth assessment and tailored policy design by accounting for the level of financial and trade globalization (captured through the KOF Index of Globalization), environmental performance and sustainability (captured through the Environmental Performance Index—EPI), and the degree of integration of digital technologies (proxied through the Digital Economy and Society Index—DESI). Main results highlight that there are significant beneficial effects induced by energy innovations, increased environmental performance and digital transformation on the sustainable development of EU countries, with notable differentiation among them. Policy guidelines and strategic directions are also enhanced and largely presented within the paper.

Globalization, government regulation, and country risk: International evidence

This paper investigates the risk-sharing and risk-taking effects of multidimensional globalization and government regulation on multifaceted country risk by using a panel data of 77 countries over the period 1984–2015. To gain further insights into this issue, we also examine the roles of banking activities, economic development, and geographic regions on the relationship between globalization, government regulation, and country risk. Our main empirical results show that a higher level of globalization and less restricted government regulation of the financial sector significantly decrease country risks, supporting the risk-sharing hypothesis in our study. In addition, bank performance, bank concentration, and economic development play an essential role as conditional factors to influence the country risk. This finding offers several useful insights for policymakers and researchers.

The energy transition in Europe-a solution for net zero carbon?

Climate change has generated intense concerns from public authorities and international institutions with regard to shaping the behavior of companies, consumers, investors, and other stakeholders so as to manage this challenge as efficiently as possible. In order to address the climate emergency in the post-pandemic era, recovery plans need to trigger decarbonization, and a green transition, including specific investments and providing a more adaptive structure of the sources of energy in different regions, able to meet the need for a systemic shift towards a more sustainable economy that works for both people and the planet. The main measurable effect of energy production and consumption is by far represented by carbon emissions. In the present paper, we aim to identify the statistical significance of several factors influencing the carbon dioxide emission per capita in the European countries-level of economic development, level of globalization, trade openness, and the intensity of energy transition measured by the share of renewable energy in total energy consumption. The results show an increased interest of the experts in energy consumption model shift through green energy increased share, with relatively high differences among the 42 European countries analyzed. The analysis was conducted for the period 1990-2018 and policy differences depending on variables (GDP/capita, globalization index, trade openness, and renewable energy share in total energy consumption) were identified. The results showed that the carbon dioxide emission per capita evaluation designed model is representative of the European countries. The fact that the targets set by European non-EU member states for reducing CO2 emissions are lower than for the EU is influencing the dynamics of the energy transition, with implications for the size and destination of funds to finance the development of renewable energy.

The Impact of Globalization on Renewable Energy Development in the Countries along the Belt and Road Based on the Moderating Effect of the Digital Economy

Within the context of globalization, the development of renewable energy is critical for attaining sustainable development, and the digital economy is also a critical driver for achieving it. This article incorporates globalization, renewable energy development, and the digital economy into its research framework, investigates the relationship between globalization and renewable energy development, and explores the moderating effect of the digital economy, using panel data from countries along the Belt and Road (B&R) from 2001 to 2018. It is found that globalization facilitates the development of renewable energy. The 1% increase in globalization results in a 1.06% increase in renewable energy development; the level of globalization has a significant effect on renewable energy development in high-income countries, upper-middle-income countries, and low-income countries, but not in lower-middle-income countries; the digital economy has a moderating effect on the impact of globalization on renewable energy development in countries along the B&R. Simultaneously, the effect of globalization on renewable energy development in B&R countries is influenced by the digital economy’s single threshold effect, and the effect of globalization on renewable energy development is more pronounced when the level of digital economy development is less than the threshold of 0.061. The conclusions of this article have significant implications for the B&R countries’ sustainable development in the contexts of globalization and the digital economy.

Resilience Analysis of Additive Manufacturing-enabled Supply Chains: An Exploratory Study

Unparalleled level of globalization and fierce competition have made supply chains (SCs) exceedingly complex and fragile as ever before. Increased incidences of natural disasters and unprecedented COVID-19 have highlighted the significance of improving supply chain resilience (SCR) by divulging its susceptibility to the external events. Additive manufacturing (AM) is envisioned as the disruptive technology that allows layer-wised fabrication and has been claimed to be an important contributor to the improved SCR as it could bring new opportunities through expanded design freedom, improved material efficiency, shortened supply chains, and decentralized manufacturing. Nonetheless, rare research has quantitatively measured the impacts of AM on SCR. To fill this research gap, the indices for assessing SCR of AM-enabled supply chains (AM-SCs) are first proposed, and then, the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) is employed to derive a quantifiable SCR score that can be used to measure the performance of different SCs. A case study of a gas pedal assembly is presented with three different SC configurations: the original assembly with conventional manufacturing, original assembly with AM, and redesigned assembly with AM. The exploratory study shows that the redesigned assembly with AM considerations could improve the SCR by 200%. Sensitivity analysis also revealed that part count and reaction time of suppliers are influential factors of improving SCR. Last, challenges and limitations of the proposed framework are also deliberated upon alongside future research scope.

Assessing and Predicting the Distribution of Riparian Invasive Plants in Continental Portugal

The number of alien plant species is growing steadily across all world regions. These numbers tend to be exceptionally high in riparian ecosystems, often with substantial negative consequences for native species communities and ecosystem services provision. Here, we map the richness of invasive alien plant species in riparian ecosystems of continental Portugal, assess the relative importance of human and natural factors in shaping the uncovered patterns, and predict richness values along watercourses and at the municipal level for the whole study area. We found a higher richness of invasive alien plants in low altitudes and in downstream areas where human concentration is high. As time progresses, ongoing and increasing levels of socio-economic activity and globalization of plant trade will conceivably lead to a higher number of alien species becoming established. National and sub-national measures aiming to prevent and manage biological invasions in riparian ecosystems require coordinated efforts involving both local entities and those with responsibilities in the management of upstream catchment areas. These efforts must also be targeted to achieve future biodiversity protection goals as part of the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030.

Studying abroad: the role of consumer cosmopolitanism in the enrolment decisions

PurposeCosmopolitans transcend their local boundaries by interacting and actively seeking other cultures, and the applications of these characteristics to consumption behaviour is called consumer cosmopolitanism. To outline inferences on what school leavers would experience, consider or do when planning to study abroad, this paper aims to examine people who have experienced Erasmus concerning the relationship between their level and type of consumer cosmopolitanism and the decisions related to enrolling in the Erasmus programme, which include the decision itself, motivations, choice of destination, pursuing cultural differences and search for different levels of globalisation.Design/methodology/approachAfter proposing a conceptual model, data were collected by surveying undergraduate or postgraduate students. Then a set of multivariate analyses were developed to validate the hypotheses.FindingsContrarily to what could be expected, results indicate that consumer cosmopolitanism decreases the likelihood for students to enrol on the programme. Additionally, three types of consumer cosmopolitanism were found: low, cultural and high cosmopolitans. According to results, low cosmopolitans display lower likelihoods of enrolment than the other two types. This evidence supports that intention to enrol is not always a good predictor of behaviour and that a gap is proven here as well. This study also suggests that cosmopolitan consumers do not reveal a preference for countries with similar/different cultures or levels of globalization to that of their own country, but, conversely, experiencing a different culture remains one of the leading motivations for these consumers.Originality/valueAlthough cosmopolitanism has been extensively studied in different research fields, its link with the decisions on studying abroad has barely been explored.