Global Attitudes Research Articles

For God or Country? Comparing the Sources of Anti-American and Anti-Muslim Attitudes

ABSTRACTNegative attitudes about Americans pervade the Muslim world. And many Americans hold negative views of Muslims. Although prior literatures provide many explanations for the sources of antagonism in each population, scholars have yet to provide a direct comparison between the two. Thus, instead of explaining the attitudes themselves, this research compares them. When the same questions are asked of Americans and Muslims, are the same variables significant predictors of antagonism? We use 2008 and 2011 survey data from the Pew Global Attitudes Project and ordered probit models to answer this question at two distinct points in time. The results illustrate the importance of domestic politics for both populations, providing insight into the potential utility of foreign policies designed to improve attitudes. Additionally, we find that the story of religion's influence on anti-American attitudes is a complex one, which changes depending on how religiosity is operationalized. This research represents a first step in bringing the literatures on anti-Muslim and anti-American attitudes together, while also revealing important similarities and differences in the sources of antagonism.

Sociodemographic variables and efficacy study in psychotic patients after 12 months of outpatient treatment with paliperidone palmitate (PP)

IntroductionPsychotic disorders are serious mental illnesses that compromise the quality of life of patients. It is important to know the characteristics of the affected population, seek to improve the adhesion and functionality.ObjectivesTo describe the sociodemographic characteristics of patients treated with Palmitato Paliperidona (PP). Analyze the efficacy variables, adherence to treatment.MethodsCross-sectional study of 15 patients in outpatient follow-up after 12 months of treatment with PP. Sociodemographic characteristics are collected, mean dose of PP, through a mirror study. Scales to measure the functionality, clinical status and attitude towards medication apply: Scale of personal and social functioning (PSP), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI-SI) and attitudes toward Inventory Medication (DAI).ResultsThe sample consists of 15 patients (54% male). 81% are single; 77% live alone and 94% not working. The mean dose of PP is 147 mg/month. DAI shows a good attitude to the treatment (80%). The PSP shows that 22% of patients have serious difficulties in its development. The CGI-SI shows that 67% are moderately sick and the BPRS that 33% of patients have a serious disorder.ConclusionsThe demographic profile of patients after 12 months of treatment with PP coincides with male, unmarried, unemployed, living alone. Most have good adherence. The variables measured by the CGI-SI, BPRS and PSP, displayed moderately ill patients with severe difficulties or marked on their autonomy.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Deprivation, Class and Identity Issue in Contemporary Turkish Cinema

New economy–politics and globalization have not only been changing the structure of class but the representation of identities as well. New social roles are reproduced and also criticized by the means of cultural production in which media and cinema instruments included. In past, the class structure and attachment to identities were effected by modernization process; in a similar way; in the current state of modernization, the new cultural sphere shaped by global communication networks and global consumption attitudes have been alternating the class structure and attachment to identity. With this context, this study analyzed some contemporary social realistic films (Zerre, Araf, Koksuz, Yozgat Blues) to understand how the position of individual changes within its role with herself and its relation to social institutions through a critical approach towards the dimensions of culture and economy-politics of the change. The aim is to start a discussion over cinema, about the effect of cultural change on class and representation of identity. The theoretic frame enlightening the change of the relation of the individual with her work, family, and society was built with the help of critical works. The economy-politics result of the globalization phenomenon has isolated the individual and detached her from its position, subject of politics. The structure of class has changed, the attachment to identity has weakened. The desperation of individual belonging to nothing, is a subject of cinema as well. The isolation and the deprivation of the new individual emerges as the very “violence” itself in the fantastic world of cinema.

Human-genome editing summit to sample global attitudes

Human-genome editing summit to sample global attitudes

Globalization, Contact, and Religious Identity: A Cross‐National Analysis of Interreligious Favorability*

ObjectivesThis article examines cross‐national variation in interreligious favorability across the globe. We develop and test several hypotheses linking globalization to attitudes toward the religious other through mechanisms of religious belonging and contact.MethodsUtilizing cross‐national data in 20 countries from the Pew Global Attitudes Surveys (2011), we run a series of multilevel and logistic regression estimations to test our hypotheses about global contact, religious identity, and interreligious favorability.ResultsWe find that global contact has a positive effect on interreligious favorability, whereas holding religious identity increases negative sentiments toward religious outgroups. We also find that increased levels of globalization inhibit the negative impact of religious belonging and threat perceptions on favorable views of the religious other.ConclusionAlthough globalization increases the salience of religion as an exclusive identity category at the expense of decreased interreligious favorability, individuals become more conducive to interreligious tolerance thanks to frequent social contact at higher levels of globalization.

Documentary Animism: Material Politics and Sensory Ethics in The Act of Killing (2012)

Ethics and the Difficulties of Documentary ActivismEARLY IN THE ACT OF KILLING, we meet Anwar Congo and Herman Koto, both in high spirits as they plan to make film. Anwar tells Herman, Whether this ends up on the big screen, or only on TV, it doesn't matter; . . . this is who we are, so in the future people will remember. We find variations on this sentiment in many documentaries: the participants want to tell their version of the truth. Of course, Anwar's opening affirmation is not straightforward. Anwar and Herman are two small-time living in Medan, and Anwar is complicit in Indonesia's murderous past-the horrific genocide of 1965-66. Today these killers lead comfortable lives while socializing with popular paramilitary organizations, media moguls, and high-ranking politicians. The Act of Killing documents bizarre camaraderie of murderers and narrates their rise to fame, celebrity, and stardom as they work toward cinematic autobiography.Following military coup in 1965, new Indonesian government formed under President Suharto. The military hired out paramilitary death squads to cleanse the nation of dissenting factions, targeting the world's third-largest communist party (the PKI), the intellectual community, artists, and the ethnic Chinese minority. The film titles cautiously cite the number at one million disappeared, but authority figures within the diegesis testify on state-television talk show and boast of 2.5 million deceased under the military regime's two-year transition to democracy. The contemporary Indonesian government is development from the cultural and political foundations laid by the massacres. The state currently allows Anwar and fellow premans, as they are colloquially known, to live freely and without punitive measures.The word preman roughly translates into gangster and is an etymological derivative of the English phrase free men. This libertarian freedom exists as an unchecked and approbated criminality, as the premans are softly endorsed by democratically elected politicians, often complicit in the illegal acts themselves. Benedict Anderson clarifies the half-authorized status of the premans as a sort of half-hidden lefthand of the New Order Leviathan: uncivil servants (281). The premans speak openly about their past crimes without fear of judicial or social consequence and show little regard for global attitudes toward genocide. In the film, they favorably compare their past deeds to those of Idi Amin and the Nazis, laugh at the tenets of the Geneva Convention, display flagrant misogyny, and brag about raping underage women.Anwar and his gang of death squad associates have origins as the theater gangsters who made their first illicit marks by selling movie tickets to popular Hollywood cinema in the early 1960s-a practice banned by the then-influential PKI. Throughout Joshua Oppenheimer's documentary, these men testify that the embargo on Western cinema infringed on their business since Hollywood films were the most popular and greatest attraction for their customers. The killers insist that the PKI boycott of Hollywood movies engendered hatred for the people they subsequently murdered. This entanglement of murder, culture, and diaspora precipitates one of the more shocking claims advanced in the film: the premans contend that Western cinematic aesthetics helped guide their hands in the contracted assassination of Indonesia's communists and many others. Anwar and company are fluent in film history and venerate Hollywood. As Anwar lightly points out, watching film like an Elvis Presley musical would allow him to kill in happy way. The cinephilia of Anwar and his friends inspired Oppenheimer to adopt an unusual documentary technique that defines The Act of Killing: the killers reanimate their memories and dreams of the murders by making an autobiographical film. The result of the killers' cinema is striking and surreal in its beautiful renditions of familiar narrative genres including Westerns, film noir, musicals, melodrama, and horror. …

Father's Perceptions about Their Fathering Role

This literature review explores scholarly contributions about the historical factors and modern day considerations that have served to shape our understanding of the fathering role. Human history has bared witness to significant shifts in perceptions concerning the role of the patriarch within the context of both familial and social structures. Socio-economic factors have served to shape the modern conceptualization of fatherhood. Fathers must face both external and internal attitudes about their role. The impact of these attitudes and the systems they inform has led to concerns about the parent-child attachment process. Global attitudes and expectation about the paternal role have also led to concerns about the safety and well-being of children. Faced with challenges that range from societal expectations and preconceived notions, to systemic challenges, fathers today must become strong advocates for their right to influence and participate in the lives of their children.

Going Global in Early Childhood Education

The need to foster a global understanding of humanistic and ecological values and skills is increasingly becoming evident in early childhood education. This article closely examines some of the concepts of global education, namely “perspective consciousness, cross-cultural awareness, state-of-the-planet awareness, system connectedness, awareness and utilization of technology, and options for participation.” It discusses ways to teach children global skills, knowledge, and attitudes essential for developing an understanding of global citizenship—both at school and at home. The article highlights the benefits of global education to educators in general and also to members of the greater community, encouraging exposure to the concept at early stages of learning.

Queer subjectivities in J.M. Coetzee's Disgrace and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's ‘On Monday of last week’

abstractFrom the escalating practice of the ‘corrective rape’ of lesbians in South Africa, to the more recent (extra-legal) criminalisation of same-sex relations in Nigeria, Uganda and Zimbabwe, there are grounds to believe that non-normative sexuality on the African continent is viewed as not just undermining cultural imperatives, but as disrupting human, subjective norms. Tellingly, then, the issue of sexuality has typically been, and is still, shrouded somewhat in silence and secrecy in African discourse and literature. Not coincidentally, J.M. Coetzee's controversial novel Disgrace remains silent on the sexual violation of the lesbian character, Lucy, while Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's provocative short story, ‘On Monday of last week’, merely alludes to the possibility of a same-sex relationship. Inflected by race, ethnicity and gender, these authors' inexplicit addressing of these concerns fundamentally interrogates and politicises – with different effect – non-normative, queer subjectivities while offering spaces for reimagining subjective states and prospects. Read comparatively, both texts deploy silence as an aesthetic of queerness that functions to reflect and subvert global national attitudes to subjective ‘otherness’ and to render ‘absences’ louder than ‘presences’.

Provide a model for determining the factors affecting the world-class manufacturing (WCM) based on core competencies of organizations

Nowadays, globalizations of the economy, the dominant paradigms of organizations vary greatly stretched the natural result of competition from local and national markets to international markets. World-class manufacturing organizations to the concept of continuous improvement is the key sources, has led to fundamental changes in Manufacturing and global business arena. There are two main axes: global attitudes toward markets and relationships with customers and develop for goods and services in the world. Hence, the conceptual design and the importance of flexibility and adaptation to environmental contingency model of organizations and companies to achieve Excellency has become an inevitable necessity. This study proposes a conceptual model to evaluate the production of world-class definitions and models presented in this study. With emphasis on the core competencies of the organization, building world-class organizations to achieve Excellency has four pillars: Total quality management, developing and implementing business Excellency models, lean production, continuous and comprehensive performance evaluation of employees.

The Current Status of Endoscopy in Transsphenoidal Surgery: An International Survey

A survey-based study was designed to assess opinions related to transsphenoidal endoscopy, to evaluate the current global attitudes of neurosurgeons regarding the use of this procedure, and to solicit basic data from key institutions worldwide, with the advantage that large series of cases become available for analysis. A web-based multi-item questionnaire was distributed to the surgical departments of 393 neurosurgical centers by means of an invitation e-mail. The questionnaire was composed of 2 sections: section 1 focused on the surgical technique for pituitary adenomas (standard technique), and section 2 concentrated on surgery for skull base tumors (extended technique). Each section was composed of 2 parts: multiple choice questions and free textual responses. From a total of 393 neurosurgical centers, from 23 countries, that received the questionnaire, 87 of them (22%) submitted complete or incomplete responses. The surgical procedure, in 60 cases had been performed by a neurosurgeon, in 53 cases by a neurosurgeon and an otolaryngologist, and in 4 cases by an otolaryngologist only. The endoscope (2- and 3-dimensional) was used in 85.2% of transsphenoidal procedures versus the microscope in 14.8% of cases. The endonasal route was used for approach in 93.2% versus the sublabial route in 6.8% of cases. Computer-guided navigation was used by survey population in 71 cases, micro-Doppler in 51 cases, and Cavitron Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator in 43 cases. Several hundreds of extrasellar tumors were operated using the extended technique. Transsphenoidal endoscopy for pituitary and anterior skull base tumors has become established as a routine method of dealing with a variety of lesions. The level of interest in the neurosurgical surgery community is reflected by the geometric expansion of contributions to the literature on endoscopic surgery.

Exploring Reactions to Hacktivism Among STEM College Students: A Preliminary Model of Hacktivism Support and Resistance

This study investigated the predictors of support for and resistance to hacktivism in a sample of 78 science, technology, engineering, and mathematics majors at a Midwestern university. Results from surveys about real-world instances of hacktivism indicate different preexisting global attitudes predict specific situational hacktivism support (predicted by admiration) versus resistance (predicted by willingness to report). Also, participants gave greater weight to their perceptions of hacktivist (rather than target) trustworthiness/untrustworthiness. Comparisons among different facets of trustworthiness suggest perceptions of shared values with and integrity of the hacktivists are especially important for predicting support and resistance. Participants also were more supportive of hacktivism rated as having higher utilitarian value but not less supportive of hacktivism initiated for retribution. Mediation analyses indicated that situation perceptions significantly mediated the effects of global attitudes on hacktivism support/resistance, but that the significance of specific mediators was inconsistent across analyses. This suggests that the importance of mediators may depend on specific context.

High School Students' Contact with and Attitudes towards Persons with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in Kuwait

This study aims to investigate demographic variables, contact-related correlates, and attitudes towards persons with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD) among Kuwaiti high school students (N = 700). The study focuses on variables that few studies have investigated and attempts to raise awareness among social workers to advocate for the inclusion of people with IDD and reform social policy that would improve the inclusion in society. The adapted Mental Retardation Attitude Inventory—Revised (MRAI-R) was used. A set of demographic variables and known predictors of attitudes to people with IDD were tested in multivariate analyses. Except for age, differences in global attitudes were found to be a function of gender, knowing persons with IDD, intimacy, frequency of contact, intensity of contact, and knowledge of IDD. Higher levels of Contact-Intensity and higher age were associated with more positive attitudes on the Integration–Segregation, Social Distance, Private Rights, and Subtle Derogatory Beliefs subscales. These findings support the development of legislation aimed at promoting successful inclusion that contributes to positive attitudes of students towards a person with IDD.

Abortion attitudes in context: A multidimensional vignette approach

The effects of relationship status, rationale for considering abortion (life circumstance versus health issue), and the male partner’s wishes on abortion attitudes were examined using a multiple-segment factorial vignette with a probability sample of 532 Kentucky households. Respondents expressed strong opinions in the absence of contextual details, yet many shifted the direction of their strongly-held positions once contextual information was revealed that challenged their initial assumptions. Results confirm and extend prior research by indicating that attitudes are strongly held but are simultaneously highly responsive to context. The validity of surveys and polls that attempt to measure global attitudes toward abortion, such as pro-choice versus pro-life, in the absence of contextual details is therefore questioned. The full context of one’s life and situation is weighed in the abortion decision-making process, and our findings indicate that attitudes toward abortion are largely responsive and reflective of that context as well.

Perceptual Underpinnings of Antigay Prejudice: Negative Evaluations of Sexual Minority Women Arise on the Basis of Gendered Facial Features.

Psychologists have amassed robust evidence of antigay prejudice by assessing participants' global attitudes toward sexual minorities and their reactions to behavioral descriptions of hypothetical targets. In daily interactions, however, perceivers make decisions about others' sexual orientations based upon visible cues alone. Does antigay prejudice arise on the basis of such visual exposure, and if so, why? Three studies revealed that perceivers evaluated women they categorized as lesbians more negatively than women they categorized as straight. Moreover, prejudice against lesbian women was strongly tethered to gendered aspects of their facial appearance: Women categorized as lesbians tended to appear gender-atypical, and women who appeared gender-atypical were perceived to be unattractive, leading to prejudice. Similar findings did not emerge for men categorized as gay. As such, we argue that gendered appearance cues lay the perceptual foundation for prejudice against women, but not men, who are categorized as sexual minorities.

Consumers’ beliefs, attitudes, and loyalty in purchasing organic foods

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to apply the standard learning hierarchy to the study of organic foods. More specifically, this research is intended to examine if cognition in the form of beliefs and utilitarian attitudes, affect in the form of hedonic attitudes, and behavior in the form of attitudinal loyalty and behavioral loyalty occur successively. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 725 consumer panel data were obtained through a web-based survey. A two-stage structural equation modeling with AMOS graphics version 18.0 was used to validate the measurement models and test the proposed hypotheses. Findings – While health benefits positively influenced utilitarian attitudes, no significant effect of ecological welfare benefits was detected. The results also indicate that utilitarian attitudes had a significant and positive relationship with hedonic attitudes, which in turn led to attitudinal loyalty. Lastly, the relation between attitudinal loyalty and behavioral loyalty was significant and positive. Research limitations/implications – Global attitudes and loyalty toward organic foods were examined in this research. Thus, future research could investigate more domain-specific attitudes and loyalty to various organic food items. Practical implications – The development of positive attitudes toward organic foods among consumers is important for the long-term success of organic food products or brands. Originality/value – There is a little research that adopts an established theory or theoretical approach to explain a purchase behavior of organic foods. For this reason, the standard learning hierarchy was incorporated in order to study how cognition, affect, and behavior are formed when a purchase decision involving organic foods.

Who is Afraid of Globalization? Turkish Attitudes toward Trade and Globalization

The Turkish economy has gradually liberalized and has become integrated into the regional and global economies since the 1980s. This article analyzes how the Turkish public evaluates the integration of the Turkish economy into the global economy, in particular, increasing trade ties, globalization, greater availability of foreign products and travel opportunities, the impact of multinational companies and international financial institutions. The evidence from Pew Global Attitudes Surveys shows that the Turkish public is overwhelmingly positive about certain changes such as increasing trade and availability of foreign products, whereas they are overwhelmingly negative about others such as the impact of multinationals and of immigration. Regression analyses demonstrate that these attitudes are shaped by individuals' perceptions of whether they have benefited from the liberalization of the economy.

Incidence, worry and discussion about dosing irregularities and self-treated hypoglycaemia amongst HCPs and patients with type 2 diabetes: results from the UK cohort of the Global Attitudes of Patient and Physicians (GAPP2) survey

The Global Attitude of Patients and Physicians 2 (GAPP2) survey sought to address gaps in understanding about real-world basal insulin-taking behaviour and self-treated hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Global Attitude of Patients and Physicians 2 was an international, online, cross-sectional study of patients aged at least 40 years with type 2 diabetes taking analogue insulins, and healthcare professionals (HCPs). Patients were recruited from general consumer online research panels, comprising a representative sample of the population to minimise bias. HCPs were recruited from online specialist research panels. The results of the UK cohort are presented here. The UK cohort constituted 12% of the total GAPP2 population. In this cohort, 15-25% of patients reported that they had reduced, missed or mistimed at least one dose of insulin in the previous month. On the last occasion that patients had reduced a dose, 82% had done so intentionally - most frequently because of concerns about hypoglycaemia. HCP estimates of the numbers of patients with dosing irregularities were nearly fourfold higher than patient reports. More than one-third of HCPs believe their patients under-report the frequency of self-treated hypoglycaemia. Nevertheless, a proportion did not regularly discuss these concerns with their patients. Healthcare professionals are in the best position to support patients in making appropriate insulin dose adjustments to help regularise blood glucose levels and reduce treatment-induced hypoglycaemic events. This can be achieved by initiating frequent discussions with all patients and providing education and training when appropriate.

Student Teachers’ Global Perspectives and Attitudes Towards Cultural Diversity: The Case of Uludağ University

Abstract Globalization is driving a revolution in educational institutions, as the international community moves toward greater interdependence. The present study aims to measure and compare the level of global perspective and attitude toward cultural diversity among student teachers who visited a foreign country within the framework of the Erasmus program during their higher education and the student teachers who have not been abroad for such purposes. Results indicated that, in general, Erasmus student teachers tended to have a higher global perspective and a positive attitude toward cultural diversity. Student teachers who had more contact with international people also scored higher on the global perspective and cultural diversity scales.

What Affects China's National Image? A cross-national study of public opinion

This paper investigates macro-level sources of variations across countries regrading China's national image, as measured by the proportion of the public in each of 35 countries that expressed a favorable view of China in the 2007 Pew Global Attitudes Survey. It turns out that several expected factors have no significant measurable impact on China's image: not the extent of strategic ties between China and a given country; not the political system of that country; not the extent of Chinese investment in the country; and not the number of Confucius institutes and classrooms in that country. The only macro-level factor we find to affect China's image in a country is that country's level of economic and social development, as measured by the UN Human Development Index. Controlling for the other factors, publics in poor or developing countries are much more likely to have a favorable image of China than publics in economically advanced countries. Some implications of our findings are discussed.