Global Practices Research Articles

Development of the technological basis for the production of aceclofenac

Aceclofenac drugs are widely used in the global therapeutic practice of inflammatory and painful conditions for the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis in various dosage forms. The basics of the technology of domestic industrial batch production of aceclofenac with a capacity of 110 t/year for the production of a number of effective medicines have been developed. A five-stage production process is proposed that will allow the production of a domestic product with a high yield (~ 91 %) from commercially available reagents. Material calculations were carried out to determine the consumption rates of raw materials. The types of equipment were selected, and the number of equipment was determined. The basic technological scheme and technological flowchart for the production of aceclofenac are proposed.

Modern successful global solutions in environmentally friendly urban delivery and their application in Ukraine

Nowadays the issue of reducing environmental pollution is on the agenda of all countries. Among the areas that have huge negative consequences for nature, logistics and supply chains take their place. Today, there are many concepts and scientific currents that recognize the need to account for the environmental component in urban logistics. Environmental aspects are used when evaluating the efficiency of investment projects, developing new models of vehicles, calculating taxes and insurance payments, and when searching for the best delivery schemes. The goal of the work. Taking into account the world experience in research on the chosen topic, the purpose of this study is to consolidate the world's successful experience in environmentally friendly urban delivery and assess their applicability in Ukraine. Technologies and methods that allow reducing the negative impact of motor vehicles on the environment include: The technology of off-peak delivery, which allows you to improve the speed mode of the car. With off-peak delivery, the probability of traffic jams is minimized, which makes the speed of movement the maximum permissible in the city (and, accordingly, the most environmentally friendly). Although night delivery is currently not possible in Ukraine due to the curfew, late and early delivery is still available, allowing you to successfully bypass traffic jams. Use of consolidation centers. The economic idea of consolidation of freight transportation is to use the effect of scale - the greater the carrying capacity of the vehicle, the lower the specific costs for transportation of a unit of production. Currently, the construction of the consolidation center is being evaluated from the point of view of the impact of the supply chain on the environment. At the same time, the existence of a consolidation center near or within the city allows to organize delivery by vehicles with zero or low level of environmental pollution. Use of Parcel Delivery Lockers. Delivery lockers are usually installed in places where the maximum flow of residents is concentrated, which makes it possible to create additional comfort for users due to the possibility of choosing the point closest to their own home or place of work. This method eliminates up to two thirds of harmful emissions into the air. The number of post machines and the area covered by them increases year by year, which allows us to talk about the success of this technology. According to the results of 2022, such major players of express delivery as "Nova Poshta" (now “Nova”), "Ukrposhta" and "Meest" will continue to work with post delivery lockers in Ukraine. Use of more environmentally friendly types of transport. The use of hybrid, electric or non-motorized vehicles is increasingly used in last-mile logistics. Electric vehicles, mopeds, two- or three-wheeled bicycles with a large trunk or cargo body can be considered environmentally friendly types of urban logistics. Such vehicles have practically zero emissions of harmful substances, they are much more maneuverable and do not require a lot of space for unloading, loading and parking. Implementation of zones with low (zero) air pollution. Zones with zero or low emissions have long been used in developed countries. There are no generally accepted technologies for calculating the territory that requires restrictions on the movement of transport, as well as for calculating the cost of such movement. Usually it depends on the will of the local authorities, the wishes of the residents and the well-being of the region. Prohibition on the use of motor vehicles. Some local authorities introduce a complete ban on the use of motor vehicles within certain parts of the city. Usually these are historical centers with dense buildings and a large number of tourists. Sometimes such drastic measures are combined with night delivery technology. If this is not possible, the only alternative is delivery by small, usually two- or three-wheeled, zero-emission vehicles. Improvement of traffic management. Competently designed organization of road traffic can reduce the pressure on the environment. The use of an intelligent transport system in smart cities allows you to perform important tasks like detection of transport accidents; automated control of the ramp, traffic lights and parking, etc. Improvement of road conditions. This refers to the quality of the road surface, markings, cleanliness of the road surface, etc. Improvement of road conditions indirectly affects the improvement of environment of the region. Summing up the results of the research, successful global practices in environmental friendly urban logistics are highlighted, which are applied and have prospects for application in Ukraine. It was concluded that there is a huge potential of using world experience in urban logistics of Ukraine. This will bring Ukrainian logistics and urban supply chains to a new level, increasing the level of health and general satisfaction of the citizens.

Harnessing Dialogue as a Social Technology for Systems Change in Development Institutions

Across global development discourse and practice can be seen a growing a recognition that deep transformation of social, economic and ecological systems cannot be achieved through new policies, data or technology alone. The capabilities needed for 21st century leadership and governance relate to the ability to create new conditions, relationships and pathways for social and moral imagination to flourish. Drawing from an in-depth case study of several interlinked initiatives of the United Nations Development Programme to build such capabilities among development practitioners, this conceptual paper elaborates the continued need for, and pathways and barriers to institutionalizing, more dialogic- and process-based approaches to systems transformation in mainstream development processes. It posits that a reconceptualization of dialogue within multilateral and government-led systems transformation frameworks in particular can help valorize the seeds of development impact that reside in the sites where culture, relationships and shared consciousness are built. Further learning is needed, however, to understand and address barriers that lie in normative perceptions, organizational culture, and accountability frameworks of these institutions, which impede the rhetorical interest in inclusive and transformative dialogue from translating to more process- and relationship-centric ways of working. As a contribution to this learning, the paper considers how conceptual frames that give weight and visibility to the role of social containers in systems change processes, with dialogue as a core technology for container-building, canhelp advance more transformative development paradigms and praxis that tend to the reciprocal relationships between inner change and societal change.

Rational Goals and Employee Engagement in Manufacturing Firms in Kenya

Employee engagement is indispensable for any organization that seeks sustainable success. How employees perceive the organizational climate has significant and far-reaching consequences for the organization. The manufacturing sector remains a cornerstone of the Kenyan economy. However, it has been noted that the sector is experiencing decline amidst a myriad of challenges that include high handedness, failure to adopt global management practices and a generally negative perception by employees. Yet, it is of utmost importance that organizations create a conducive environment for employees to thrive and remain engaged. This study sought to evaluate the relationship between rational goals and employee engagement in manufacturing firms in Kenya. Specifically, this study sought to determine the relationship between clarity of goals, effort, efficiency, quality and feedback as the sub-constructs of the independent variable and employee engagement as the dependent variable. A cross-sectional survey research design using both quantitative and qualitative approaches was adopted. The target population for this study was all the 578 manufacturing firms located in Nairobi and its surroundings and which are members of the Kenya Association of Manufacturers. Stratified and simple random sampling was used to arrive at a sample of 236 manufacturing firms. Primary data was collected by the use of a structured questionnaire and subsequently analyzed using a mix of descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS version 25.0. Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used to establish the direction and extent of the relationship between the variables. Univariate regression was used to explain the relationship between these variables while ANOVA was used to determine whether the regression model was reliable or not. Standard f and t tests were used to determine the significance of the coefficient. The hypotheses were also tested. Data was presented using tables. The study established that there was a positive and significant relationship between rational goals on one hand and employee engagement on the other. The conclusion deduced from this study was that engaged employees are the catalyst for organizations seeking success. Additionally, human relations, is a key element affecting employee engagement in manufacturing firms in Kenya. In view of this, it is recommended that manufacturing firms be obligated to create an organizational climate that is contrived to and aimed at enhancing employee engagement.

International accounting in Latin America: an overview of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)

The research aimed to examine the implementation of international financial reporting standards in Latin America. To achieve this, a comprehensive literature review was conducted, including theses, scientific articles, and the International Financial Reporting Standards Foundation website. The analysis indicates that the adoption of international financial reporting standards in the 18 countries studied is driven by the goal of aligning with global accounting practices and facilitating transparent financial reporting. The results suggest that while each country has its own accounting methods, adopting these standards prompts a convergence process and influences accounting procedures.

Tomato Leaf Diseases Classification using Convolutional Neural Networks with Transfer Learning Resnet-50

This research delves into the critical domain of Tomato Leaf Disease classification using advanced machine learning techniques. Specifically, a comparative evaluation was conducted between a Base CNN model devoid of ResNet-50 integration and a Proposed Method harnessing the capabilities of ResNet-50. The results elucidated a notable enhancement in performance metrics when leveraging ResNet-50, with the Proposed Method consistently achieving exceptional accuracy scores of 99.96%, 99.98%, and 99.96% across data splits of 90:10, 80:20, and 70:30, respectively. Furthermore, the ResNet-50 integration significantly augmented key metrics, including recall, precision, and F1-Score, thereby accentuating its pivotal role in enhancing sensitivity and positive predictive value for tomato leaf disease classification. As for prospective research trajectories, this study highlights potential avenues for refinement, encompassing the exploration of ensemble techniques amalgamating diverse architectural frameworks, advanced data augmentation methodologies, and broader disease classification scopes. Collectively, this research underscores the transformative potential of ResNet-50 in agricultural diagnostics, advocating for continued exploration and innovation to fortify global food security and sustainable farming practices. Future research could explore ensemble techniques, advanced data augmentation, broader disease classification scopes, and interdisciplinary collaborations to develop comprehensive diagnostic tools for sustainable farming practices and global food security.

Digital Footprint as a Public Participatory Tool: Identifying and Assessing Industrial Heritage Landscape through User-Generated Content on Social Media

International heritage management approaches have developed into a more inclusive process wherein public participation is identified as a pivotal tool. Thus, determining how to assess public interests and include the public’s ideas in heritage protection has become a technical issue, but relevant research still remains limited. This paper aims to test the digital footprints of social media users as a public participatory tool, with the objectives of identifying industrial heritage landscape attributes and assessing associated values. Targeting the Sanxian industrial heritage landscape of Liangdancheng in China as a case study, in this research the data from user-generated content on social media platforms Ctrip, Weibo, and Meituan were collected and processed with ROST CM 6 and NVivo 12, and content analysis (CA) and importance-performance analysis (IPA) were conducted. Results revealed that the industrial heritage landscape of Liangdancheng encompasses various built, cultural, and natural environmental resources, including both tangible and intangible attributes such as architectural constructions, historic artifacts, cultural events, and plants. These attributes were assessed and categorized into four quadrants of importance–performance characteristics, wherein cultural environmental resources show relatively high performance but built environmental resources need further actions to improve their value perception and interpretation among the public. This research demonstrated that the digital footprints of social media users as a participatory tool can work well in terms of data accessibility, value identification, and public representation, advancing the theoretical framework of Chinese industrial heritage management and global practices.

BUDDHIMAN KRISHI ANUVADHANAM: A New Hope for Better Agriculture System

The Agriculture Monitoring System addresses pressing challenges in contemporary farming, notably ineffective soil moisture management and persistent threats of animal intrusion. Recent statistics indicate a global agricultural loss of 20% due to suboptimal soil moisture practices and animal-related damages. Existing monitoring systems fall short in providing a holistic solution, resulting in significant economic losses for farmers. In response, the proposed system integrates advanced technologies, including precise soil moisture sensors, infrared (IR) sensors for animal detection, and real-time visual monitoring via an ESP32 camera. Farmers can also monitor and control irrigation pumps and electric shock generators through their smartphones. This comprehensive approach aims to minimize yield losses, optimize resource utilization, and empower farmers with actionable insights for informed decision-making. By bridging critical gaps in agricultural monitoring and protection, the Agriculture Monitoring System emerges as a transformative solution with the potential to revolutionize and fortify global farming practices

The Role of Greenhouse Technology in Streamlining Crop Production

Greenhouse technology has revolutionized modern agriculture by enabling year-round crop production, optimizing resource utilization, and enhancing crop yields and quality. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted role of greenhouse technology in streamlining crop production processes. It delves into the principles of greenhouse design, covering essential components such as structural materials, covering materials, and environmental control systems. The article discusses the advantages of greenhouse cultivation, including extended growing seasons, protection from adverse weather conditions, and reduced pest and disease pressure. It examines the use of advanced technologies like hydroponics, aeroponics, and aquaponics in greenhouse systems, highlighting their potential for maximizing resource efficiency and minimizing environmental impact. The review also addresses the integration of precision agriculture techniques, such as sensors, automation, and data analytics, for optimizing greenhouse operations. Furthermore, it explores the economic aspects of greenhouse crop production, including initial investment costs, operational expenses, and market opportunities. The article emphasizes the importance of sustainable practices in greenhouse agriculture, focusing on energy conservation, water management, and waste reduction strategies. It also discusses the challenges associated with greenhouse technology adoption, such as high initial costs, technical complexity, and the need for skilled labor. Finally, the review concludes by outlining future research directions and the potential for greenhouse technology to contribute to global food security and sustainable agricultural practices.

Occurrence and Prioritization of Human Androgen Receptor Disruptors in Sewage Sludges Across China.

The global practice of reusing sewage sludge in agriculture and its landfill disposal reintroduces environmental contaminants, posing risks to human and ecological health. This study screened sewage sludge from 30 Chinese cities for androgen receptor (AR) disruptors, utilizing a disruptor list from the Toxicology in the 21st Century program (Tox21), and identified 25 agonists and 33 antagonists across diverse use categories. Predominantly, natural products 5α-dihydrotestosterone and thymidine emerged as agonists, whereas the industrial intermediate caprolactam was the principal antagonist. In-house bioassays for identified disruptors displayed good alignment with Tox21 potency data, validating employing Tox21 toxicity data for theoretical toxicity estimations. Potency calculations revealed 5α-dihydrotestosterone and two pharmaceuticals (17β-trenbolone and testosterone isocaproate) as the most potent AR agonists and three dyes (rhodamine 6G, Victoria blue BO, and gentian violet) as antagonists. Theoretical effect contribution evaluations prioritized 5α-dihydrotestosterone and testosterone isocaproate as high-risk AR agonists and caprolactam, rhodamine 6G, and 8-hydroxyquinoline (as a biocide and a preservative) as key antagonists. Notably, 16 agonists and 20 antagonists were newly reported in the sludge, many exhibiting significant detection frequencies, concentrations, and/or toxicities, demanding future scrutiny. Our study presents an efficient strategy for estimating environmental sample toxicity and identifying key toxicants, thereby supporting the development of appropriate sludge management strategies.

Developing a Cost-Effective Surgical Scheduling System Applying Lean Thinking and Toyota's Methods for Surgery-Related Big Data for Improved Data Use in Hospitals: User-Centered Design Approach.

Surgical scheduling is pivotal in managing daily surgical sequences, impacting patient experience and hospital resources significantly. With operating rooms costing approximately US $36 per minute, efficient scheduling is vital. However, global practices in surgical scheduling vary, largely due to challenges in predicting individual surgeon times for diverse patient conditions. Inspired by the Toyota Production System's efficiency in addressing similar logistical challenges, we applied its principles as detailed in the book "Lean Thinking" by Womack and Jones, which identifies processes that do not meet customer needs as wasteful. This insight is critical in health care, where waste can compromise patient safety and medical quality. This study aims to use lean thinking and Toyota methods to develop a more efficient surgical scheduling system that better aligns with user needs without additional financial burdens. We implemented the 5 principles of the Toyota system: specifying value, identifying the value stream, enabling flow, establishing pull, and pursuing perfection. Value was defined in terms of meeting the customer's needs, which in this context involved developing a responsive and efficient scheduling system. Our approach included 2 subsystems: one handling presurgery patient data and another for intraoperative and postoperative data. We identified inefficiencies in the presurgery data subsystem and responded by creating a comprehensive value stream map of the surgical process. We developed 2 Excel (Microsoft Corporation) macros using Visual Basic for Applications. The first calculated average surgery times from intra- or postoperative historic data, while the second estimated surgery durations and generated concise, visually engaging scheduling reports from presurgery data. We assessed the effectiveness of the new system by comparing task completion times and user satisfaction between the old and new systems. The implementation of the revised scheduling system significantly reduced the overall scheduling time from 301 seconds to 261 seconds (P=.02), with significant time reductions in the revised process from 99 seconds to 62 seconds (P<.001). Despite these improvements, approximately 21% of nurses preferred the older system for its familiarity. The new system protects patient data privacy and streamlines schedule dissemination through a secure LINE group (LY Corp), ensuring seamless flow. The design of the system allows for real-time updates and has been effectively monitoring surgical durations daily for over 3 years. The "pull" principle was demonstrated when an unplanned software issue prompted immediate, user-led troubleshooting, enhancing system reliability. Continuous improvement efforts are ongoing, except for the preoperative patient confirmation step, which requires further enhancement to ensure optimal patient safety. Lean principles and Toyota's methods, combined with computer programming, can revitalize surgical scheduling processes. They offer effective solutions for surgical scheduling challenges and enable the creation of a novel surgical scheduling system without incurring additional costs.

Multinational Corporations and Social Innovation in Emerging Markets

The concept of social innovation has garnered increasing attention across various disciplines, driven by a growing recognition of the need to address complex societal challenges. However, despite the thorough examination of traditional innovation forms and their influence on global business practices, the scrutiny of social innovation within the realm of international business (IB) remains relatively nascent. This introduction delineates the scope of this focused issue and emphasizes the critical need to expand research on social innovation within IB, a field dedicated to enhancing social value and engagement among diverse stakeholders. This focused issue explores the catalysts and impacts of multinational corporations' (MNCs’) social innovation endeavours in emerging markets. Departing from the profit-centric focus of conventional innovation studies, social innovation emphasizes the redistribution of knowledge, the encouragement of discovery, and the facilitation of co-creation, thus posing a challenge to the traditional paradigms and logics of innovation theory. This introduction provides a concise review of current social innovation literature in IB, highlights the contributions made by the articles in this focused issue, and concludes by outlining directions for future research in the domain of social innovation in IB.

Examining the Future of Translator Education: An In-depth Review of Educational Approaches in the Arab Context

This paper examines the pedagogical and curricular structures used in Arab translation education. It identifies a significant disparity between these pedagogical interventions and the specific requirements of the translation sector, namely in the Arabian Gulf region. The objective is to perform a comprehensive analysis that compares these practices with international norms, emphasizing the immediate necessity for modernization to improve the quality and applicability of translation education in the Arab environment. The research aims to identify disparities between existing educational methods and the requirements of the industry. It also seeks to suggest improvements for curriculum creation by drawing on global best practices. This study makes a significant contribution to the field by providing valuable insights for educators, students, and stakeholders in translation education. It serves as a professional resource for enhancing Arab translation programs to meet the demands of the global market. By conducting thorough study and comparative research, the goal is to support pedagogical innovations that link academic preparation with industry requirements, thus enhancing the professionalization of translation education.

Optimized Decision-Making for Multi-Market Green Power Transactions of Electricity Retailers under Demand-Side Response: The Chinese Market Case Study

With the energy structure transition and the development of the green power market, the role of electricity retailers in multi-market green power trading has become more and more important. Particularly in China, where aggressive green energy policies and rapid market transformations provide a distinct context for such studies, the challenges are pronounced. Under demand-side response, electricity retailers face the uncertainty of users’ electricity consumption and incentives, which complicates decision-making processes. The purpose of this paper is to explore the optimization decision-making problem of multi-market green power trading for electricity retailers under demand-side response, with a special focus on the Chinese market due to its leadership in implementing substantial green energy initiatives and its potential to set precedents for global practices. We first construct a two-party benefit optimization model, which comprehensively considers the profit objectives for electricity retailers and utility maximization for users. Then, the model is solved by the Lagrange multiplier method and distributed subgradient algorithm to obtain the optimal solution. Finally, the effectiveness of the incentive optimization strategy under the multi-market to promote green power consumption and improve the profit of electricity retailers is verified by arithmetic simulation. The results of this study show that the incentive optimization strategy under multi-market, particularly within the Chinese context, is expected to provide a reference for electricity retailers to develop more flexible and effective trading strategies in the green power market and to contribute to the process of promoting green power consumption globally.

Adapting across Borders: Experiences of Hong Kong Social Workers in England—Navigating Challenges and Fostering Professional Growth through Cultural Adaptation and Continuing Professional Development

Abstract This study investigates the experiences of overseas-qualified Hong Kong social workers in England, specifically focusing on the challenges they encounter while preparing for or working in the social work sector and the strategies they employ to navigate these challenges within the unique English social context. It offers valuable background information for comprehending the journeys of migrant Hong Kong social workers as they transition into a new social work environment. Using qualitative enquiry, ten experienced Hong Kong social workers, who had moved to England in 2021, were selected as participants. This study contributes significantly to the literature on transnational social workers by emphasising the critical role of continuing professional development (CPD) for transnational social workers during their relocation process. It addresses complex transnational issues, such as cultural differences, language barriers, professional development and the integration of global and local intervention skills and practices, filling existing gaps in the literature. This research also provides insight into the importance of CPD for transnational social workers during their relocation and transnational experiences and the potential for advancing their local social work practices.

Assessment of pesticide knowledge, Safety Practices and postharvest handling among cocoa farmers in South Western Nigeria

Cocoa beans are susceptible to fungal contamination during processing and storage. The knowledge of the use of pesticides and post-harvest handling of cocoa beans among farmers is of great importance for safe consumption. The study evaluated common cocoa production and post-harvest practices of farmers in selected study locations in South Western Nigeria. Primary data were collected through the administration of structured questionnaires, and interviews. The collected data were analyzed using inferential descriptive statistics. The results of 394 farmers showed that 52.9 % in Osun and 47.3 % in Oyo were primarily farmers by occupation, the rest had other ventures. The majority of cocoa farmers were men:83.6 % in Oyo State, 88.2 % in Osun state and 87.9 % in Ondo state. 28.6 % and 32.7 % of farmers were aged 51–60 in the Ondo and Oyo communities, respectively. Osun farming communities are dominated by young adults (51 %) of 31–50 years, followed by Ondo 40 % and36 % of farmers in Oyo State. Most cocoa farmers were married with 4–6 children as the most common household size in Osun (51 %), Ondo (60.4 %) and 49.1 % in Oyo State. The literacy level of farmers in cocoa communities was the highest in Oyo state where 47.3 % had tertiary education. Farmers in Oyo State had better knowledge of the dangers of pesticides than Ondo and Osun. However, ignorance of dangers in agrochemicals was higher among Osun farmers than in Ondo State. The highest (18 %) pesticide use during storage was recorded among Oyo farmers, while the least (11.0 %) was recorded among farmers in Ondo State. Pesticide usage was more abundant in Osun (50 %) during cocoa production than in the other study areas. The majority of farmers were positively disposed to make use of nose masks during agrochemical application, meanwhile, 69 %, 62 %, and 61 % of farmers used them already in Oyo, Ondo, and Osun states, respectively. Educational qualification (χ2 = 9.176, p = 0.027) of cocoa farmers was significantly related to knowledge of best practices. Farmers with higher education have a greater ability to receive and process information relating to global best practices in production, postharvest, and pesticide handling in cocoa. In conclusion, cocoa farmers’ knowledge of processing, use of pesticides, and storage practices differed from one location to another. Intensive orientation and more enlightenment by extension workers against indiscriminate use of pesticides in cocoa plantations and stores must be consistently and continuously done.

Enhancement of microbial community dynamics and metabolism in compost through ammonifying cultures inoculation

The efficient use of livestock and poultry manure waste has become a global challenge, with microorganisms playing an important role. To investigate the impact of novel ammonifying microorganism cultures (NAMC) on microbial community dynamics and carbon and nitrogen metabolism, five treatments [5% (v/w) sterilized distilled water, Amm-1, Amm-2, Amm-3, and Amm-4] were applied to cow manure compost. Inoculation with NAMC improved the structure of bacterial and fungal communities, enriched the populations of the functional microorganisms, enhanced the role of specific microorganisms, and promoted the formation of tight modularity within the microbial network. Further functional predictions indicated a significant increase in both carbon metabolism (CMB) and nitrogen metabolism (NMB). During the thermophilic phase, inoculated NAMC treatments boosted carbon metabolism annotation by 10.55%–33.87% and nitrogen metabolism annotation by 26.69%–63.11. Structural equation modeling supported the NAMC-mediated enhancement of NMB and CMB. In conclusion, NAMC inoculation, particularly with Amm-4, enhanced the synergistic interaction between bacteria and fungi. This collaboration promoted enzymatic catabolic and synthetic processes, resultng in positive feedback loops with the endogenous microbial community. Understanding these mechanisms not only unravels how ammonifying microorganisms influence microbial communities but also paves the way for the development of the composting industry and global waste management practices.

An international, multicenter, survey-based analysis of practice and management of acute liver failure.

Acute liver failure (ALF) is an acute liver dysfunction with coagulopathy and hepatic encephalopathy in a patient with no known liver disease. As ALF is rare and large clinical trials are lacking, the level of evidence regarding its management is low-moderate, favoring heterogeneous clinical practice. In this international multicenter survey study, we aimed to investigate the current practice and management of patients with ALF. An online survey targeting physicians who care for patients with ALF was developed by the International Liver Transplantation Society ALF Special-Interest Group. The survey focused on management and liver transplantation (LT) practices of ALF. Survey questions were summarized overall and by geographic region. A total of 267 physicians completed the survey with a survey response rate of 21.36%. Centers from all continents were represented. More than 90% of physicians were specialized in either transplant hepatology/surgery or anesthesiology/critical care. Two hundred and fifty-two (94.4%) respondents' institutions offered LT. A total of 76.8% of respondents' centers had a dedicated liver- or transplant- intensive care unit (p<0.001). Median time to LT was within 48 hours in 12.7% of respondents' centers, 72 hours in 35.6%, one week in 37.6%, and more than one week in 9.6% (p<0.001). Deceased-donor liver graft (49.6%) was the most common type of graft offered. For consideration of LT, 84.8% of physicians used King's College Criteria and 41.6% used Clichy Criteria. Significant differences were observed between Asia, Europe, and North America for offering LT, number of LTs performed, volume of ALF patients, admission to a dedicated intensive care unit, median time to LT, type of liver graft, monitoring hepatic encephalopathy and intracranial pressure, management of coagulopathy, and utilization of different criteria for LT. In our study, we observed significant geographic differences in the practice and management of ALF. As ALF is rare multicenter studies are valuable to identify global practice.

Healthcare Waste Management Policy in a lower-middle-income country: A case for the adoption of the RADICAL framework

The COVID-19 pandemic raised the salience of Healthcare Waste Management (HCWM). Various studies have shown that the level of HCWM in lower-middle-income countries falls below international standards and global best practice, indicating that the national policy on HCWM is either non-existent or has not been embedded in practice. The renewed salience affords an opportunity to revisit, update and embed the national policy on HCWM. In seizing this opportunity, the elemental thinking must change from a linear model to the complex adaptive model that takes account of the inter-relationships and contextual factors that could impede or facilitate implementation of the policy. These complexities account for the ‘policy-implementation gap’ associated with policy failure. This paper presents a framework that could be applied in developing, implementing, and monitoring the national HCWM policy in a lower-middle-income country. The integrative framework, identified by the acronym RADICAL, comprises the following domains in an integrated grid: Raise awareness; Apply formal quality improvement methods; Design for quality and safety: Involve stakeholders; Collect and Analyse pertinent data; Learn from shared experience. The pertinence of each domain to HCWM is described.

THE BUSINESS COMMUNITY ATTITUDE TOWARDS YOUNG EMPLOYEES:REGIONAL DIMENSION

The entrepreneurial community constantly sends signals about the demand for young employees, representatives of the generation of the centennials. Various studies of young generation workers do not analyze the opinions of employers regarding the changes in the structure of human resource management, while knowing the characteristics of generation Z can help companies adjust to their interests in recruitment, selection and retention of young employees. In this regard, the main purpose of this study is to identify the attitudes of the entrepreneurial community towards young employees on the example of old industrial region of the Southern Federal District - the Volgograd region. The data for the analysis are obtained through an anonymous survey of entrepreneurial structures without reference to their size and form of ownership using «Google-form» platform in the period from May 15 to September 01, 2022. The questionnaire was distributed through the Union «Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Volgograd region», the portal of state support of business of Volgograd region «My Business» and through personal contacts. The total sample was 214 enterprises. The survey showed that small enterprises of the Volgograd region have quite high requirements for young employees and do not have information about the changes in the structure of human resource management. Employers want employees to be creative, proactive, have knowledge of specialized computer programs and experience in the relevant field, but they are not ready to offer them high wages. Generation Z workers expect organizations to provide career development, but business structures in this regard are only willing to pay for training or refresher courses, internships in other regions, and the provision of discounted trips. Russian entrepreneurs continue to ignore the needs, demands and values of young workers. Regional business support institutions should organize market research on the needs, values and demands of centennials in relation to employers. Entrepreneurs could pay special attention to implementing global and national best practices in meeting the needs of young employees.